Tungri

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The Tungri (or Tongri, or Tungrians) were a tribe, or group of tribes, who lived in the

Germani Cisrhenani" described generations earlier by Julius Caesar. Their name is the source of several place names in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, including Tongeren, Tongerlo Abbey, and Tongelre.[1]

The Roman province of Germania Inferior, showing Atuatuca, modern Tongeren, the capital of the Tungri (Tongres). Places associated with the Tungri are in bright green. It was on the road between Amiens and Cologne on the Rhine Limes. The Ubii (in orange) were originally from the other side of the river Rhine, but moved into part of the territory of the Eburones.

Origins

In a comment in his book Germania, Tacitus remarks that Germani was the original tribal name of the Tungri with whom the Gauls were in contact; among the Gauls the term Germani came to be widely applied.[2]

The name Germania, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germani. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germani, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.[3]

Some generations earlier,

Teutones, against whom the Germani had been the only tribe in Gaul to successfully defend themselves.[5]
Their descendants, if there were any, presumably lived amongst the Tungri.

Limburg with a red line between them along the modern Dutch-French language border. Orange lines are modern national borders. Before the Roman period, the territory of the Germani Cisrhenani stretched to Cologne
.

Already during the campaign of Caesar, the Tencteri and Usipetes crossed the Rhine for cattle raids on the territories of the Menapii, the Eburones and the Condrusi, giving Caesar an excuse for new military intervention in the area. He pursued them back over the Rhine where they were helped by the Sicambri. Later, Caesar himself encouraged the Sicambri to cross the Rhine into the territory of the Eburones, seeking to plunder the lands of the people whose fortress he had just taken.[6] These tribes who crossed the Rhine and became part of Roman Germania Inferior were themselves apparently heavily influenced by Gaulish culture, some using Gaulish personal names or Gaulish tribal names.

Later, as the area became part of the Roman Empire, some of these tribes from over the Rhine, including the Sicambri and the Ubii, were forced by Tiberius to settle in the northeast of Gaul. Romanized provinces with tribal names developed from the merging of incoming groups with people who had lived there before Caesar. This is a likely origin of both the Tungri and the other tribal groups of Germania Inferior.[7] The Roman civitas of the Tungri is smaller than the area which Caesar ascribed to the earlier Germani Cisrhenani, with the areas near the Rhine governed as a military frontier, and populated at least partly with soldiers and immigrants from the other side of the Rhine.

The exact history of each of the populations is not known although the areas nearer to the Rhine appear to have had larger-scale immigration, and the Tungri were suspected, according to Tacitus, of having been less influenced in their makeup by that process.

Batavians, a similarly new formation, apparently made up of incoming Chatti, with a possible contribution from the Eburones. To the northeast of the Tungri, near the Rhine, were the Cugerni, who are thought to be Sicambri, and then, around the area of Cologne and Bonn, the Ubii were settled.[10][11]

Location

Map showing the three rivers relevant to discussions about the position where the Tungri lived, the Scheldt, the Maas and the Rhine. They lived between the Scheldt and Rhine, with their capital in Tongeren. In the south, their territory included the Condroz. In the north, it stretched into the flat Campine region.

urinary calculi
: upon the application of fire it assumes a turbid appearance, and finally turns red

It has been suggested that this refers to the well-known waters of Spa in the province of Liège,[13] or else to waters found at Tongeren, which are suitably iron-bearing, and today referred to as the "Plinius bron".[14]

Both Pliny and

Forest of Ardennes), along the middle and lower valley of the Mosa (Meuse
).

The Eburones had a fort called Atuatuca (or Aduatuca). Caesar reported that the word Atuatuca meant a fortress. Under Roman occupation, a new city Aduatuca Tungrorum, modern Tongeren in the Limburg province of Belgium, became the capital city of the region.

Under the Romans, the Tungri civitas was first a part of

Germania Secunda. In other directions, their neighbours in Roman times were the Belgic Nervii on the west and the Remi and Treveri to the south, all of which were tribes who had been in those regions since before Caesar's campaign.[15]

Part of the empire

Tacitus in his

civil war of 69 AD
.

The Tungri were mentioned in the

Housesteads, Northumberland) on Hadrian's Wall where it was located from 205/208.[18]

The 2nd Cohort of Tungrians, also a

Birrens
fort from 159 to about 184.

Cohors IV Tungrorum was based in Abusina during the second century.[19]

Tausius, the Roman soldier who killed the emperor Pertinax, was a Tungrian.

Religion

The goddess Vihansa (probably meaning 'holy deity') is mentioned on a bronze tablet found near Tongeren and engraved by a centurion dedicating his shield and spear to the deity.[20][21]

See also

  • List of Germanic tribes

References

  1. ^ Moerman (1956), Nederlandse Plaatsnamen, Brill, p. 236
  2. ^ The passage, whose text is sound, has occasioned a huge literature of commentary; "some of the problems stem from the fact that people have wanted this section to provide more abundant and precise information than it in fact does," J.B. Rives remarked (Rives, translator, Cornelius Tacitus: Germania (Oxford University Press) 1999:117.
  3. ^ Tacitus, Cornelius (1942). "Chapter 2". In Church, Alfred Jogn; Brodribb, William Jackson (eds.). Complete Works of Tacitus. New York: Random House.
  4. De Bello Gallico 2.4
  5. ^ De Bello Gallico 6.35
  6. page 53.
  7. ^ Nico Roymans, Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 10. Amsterdam, 2004. pages 4 and 19.
  8. page 53-54.
  9. pages 37, 45, etc.
  10. ^ Nico Roymans, Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 10. Amsterdam, 2004. pages 24 and 43.
  11. ^ Natural History IV.31 and XXXI.8.
  12. ^ MacBean, Alexander; Johnson, Samuel (1773), A dictionary of ancient geography
  13. ^ "Verhandelingen van de Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde te Leyden". 1838.
  14. ^ Tacitus, Histories, ii.14.1 and ii.28.1.
  15. ^ Cohors Primae Tungrorum [milliaria] – The First Cohort of Tungri, (one -thousand strong) https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/regiments/coh1tun/
  16. ^ RIB 1631b
  17. ^ Nouwen, Robert. (1997). The Vexillationes of the Cohortes Tungrorum During the Second Century, Conference: XVI Roman Frontier Studies 1995
  18. ^ Neumann 1999, p. 126.
  19. JSTOR 41537302
    .

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Vanvinckenroye, W. "De Tungri : «Collaborateurs» Van De Romeinen !" L'Antiquité Classique 67 (1998): 249–51. www.jstor.org/stable/41659714.

External links

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