Tunna
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged with Atuna (state). (Discuss) Proposed since March 2024. |
 | |
  Shown within Turkey | |
| Location | Turkey |
|---|---|
| Region | Niğde Province |
| Coordinates | 37°30′52″N 34°34′46″E / 37.5144°N 34.5794°E |
Tunna or Dunna (Hittite: 𒌷𒁺𒌦𒈾[1]) was an ancient Anatolian city located at the foothills of the Taurus Mountains, near the town of Ulukışla and the Cilician Gates in southern Cappadocia.[2][3]
In
History
Bronze Age
Tunna might have been founded during the Hittite Old Kingdom by the sons of the king Ḫattušili I, some time during the late Middle and early Late Bronze Age.[7]
Beginning with the reign of the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, Tunna was referred to in state treaties of the Hittite Empire as the cult site of the goddess Ḫallara, who headed the local pantheon.[5][8][1]
According to a bronze tablet and the Ulmi-Teššub treaty, Tunna was a location in the region of Tarḫuntašša in the Ḫūlaya River Land where the hypostasis of the storm god Tarḫunzas bearing the epithet of piḫaššaššiš (𒁉𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸𒅆𒅖) was venerated.[8][4]
Tunna was mentioned alongside
Due to its strategic location at the Cilician Gates, Tunna was located on one of the main routes which in ancient times connected the Anatolian Plateau to the Syro-Mesopotamian region.[2]
Tunna (?) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common languages | Luwian religion | ||||||
| King | |||||||
• 8th century BC | Tarḫunazas | ||||||
• 8th century BC | Masauraḫisas (?) | ||||||
| Vassal of Tuwana | |||||||
| Historical era | Iron Age | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Turkey | ||||||
Iron Age
In the 9th century BC, Tunna was destroyed during the campaign of the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in the Tabalian region in 837 BC.[9]
During the 8th century BC, Tunna was a
New defensive structures were built at Tunna during the reign of Warpalawas II.[9]
Mount Mudi was a rocky outcrop of the
Based on the close association of the "silver mountain," Mount Tunni, with Mount Mulî in the Neo-Assyrian records, both of these mountains were located close to each other, in the northeastern end of the Bolkar and Taurus Mountains, where are presently located the silver mines of Bulgarmaden and the gypsum mine at Porsuk-Zeyve Höyük.[12][2][23]
Another petty-king of Tunna who was vassal of the kings of Tuwana might have been Masauraḫisas, who possibly reigned in the middle or late 8th century BC,[2] and who is known from an inscription by his general Parḫwiras.[9]
Classical Antiquity
During the Hellenistic period, Tunna became known as Tynna (
References
- ^ a b Prechel 2016, p. 188.
- ^ a b c d Beyer 2012, p. 47.
- ^ Prechel 2016, p. 188-189.
- ^ a b c d e Prechel 2016, p. 189.
- ^ a b Taracha 2009, p. 86.
- ^ Bryce 2009, p. 145.
- ^ Beyer 2012, p. 48.
- ^ a b Taracha 2009, p. 117.
- ^ a b c Barat et al. 2022, p. 76.
- ^ Bryce 2009, p. 152.
- ^ Bryce 2009, p. 148-149.
- ^ a b c Hawkins 1997, p. 414.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 152.
- ^ "Mulu [1] (GN)". Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ "Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)". The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ "Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ "Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
- ^ Hawkins 2000b, p. 523.
- ^ Hawkins 2000a, p. 521-525.
- ^ Weeden 2017, p. 727.
- ^ Yakubovich, Ilya; Arkhangelskiy, Timofey. "BULGARMADEN". Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- ^ D'Alfonso 2012, p. 178.
- ^ Streck 2014, p. 189-190.
Bibliography
- Barat, Claire; Köker Gökçe, Emine; Pichonneau, Jean-François; Sadozaï, Chamsia (2022). "Porsuk – Zeyve Höyük : Rapport préliminaire de la campagne 2021" [Porsuk – Zeyve Höyük: Preliminary Report of the 2021 Campaign]. Anatolia antiqua = Eski anadolu. 30: 67–81. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- Beyer, Dominique (2012). "Zeyve höyük-Porsuk. Bilan des recherches sur les niveaux du Bronze et du Fer" [Zeyve höyük-Porsuk: Review of Research on the Bronze and Iron Age Levals]. Archéologies et espaces parcourus [Archeologies and Scoured Spaces]. Rencontres d’Archéologie de l’IFEA. Vol. 1. ISBN 978-2-362-45006-8.
- ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
- ISBN 978-0-199-21872-1.
- D'Alfonso, Lorenzo (2012). "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE". In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Bonacossi, Daniele Morandi; Pappi, Cinzia; ISBN 978-3-447-06659-4.
- ISBN 978-3-110-14809-1.
- ISBN 978-3-110-10864-4.
- ISBN 978-3-110-10864-4.
- Gwendolyn Leick: Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge, London 1999, 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-13231-2
- Christian Marek, Peter Frei: Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike. Verlag C.H.Beck, Munich 2010. ISBN 978-3-406-59853-1
- Annick Payne: Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2012. ISBN 978-1-58983-269-5
- ISBN 978-3-110-41761-6.
- ISBN 978-3-110-41761-6.
- ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8.
- Weeden, Mark (2017). "Tabal and the Limits of Assyrian Imperialism". In Heffron, Yağmur; Stone, Adam; ISBN 978-1-57506-471-0.
| Bronze Age | |
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| Iron Age | |
| Classical Age | |
