Tupian languages
Tupian | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, North-East Argentina, Southern Colombia, Northern Peru |
Linguistic classification | Je-Tupi-Carib?
|
Proto-language | Proto-Tupian |
Subdivisions | |
ISO 639-2 / 5 | tup |
Glottolog | tupi1275 |
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range ca. 1500 (pink-grey) |
The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.
Homeland and urheimat
Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian
Language contact
Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
History, members and classification
When the
In the neighbouring Spanish colonies,
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) list ten branches of Tupian, which cluster into Western Tupian and Eastern Tupian.[1] Within Western and Eastern Tupian, the most divergent branches are listed first, followed by the core branches.
Meira and Drude (2015) posit a branch uniting Mawé and Aweti with Tupi-Guarani, also known as Maweti-Guarani.[4] Purubora may form a branch together with Ramarama.
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[2]
(† = extinct)
Galucio et al. (2015)
Galucio et al. (2015) give the following phylogenetic tree of Tupian, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.[5]
- Tupian
- Western (40.6% probability)
- Puruborá
- Mondé
- Suruí
- Nuclear Mondé
- Salamãy
- Zoró
- Eastern (40.6% probability)
- Western (40.6% probability)
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]
Language | Branch | head | ear | tooth | hand | one | two | three |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tupi | Tupi | a-kang | nambi | táña | pó | peteĩ | mokoĩ | mbohapüi |
Tupinamba | Tupi | a-kán | nambü | ráña | pó | angepé | mokoin | musaput |
Potiguára | Tupi | a-kanga | nambi | tañha | in-bó | oyepe | mokoy | mosapür |
Ñeéngatu | Tupi | a-kanga | namü | taña | pó | yepé | mokoin | musapeire |
Guaraní | Guaraní | ãkan | nambi | apen-kun | pó | peteí | mokói | mbhápira |
Apapokúva | Guaraní | pó | aépi | mokõi | moapi | |||
Chiripá | Guaraní | rakã | nambi | aépi | ||||
Cainguá | Guaraní | aká | nambi | kú | pó | petein | mókoin | mbohapi |
Mbyhá | Guaraní | che-ahká | chen-nambüh | che-rain | cheh-pó | peteí | mokoi | mboapü |
Canoeiros | Guaraní | eaushmã | de-pó | |||||
Shetá | Guaranized | sh-aka | che-nambi | tienai | che-pó | matinkam | mokoi | ñiiru |
S. Dourados | Guaranized | ñ-ãka | elaːme | nénai | eː-po | uaːi | moːgai | mágatei |
Guayaquí | Guaranized | ni-aka | nambi | ã | i-pá | eteyã | meno | tanã |
Tapirapé | Tapirapé | dzyane-akánga | dzyane-inamí | dzyane-roi | dzyane-pó | anchepé | mukúi | mãpít |
Kamayurá | Kamayurá | ye-akang | ye-nami | ye-nai | ye-po | yepete | mokoi | moapit |
Awití | Kamayurá | apot | inte-yambe | inte-ngu | i-po | mayepete | monkói | munitaruka |
Arawiné | Kamayurá | ne-nami | ye-po | |||||
Anambé | Pará | a-kánga | hä-nambi | se-raña | pó | yanäpo | mukuẽ | muhapi |
Takuñapé | Pará | |||||||
Guajajára | Northern | akã | sane-inamú | e-rai | sane-pó | metéi | mukúi | nairúi |
Tembé | Northern | he-akã | he-nami | he-rái | he-pó | petei | mokui | moãpi |
Manajé | Northern | he-akü | he-namí | he-rĩ | he-pó | chipei | mokú | moapi |
Turiwára | Northern | ne-akánga | ne-nami | ne-ráĩ | ne-pó | petei | mokoi | moapiri |
Kaapor | Northern | ne-kang | nambi | ne-roi | n-pó | petei | mukoin | oapíre |
Makirí | Central I | ai-akáng | ái-namí | ái-ráing | ái-pó | aipité | mokoíng | moapét |
Kayabí | Central I | parmió | oyepa | mokoi | ||||
Kawahyb | Central I | ae-akáng | ae-namí | ae-rái | ae-po | oyepé | mokõi | irumaé |
Parintintin | Central II | ae-akáng | ae-nambí | ae-rai | ae-po | eyepé | mokoĩ | |
Wiraféd | Central II | ai-akán | ai-namí | ai-rai | aí-po | ayipe | mokoi | |
Takwatíp | Central II | ai-kánga | ai-nami | ai-rain | ai-pó | ayepeːi | mokoːin | |
Dawahib | Central II | ay-akan | ay-nambí | ay-rãi | ay-põãpká | |||
Catuquinarú | Central II | taka-sú | saña | punü | ||||
Oyampi | Guiana | ea-kang | i-nami | e-ráñ | né-po | pesi | mukugue | mapur |
Emerillon | Guiana | é-ankang | é-námi | é-rai | é-po | mozepé | mokoñe | maʔapuit |
Apiaká | Guiana | ai-kana | ai-nembía | ai-raña | ai-poa | mayupé | mokõñ | boapui |
Omagua | Amazonas | yakó | námi | sáy | póa | wépi | mokwéshe | mosapröke |
Cocama | Amazonas | yakö | námi | dzái | púwa | wípi | mokoíka | motsapwöka |
Cocamilla | Amazonas | yákö | námi | tsái | púa | uípi | mokuíka | motsapölika |
Chiriguano | Chiriguano | ankã | námbi | hai | de-pó | penti | mbokui | mbapui |
Guarayo | Chiriguano | che-ãka | che-nambí | che-raí | che-pó | nyepeĩ | nyuenió | mosapĩ |
Pauserna | Chiriguano | aká | nambi | rahü | póo | monopedo | mokóe | hebü |
Tapieté | Chiriguano | y-anka | ya-nimbi | ya-ninay | ya-ndepo | penté | monké | maʔap |
Chané | Chiriguano | se-ãká | se-ndambí | se-rãi | se-pó | mompetí | mokoi | mboapi |
Siriono | Chiriguano | e-ãnkĩ | e-isa | e-rẽy | e-o | ekomiĩ | nedemu | dedemu |
Joka | Chiriguano | ãcha | ká | déchatu | ||||
Yuruna | Yuruna | se-tabá | yashiugá | se-yan | uvá | duáyo | nauá | nauámbo |
Shipaya | Yuruna | tabá | enshugá | oayá | uvuá | memé | bidá | mévau |
Manitsauá | Yuruna | naibuá | huangá | |||||
Mundurucú | Mundurucú | waá | wa-naibé | woi-noi | wo-ipo | pantá | shepsheptá | chebapitá |
Curuaya | Mundurucú | uása | uampí | ñai | bi | dá | porákã | teboazem |
Mawé | Mawé | u-yakída | u-yahapé | u-háĩ | u-ipó | endup | tépui | muén |
Itogapúc | Itogapúc | n-aká | n-akiribe | yãi | parobé | mutírem | yagarekóm | pairóbtem |
Ramarama | Itogapúc | n-akiribé | niãng | i-pabé | ||||
Urumí | Itogapúc | in-aká | in-akurape | i-pabe | uenakaveu | ishirange | itamaiun | |
Urukú | Itogapúc | óña-áká | on-aküravé | i-pábe | motírem | yegárokum | pagodnóbtem | |
Arara | Itogapúc | motürem | yegárkom | koirẽm | ||||
Arikém | Arikém | a | risába | ñãya | pu | mundápa | patám | moyúm |
Caritiana | Arikém | risopo | noñno | |||||
Macuráp | Macuráp | wakaräte | ua-pishevéta | u-ñamñem | owõte | uéreːket | nemtuté | |
Kanua | Macuráp | ki-aneːm | uwa-pitát | ki-nyai | o-po | kitsä | türü | kwaikärum |
Guratégaja | Macuráp | ki-anäm | kí-apitát | ki-nyai | ki-puaná | kitsä | teːre | kwaikiä |
Kabishiana | Macuráp | niaín | o-popí | |||||
Wayoro | Macuráp | yá | ne-vapáp | o-nyain | o-pitab | kiét | derät | wärehät |
Apichum | Macuráp | o-pitab | o-nyon | o-nebo | ||||
Tupari | Macuráp | ápaba | ábtsi | ñain | poː | kíäm | hürü | hürünoːm |
Kepkeriwát | Kepkeriwát | u-akãin | u-apiá | i-ñãin | ba | pangue | xatéte | sete-pangue |
Mondé | Mondé | a-ndará | u-nanimbé | u-im | amba-bé | amakim | parasherám | paiwutwuy |
Sanamaica | Mondé | hũ-ndáa | nambiap | h'-ĩn | hũ-mábé | mún | palisharú | waikun |
Aruá | Mondé | pan-at | pan-itiwä | pan-yĩn | pan-awä | miːn | busá | wauːm |
Digüt | Mondé | pan-dát | ním-piab | nĩ | babé | |||
Aruáshi | Mondé | sham-yaküb | shon-yain | bu |
Language | Branch | woman | water | fire | stone | maize | tapir |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tupi | Tupi | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | abai | tapüíra |
Tupinamba | Tupi | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | auvati | tapirusu |
Potiguára | Tupi | kuña | üü | tataː | itaː | ||
Ñeéngatu | Tupi | kuñan | üüg | tatá | itá | auati | tapira |
Guaraní | Guaraní | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | avatí | tapií |
Apapokúva | Guaraní | kuña | ü | tatá | |||
Chiripá | Guaraní | ü | tata | avati | mborevi | ||
Cainguá | Guaraní | koñá | ü | tatá | itá | avachi | mborevi |
Mbyhá | Guaraní | kuña | ü | tatá | itá | avachi | tapií |
Canoeiros | Guaraní | uainvi | üg | itá | avashi | ||
Shetá | Guaranized | kuñá | ü | tată | itá | avachi | tapi |
S. Dourados | Guaranized | koːña | hoːñe | agel'á | iːtá | nutya | telaːgoi |
Guayaquí | Guaranized | kuña | ü | dadá | itá | waté | mberevi |
Tapirapé | Tapirapé | kudzá | ü | tatá | itá | awachí | tapiíra |
Kamayurá | Kamayurá | kuña | ü | tata | ita | avatsi | tapiít |
Awití | Kamayurá | kuñá | ü | tara | ita | avachi | tapií |
Arawiné | Kamayurá | ||||||
Anambé | Pará | kuña | ü | tata | ita | awat | tapiri |
Takuñapé | Pará | kuñá | tatá | ika | tapií | ||
Guajajára | Northern | kuñã | ü | tatá | itá | awachí | tapiíra |
Tembé | Northern | kuzá | ü | tatá | itá | awachi | tapihir |
Manajé | Northern | kuyi | ü | tatá | itá | awachí | tapihi |
Turiwára | Northern | kuñá | üa | tatá | itá | awachi | tapiíra |
Kaapor | Northern | kuza | üg | tata | itá | tapira | |
Makirí | Central I | kuñá | ih | tatá | avatí | tapiít | |
Kayabí | Central I | kuñá | auü | tatá | uachi | ||
Kawahyb | Central I | kuñá | ü | tatá | abachi | tapiít | |
Parintintin | Central II | kuñá | iü | tatá | itakí | avaté | tapiíd |
Wiraféd | Central II | kuñá | üü | tatá | itá | abasí | tapiít |
Takwatíp | Central II | kuñá | üa | tatá | abatí | tapi | |
Dawahib | Central II | kunya | üü | tatá | itá | tapiíra | |
Catuquinarú | Central II | uhehü | |||||
Oyampi | Guiana | nimene | heː | tata | ita | abati | tapiira |
Emerillon | Guiana | waimid | ih | tata | auasi | ||
Apiaká | Guiana | koñá | ih | tatar | ita | auasi | tapüra |
Omagua | Amazonas | uainú | úni | táta | itáke | awáti | tapíra |
Cocama | Amazonas | wáina | úni | táta | itáki | abati | tapíra |
Cocamilla | Amazonas | wáina | úni | dzata | idzáki | awáchi | tapíra |
Chiriguano | Chiriguano | kúña | ü | tatá | itá | avatí | mboreví |
Guarayo | Chiriguano | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | avatí | mborevi |
Pauserna | Chiriguano | ekúre | ü | tatá | itá | ahuati | |
Tapieté | Chiriguano | tapipé | ö | tata | itakí | oati | orebi |
Chané | Chiriguano | arekóva | ü | tatá | íta | avatí | boreví |
Siriono | Chiriguano | kuña | ine | tatén | ita | ibashi | eãnkwãntoy |
Joka | Chiriguano | etú | in | tatá | yiwit | yuáshi | ngitíd |
Yuruna | Yuruna | kuñá | iyá | ashí | koapá | makatí | tõá |
Shipaya | Yuruna | uamiá | iyá | ashí | kuapasá | makati | masaká |
Manitsauá | Yuruna | kuñá | hidarú | hadzú | ita | maidzú | |
Mundurucú | Mundurucú | awiyá | hü | tasha | witáa | muirará | piho |
Curuaya | Mundurucú | áu | ü | titi | wítaʔa | mára | bíu |
Mawé | Mawé | oñañá | üü | äria | no | awatí | wewató |
Itogapúc | Itogapúc | mapái | ichi | chaná | iyá | nayá | iti |
Ramarama | Itogapúc | mapoia | utii | tianá | iá | nanian | nató |
Urumí | Itogapúc | shamon | noiábá | ||||
Urukú | Itogapúc | vochái | ichí | chaná | yáa | náya | natoː |
Arara | Itogapúc | ||||||
Arikém | Arikém | uspára | esé | somi | isoá | ngiyó | iruba |
Caritiana | Arikém | bisam | seː | isoː | pomo | irípo | |
Macuráp | Macuráp | arapíñam | ihi | ucha | éki | atiti | yahi |
Kanua | Macuráp | anamína | äkü | itaːtʔ | heːk | atsitsi | kwayatsu |
Guratégaja | Macuráp | anamina | iki | utaːt | äk | ||
Kabishiana | Macuráp | ikí | |||||
Wayoro | Macuráp | aramirá | ögö | agukáp | äk | atití | ikuáit |
Apichum | Macuráp | anamina | ügükap | äkügükab | äk | ||
Tupari | Macuráp | ãramĩrã | yü | koːbkaːb | äk | opab | takara |
Kepkeriwát | Kepkeriwát | buhi | amãni | garämbi | ok | zyaoːpá | uíto |
Mondé | Mondé | manzet | ü | kaing | ek | maikeː | uasá |
Sanamaica | Mondé | chipakchí | ü | kaːi | ä | maʔä | waːsaː |
Aruá | Mondé | ü | kaʔin | äk | |||
Digüt | Mondé | manzéyã | ipáva | pokáing | dzáb | máinkin | wachá |
Aruáshi | Mondé | mansät | ü | kain | äk |
See also
- Apapocuva
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
- Languages of Brazil
- Língua Geral
- List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
References
- ^ a b Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, and Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (2012). "Tupían". In Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
- ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Rodrigues A. D., 2000, "‘Ge–Pano–Carib’ X ‘Jê–Tupí–Karib’: sobre relaciones lingüísticas prehistóricas en Sudamérica", in L. Miranda (ed.), Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, Tome I, Lima, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de lenguas modernas, p. 95–104.
- S2CID 85725271.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Further reading
- Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna (2007). "As consoantes do Proto-Tupí". In Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (eds). Linguas e culturas Tupi, p. 167–203. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju; Brasília: LALI.
- Ana Vilacy Galucio & al., “Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family,” Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10, no. 2 (2015): 229–274.
- Ferraz Gerardi, F., Reichert, S., Blaschke, V., DeMattos, E., Gao, Z., Manolescu, M., and Wu, N. (2020) Tupían lexical database. Version 0.8. Tübingen:
- Lexicons
- Alves, P. (2004). O léxico do Tupari: proposta de um dicionário bilíngüe. Doctoral dissertation. São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista.
- Corrêa Da Ssila, B. C. (2010). Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: Relações Linguísticas e Implicações Históricas. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. (Doctoral dissertation).
- Landin, D. J. (2005). Dicionário e léxico Karitiana / Português. Cuiabá: SIL.
- Lévi-Strauss, C. (1950). Documents Rama-Rama. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 39:73–84.
- Mello, A. A. S. (2000). Estudo histórico da família lingüística Tupí-Guaraní: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. (Doctoral dissertation).
- Monserrat, R. F. (2000). Vocabulário Amondawa-Português, Vocabulário e frases em Arara e Português, Vocabulário Gavião-Português, Vocabulário e frases em Karipuna e Português, Vocabulário e frases em Makurap e Português, Vocabulário e frases em Suruí e Português, Pequeno dicionário em Tupari e Português. Caixas do Sul: Universidade do Caixas do Sul.
- Monserrat, R. F. (2005). Notícia sobre a língua Puruborá. In: A. D. Rodrigues & A. S. A. C. Cabral (eds.), Novos estudos sobre línguas indígenas, 9–22. Brasília: Brasilia: Editor UnB.
- Pacheco Ribeiro, M. J. (2010). Dicionário Sateré-Mawé/Português. Guajará-Mirim: Universidade Federal de Rondônia.
- Rodrigues, A. D. (2007). As consoantes do Proto-Tupí. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & A. D. Rodrigues (eds.), Línguas e culturas tupí, 167–203. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju.
- Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. (2012). Tupían. In: L. CAMPBELL & V. GRONDONA, (eds.), The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide, 495–574. Berlin/ Boston: Walter de Gruyter.