Turbinellus floccosus

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Turbinellus floccosus
Found in
Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Gomphales
Family: Gomphaceae
Genus: Turbinellus
Species:
T. floccosus
Binomial name
Turbinellus floccosus
(Schwein.) Earle ex Giachini & Castellano (2011)
Synonyms
List
  • Cantharellus floccosus Schwein. (1832)
  • Gomphus floccosus (Schwein.) Singer (1945)
  • Gomphus canadensis (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Corner (1966)
  • Cantharellus canadensis Klotzsch ex Berk (1839)
  • Cantharellus princeps Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1859)
  • Merulius floccosus (Schwein.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Merulius princeps (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kuntze (1891)
  • Neurophyllum floccosum (Schwein.) R. Heim (1954)
  • Trombetta canadensis (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Kuntze (1891)
Turbinellus floccosus
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible or poisonous

Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011,[1] when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.

T. floccosus forms symbiotic (

diarrhoea
when consumed. T. floccosus is eaten by local people in northeastern India, Nepal and Mexico.

Taxonomy

This species was first

specific epithet is derived from the Latin floccus, meaning "tuft, or flock, of wool".[3] In 1839, Miles Joseph Berkeley named a specimen from Canada as Cantharellus canadensis based on a manuscript by Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, noting its affinity to C. clavatus.[4] A large specimen collected in Maine by Charles James Sprague was described as Cantharellus princeps in 1859 by Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis.[5] In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze renamed Cantharellus canadensis as Trombetta canadensis, and C. floccosus as Merulius floccosus.[6][a]

validly according to nomenclatural rules.[9]

American mycologist

spores.[13] Roger Heim classified it in the genus Nevrophyllum, before E. J. H. Corner returned it to Gomphus in 1966.[14]

The genus Gomphus, along with several others in the Gomphaceae, was reorganized in the 2010s after

phylogenetic relationships.[14][15][16] Thus the genus Turbinellus was resurrected and the taxon became Turbinellus floccosus. Giachini also concluded G. bonarii was the same species.[14]

T. floccosus has been given the common names of scaly vase chanterelle,

stinkhorns than true chanterelles.[20] In Nepal, in the Sherpa language, it is known as diyo chyau or khumbhe chyau, from the words diyo, meaning "oil lamp" and chyau, meaning "mushroom", as the fruit bodies have a shape similar to the local oil lamps.[21] In Mexico, it is known as corneta or trompeta, or by the indigenous words oyamelnanácatl ("fir mushroom", from Nahuatl oyametl "fir", and nanacatl "mushroom"),[22] tlapitzal (derived from tlapitzalli, Nahuatl for "trumpet")[22] or tlapitzananácatl in Tlaxcala.[23]

Description

Melzer's solution
, seen through a microscope

Adult fruit bodies are initially cylindrical, maturing to trumpet- or vase-shaped and reaching up to 30 cm (12 in) high and up to 30 cm (12 in) across.[24] There is no clear demarcation between the cap and stipe.[13] The stipe can be up to 15 cm (6 in) tall and 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) wide, though it tapers to a narrower base. It is solid in younger specimens, though is often hollowed out by insect larvae in older.[24] At higher elevations, two or three fruit bodies may arise from one stipe. Colored various shades of reddish- to yellowish-orange, the cap surface is broken into scales, with the spaces between more yellow and the scales themselves more orange. The most colorful specimens occur in warm humid weather.[13] Older specimens are often paler.[18]

The white

μm.[25] The spore surface is roughened with ornamentations that can be made visible under the microscope by staining with methyl blue.[26]

The fruit bodies can last for some considerable time, growing slowly over a month. Mushrooms in subalpine and alpine areas are typically heavy-set with a short stipe, their growth slower in the cold climate. This latter form is seen at lower altitudes in colder seasons. Smith gave this the name

redwood forests, can grow and expand rapidly with large caps that have prominent scales. Smith described a paler form with a solid stipe from the Sierra Nevada as forma wilsonii.[13] American mycologist R. H. Petersen described an olive-capped form that is otherwise identical to the typical form.[27] These forms are not recognised as distinct.[9]

Similar species

Lookalikes
Turbinellus fujisanensis
Turbinellus kauffmanii

The related Turbinellus kauffmanii, found in western North America, is similar-looking but has a pale brown cap.[20] Younger specimens of the latter species also have a pungent smell.[13] Turbinellus fujisanensis, found in Japan, is another lookalike that has smaller spores than T. floccosus.[28] Gomphus clavatus is superficially similar.[20]

Distribution and habitat

The fungus appears to form symbiotic (

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), fir (Abies) species such as momi fir (Abies firma), European silver fir (A. alba) and Khinghan fir (A. nephrolepis), pine (Pinus) species such as Pinus densiflora and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).[24][27] In Mexico, the fungus associates with Abies religiosa[29]—the mycorrhizal association between these two species has been synthesized under controlled laboratory conditions.[30] T. floccosus is more abundant in older stands of trees and places where there is more decomposed wood on the forest floor.[24]

The species occurs in coniferous forests in North America, particularly the western states in late summer and autumn. It is most abundant in rainy parts of the Pacific Northwest,[27] northern California and the Sierra Nevada.[18] It also occurs across Asia, having been recorded from Japan,[31][32] North Korea,[33] China,[31] Tibet,[27] India,[34] Nepal and Pakistan.[13][31] Turbinellus floccosus has been occasionally recorded from introduced conifer plantations in Australia.[35]

Toxicity

α-tetradecylcitric acid

Turbinellus floccosus is poisonous to some people who eat it, but has been consumed without incident by others.[36] Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may occur, though are sometimes delayed by up to 8–14 hours. A tricarboxylic acid known as α-tetradecylcitric acid may be responsible for the extreme gastrointestinal symptoms.[25][37] Laboratory experiments showed it increased tone of guinea pig smooth muscle of the small bowel (ileum), and that when given to rats, it led to mydriasis, skeletal muscle weakness, and central nervous system depression.[37] Turbinellus floccosus contains more than double the amount of this acid than the related T. kauffmanii.[38]

Despite its toxicity, T. floccosus is one of the ten wild mushrooms most widely consumed by ethnic tribes in Meghalaya, northeast India,[39] and is highly regarded by the Sherpa people in the vicinity of Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal.[21] What is not known is whether the Indian populations of T. floccosus are nontoxic, or whether the local people have developed an immunity to it.[40] It is also enjoyed in Mexico.[23] American mycologist David Arora reported that some enjoyed it while he felt it had a strong sour taste.[18]

The fruit body of T. floccosus produces

Fenton reaction.[42] Pistillarin is responsible for the green color obtained when iron salts are applied to the fruit body surface.[26]

Notes

  1. ^ Kuntze published Revisio Generum Plantarum, his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.[7] Three taxa received new names: Kuntze coined the genus Trombetta, to incorporate Cantharellus canadensis (as Trombetta canadensis), while C. floccosus and C. princeps became Merulius floccosus and M. princeps respectively.[6] However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.[7]

References

  1. ^ "Gomphus floccosus (Fungi of Bandelier National Monument) · iNaturalist". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  2. ^ de Schweinitz LD (1834). "North American Fungi". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 4 (2): 153. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
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  4. ^ Berkeley MJ (1839). "Exotic Fungi". Annals of Natural History. 3: 380. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  5. ^ Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1859). "On New Species of North American Fungi". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 4: 293. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  6. ^ a b Kuntze O (1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum:Vascularium Omnium atque Cellularium Multarum Secundum Leges Nomenclaturae Internationales cum Enumeratione Plantarum Exoticarum in Itinere Mundi Collectarum. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. pp. 862, 873. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  7. ^ a b Erickson RF. "Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)". Botanicus.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  8. ^ Earle FS (1909). "The Genera of North American Gill Fungi". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451 [407]. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  9. ^ a b "Record Details: Turbinellus floccosus (Schwein.) Earle". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  10. JSTOR 3753741. Archived from the original
    on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
  11. ^ Singer R. (1945). "New Genera of Fungi". Lloydia. 8: 139–44.
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  24. ^ a b c d e f Giachini A (2004). Systematics, Phylogeny, and Ecology of Gomphus sensu lato (Ph.D. thesis). Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University.
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  27. ^ a b c d Petersen DH (1971). "The genera Gomphus and Glococantharellus in North America". Nova Hedwigia. 21: 1–118.
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  31. ^ a b c Corner EJH (1966). "A Monograph of the Cantharelloid Fungi". Annals of Botany Memoirs. 2. London: Oxford University Press: 1–255.
  32. ^ Masui K (1926). "A Study of the Mycorrhiza of Abies firma, S. et Z., with Special Reference to its Mycorrhizal Fungus Cantharellus floccosus, Schw". Memoirs of the College of Science. Kyoto Imperial University. Series B. 2 (1): 1–84.
  33. ^ Wojewoda W, Heinrich Z, Komorowska H (1993). "[Macromycetes Korei Pòłnocnej] Macrofungi of North Korea". Wiadomości Botaniczne. 37 (3/4): 125–28.
  34. ^ Verma RN, Singh SM, Singh TG, Bilgrami KS (1989). "Gomphus floccosus – A New Record for India". Current Science. 58 (24): 1370–71.
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External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbinellus_floccosus&oldid=1219027355"