Turco-Mongol tradition

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Asia in 1335

The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an

ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate. The ruling Mongol elites of these khanates eventually assimilated into the Turkic populations that they conquered and ruled over, thus becoming known as Turco-Mongols. These elites gradually adopted Islam, as well as Turkic languages, while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions.[1]

The Turco-Mongols founded many Islamic successor states after the collapse of the Mongol khanates, such as the

Tatar khanates that succeeded the Golden Horde (e.g., Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Khanate of Kazan), and the Timurid Empire, which succeeded the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia. Babur (1483–1530), a Turco-Mongol prince and a great-great-great-grandson of Timur, founded the Mughal Empire, which ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.[2][3] The Turks and Tatars also ruled part of Egypt, exercising political and military authority during the Mamluk Sultanate.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

These Turco-Mongol elites became patrons of the

Northwest China) and large parts of West Asia (Middle East).[10]

Antecedents

See also: Altaic languages

Before the time of

phonotactic rules and phonology).[11][original research?
]

In the past, these similarities were attributed to a genetic relationship and led to the widespread acceptance of an

Japonic language families, although Turkic and Mongolic display the most extensive similarities. According to recent aggregation and research, there are doublets, which are considered to be the same in terms of their roots, found in the vocabulary in Mongolian language and Turkic loanwords. Also, words of Turkic origin are the most common loanwords in Mongolian vocabulary.[12]

Language

Following the Mongol conquests, the ruling Mongol elites of the Mongol successor states began a process of assimilation with the non-Mongol populations that they ruled over. The population of the

Finno-Ugric peoples, Sarmato-Scythians, Slavs, and people from the Caucasus, among others (whether Muslim or not).[13][failed verification
]

Most of the Horde's population was Turkic:

Kypchak language
, which developed into the regional languages of Kypchak groups after the Horde disintegrated.

In the Chagatai Khanate, the Turkic language that was adopted by the Mongol elites became known as the Chagatai language, a descendant of Karluk Turkic. The Chagatai language was the native language of the Timurid dynasty, a Turco-Mongol dynasty which gained power in Central Asia after the decline of the Chagatai khans. Chagatai is the predecessor of the modern Karluk branch of Turkic languages, which includes Uzbek and Uyghur.[15]

Religion

The Mongols during the period of the early Mongol conquests and the conquests of Genghis Khan largely followed Tengrism. However, the successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate ruled over large Muslim populations. The Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate in particular ruled over Muslim majority populations in Iran and Central Asia, respectively.[citation needed]

In the Golden Horde,

Mamluks begun by Berke and his predecessors. He kept a friendly relationship with the Mamluk Sultan and his shadow Caliph in Cairo. After a long delay and much discussion, he married a princess from his family to Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt. Under Uzbeg and his successor Jani Beg (1342–1357), Islam, which among some of the Turks in Eurasia had deep roots going back into pre-Mongol times, gained general acceptance, though its adherents remained tolerant of other beliefs.[citation needed
]

In order to successfully expand Islam, the Mongols built a mosque and other "elaborate places" requiring baths—an important element of Muslim culture. Sarai attracted merchants from other countries. The slave trade flourished due to strengthening ties with the

Mamluk Sultanate. Growth of wealth and increasing demand for products typically produce population growth, and so it was with Sarai. Housing in the region increased, which transformed the capital into the center of a large Muslim Sultanate.[citation needed
]

In the Chagatai Khanate, Mubarak Shah converted to Islam and over time the Chagatai elite became entirely Islamized. The Chagatai Khanate was succeeded by the Timurid Empire in Central Asia, founded by the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur. According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic.[16] To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the "Sword of Islam", and patronized educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.[17]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-521-34595-8
    .
  2. ^ "Timur". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Academic ed.). 2007.
  3. ^ Beatrice F. Manz (2000). "Tīmūr Lang". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Brill. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  4. ^ "The Cambridge History of Egypt", Volume 1, (1998) P. 250
  5. ^ "Mamluk | Islamic dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. 30 November 2023.
  6. ^ "Egypt – The Mamluks, 1250–1517". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  7. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0
    .
  8. ISBN 9004101829. Archived
    from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  9. ISBN 9780748625727
    .
  10. ISBN 0-521-52291-9
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 9789027205995. Archived
    from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  12. ^ Nakashima, Y. (n.d.). 語彙借用に見るモンゴル語とチュルク語の言語接触: 特にカザフ語及びトゥヴァ語との比較を中心として(Rep.). Retrieved from https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/51188/gk00068_論文.pdf Archived 5 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ISBN 978-0-253-20445-5
    .
  14. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  15. ISBN 978-0-306-48083-6
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7. Archived
    from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  17. ^ Marozzi, Justin (2004). Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world. HarperCollins.[ISBN missing]
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