Avian coronavirus

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Turkey coronavirus
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Avian coronavirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Gammacoronavirus
Subgenus: Igacovirus
Species:
Avian coronavirus
Synonyms
  • Avian infectious bronchitis virus[1]
  • Infectious bronchitis virus[2]
  • Turkey coronavirus[2]
  • Pheasant coronavirus[2]
  • Duck coronavirus[2]
  • Goose coronavirus[2]
  • Pigeon coronavirus[2]

Avian coronavirus is a species of virus from the genus Gammacoronavirus that infects birds; since 2018, all gammacoronaviruses which infect birds have been classified as this single species.[3] The strain of avian coronavirus previously known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the only coronavirus that infects chickens.[3] It causes avian infectious bronchitis, a highly infectious disease that affects the respiratory tract, gut, kidney and reproductive system.[4][5] IBV affects the performance of both meat-producing and egg-producing chickens and is responsible for substantial economic loss within the poultry industry.[6] The strain of avian coronavirus previously classified as Turkey coronavirus causes gastrointestinal disease in turkeys.[3]

Classification

IBV is in the genus

It was previously the type species of its genus Igacovirus.[9] When there was only one genus of coronaviruses, the genus Coronavirus, it was the type species of the group of all known coronaviruses.[10]

Recombination

When two strains of coronavirus IBV infect a host they may recombine during genome replication.[11] Recombination appears to contribute to the genetic variation of the IBV genome found in nature.[12][13]

Pathology

Respiratory system

When inhaled, virus will attach to

Newcastle disease (avian paramyxovirus 1), Avian metapneumovirus
infection may be confused clinically to infectious bronchitis.

Kidney

Through viremia, some nephrotropic strains (most of high virulence) could infect the kidney epithelium in tubules and

ureters

Reproductive system

In hens, the viremic IBV will also reach the oviduct, causing lesions in the magnum (the egg-white gland) and in the uterus (the egg-shell gland), leading to a sharp decline of egg production, shell-less, fragile or roughened shells eggs (uterus lesion) with watery whites (magnum lesion). Infection of chickens at puberty, during the oviduct development, will impede oviduct formation and destroy future laying capacity, resulting in "false layers". However, other diseases affecting layer chickens could lead to that condition.[15]

Vaccines

There are both attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines available. Their effectiveness is diminished by poor cross-protection. The nature of the protective immune response to IBV is poorly understood, but the surface spike protein, the amino-terminal S1 half, is sufficient to induce good protective immunity. Experimental vector IB vaccines and genetically manipulated IBVs—with heterologous spike protein genes—have produced promising results, including in the context of in ovo vaccination.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego.1162 pp. https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
  2. ^ a b c d e f de Groot, Raoul J.; et al. (2008). "Revision of the family Coronaviridae" (PDF). p. 24. Retrieved 9 March 2020. Avian coronavirus (new) (comprised of existing species infectious bronchitis virus, turkey coronavirus, pheasant coronavirus, duck coronavirus, goose coronavirus, pigeon coronavirus)
  3. ^
    PMID 32374218
    .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. ^
  7. .
  8. .
  9. ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Avian coronavirus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  10. ^ Cann, Alan, ed. (2006). "Coronaviruses". Microbiology @ Leicester. University of Leicester, School of Biological Sciences. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2020. Family: Coronaviridae; (Subfamily): ; Genus: Coronavirus; Type Species: Infectious bronchits virus
  11. PMID 7491781
    .
  12. .
  13. .
  14. ^ "Ciliary activity of chicken tracheal epithelial cells". YouTube. 15 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  15. ^ "Infectious Bronchitis: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.

Further reading