Turkish Armed Forces

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Turkish Armed Forces
Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri (
Minister of National Defense
 Yaşar Güler[2]
Chief of the General Staff Metin Gürak
Personnel
Military age20[3]
Conscription6 months
Active personnel355,200[4]
Reserve personnel378,700[4]
Expenditures
BudgetUS$15.8 billion (2023)[5]
Percent of GDP1.5% (2023)[6]
Industry
Domestic suppliers
List
TİSAŞ
Canik Arms
UTAŞ
Transvaro
ASFAT
Meteksan
Foreign suppliers
List
 Germany
 South Korea
 Italy
 China
 United Kingdom
 Russia
 United States
Annual exports$5.5 billion (2023)[7]
Related articles
History
RanksMilitary ranks of Turkey
Turkish Armed Forces
Leadership
Branches
History
Special Forces
Member of
Current foreign deployments and missions

The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF;

Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.[9] Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO
member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff.

The history of the Turkish Armed Forces began with its formation after the

EU
and NATO.

The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing military force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces.[10] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[11] A total of 50 U.S. B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, the most of the five countries.[12]

History

Main article:
Military history of the Republic of Turkey

War of Independence

Main article: Turkish War of Independence

The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by the

British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul).[13]

The ethnic demographics of the modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people.[14] The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations – a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I.[15] Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing the historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%.[14]

While

Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA).[18]

In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded

Ankara government
" declared illegal.

In the ensuing war,

Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis, prompting the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya
.

The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the

Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey,[19] the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished
.

First Kurdish rebellions

See also:
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey

There were several rebellions

southeastern Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion
. All were suppressed by the TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops.

World War II

See also: Second Cairo Conference

Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of

Axis. Following Nazi Germany's occupation of the Balkans, upon which the Axis-controlled territory in Thrace and the eastern islands of the Aegean Sea
bordered Turkey, the Turkish government signed a Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Germany on 18 June 1941.

After the

Operation Zitadelle in July 1943, the Turkish government sent a military delegation under General Cemil Cahit Toydemir to Russia and observed the exercises of the 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion and its equipment.[22] But after the failure of Operation Zitadelle, the Turkish government participated in the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, where Franklin D. Roosevelt, Churchill and İnönü reached an agreement on issues regarding Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies. On 23 February 1945, Turkey joined the Allies by declaring war against Germany and Japan, after it was announced at the Yalta Conference that only the states which were formally at war with Germany and Japan by 1 March 1945 would be admitted to the United Nations.[23]

Korean War

Main articles: Turkish Brigade and Battle of Wawon
Turkish soldiers observing the front during the Korean War

Turkey participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations and sent the Turkish Brigade to South Korea, and suffered 731 losses while displaying exceptional valor in combat. On 18 February 1952, Turkey became a member of NATO.[24] The South Korean government donated a war memorial for Turkish soldiers who fought and died in Korea. The Korean pagoda was donated in 1973 for the 50th anniversary of the Turkish Republic and is located in Ankara.

Cyprus

Main articles:
Military operations during the Invasion of Cyprus (1974)

On 20 July 1974, the TAF launched an

EOKA-B and the Cypriot National Guard against president Makarios III with the intention of annexing the island to Greece; but the military intervention ended up with Turkey occupying a considerable area on the northern part of Cyprus and helping to establish a local government of Turkish Cypriots there, which has thus far been recognized only by Turkey. The intervention came after more than a decade of intercommunal violence (1963–1974) between the island's Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, resulting from the constitutional breakdown of 1963. Turkey invoked its role as a guarantor under the Treaty of Guarantee in justification for the military intervention.[25] Turkish forces landed on the island in two waves, invading and occupying 37% of the island's territory in the northeast for the Turkish Cypriots, who had been isolated in small enclaves across the island prior to the military intervention.[26][27][28]

In the aftermath, the Turkish Cypriots declared a separate political entity in the form of the

Cyprus dispute) 76% of the Greek Cypriots rejected the proposal, while 65% of the Turkish Cypriots
accepted it.

Kurdish–Turkish conflict

Main article:
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

The TAF are in a protracted campaign against the

terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union and NATO)[29][30][31][32][33] which has involved frequent forays into neighbouring Iraq and Syria. Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the PKK was arrested in 1999 in Nairobi and taken to Turkey. In 2015, the PKK cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after tension due to various events.[34]

War in Bosnia and Kosovo

Main articles: Bosnian War and Kosovo War
See also:
SFOR

Turkey contributed troops in several NATO-led peace forces in

Bosnia and Kosovo. Currently there are 402 Turkish troops in Kosovo Force
.

War in Afghanistan

Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
See also: International Security Assistance Force

After the

Erdoğan
, who stressed that Turkey would continue its training of Afghan security forces.

Turkey withdrew their troops from Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul (2021).[35][36][37]

Humanitarian relief

The TAF have performed "Disaster Relief Operations," as in the

Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group, which was created in early 2001 by Turkey, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine for search and rescue and other humanitarian operations in the Black Sea
.

Today

Turkish soldiers guards at the Anıtkabir Mausoleum.

According to the

Turkish Coast Guard),[4] In 2020, the defence budget amounted to 76.3 billion liras.[38] The Law on the Court of Accounts was supposed to initiate external ex-post audits of armed forces' expenditure and pave the way for audits of extra budgetary resources earmarked for the defence sector, including the Defence Industry Support Fund.[39] However, the Ministry of Defense has not provided the necessary information,[40]
so the armed forces expenditure is not being properly checked.

Turkey was a Level 3 contributor to the

Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) programme.[41]
The final goal of Turkey is to produce new-generation indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies.

CPMIEC
to co-produce a $4 billion long-range air and missile system.

Date General/Admiral Officer Total
(incl. civilian)
General staff figures
21 November 2011[42] 365 39,975 666,576
2 October 2013[43] 347 39,451 647,583
2 May 2014[44] 343 38,971 623,101
2 January 2017[45] 203 26,278 398,513

General staff

Main articles:
Special Forces (Turkish Armed Forces)
Turkish Armed Forces General Staff
.

Chief of the General Staff reports to Minister of National Defence. General staff is responsible for:

  • Preparing the Armed Forces and its personnel for military operations.
  • Gathering military intelligence
  • Organization and training of the Armed Forces
  • Management of the logistic services

The Chief of the General Staff is also, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the name of the President, in wartime.

Also, the General Staff is in command of the

Special Forces get their orders directly from the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces.[46]

Land Forces

Main article: Turkish Land Forces
Commandos of the Land Forces.

The Turkish Land Forces, or Turkish Army, can trace its origins in the remnants of Ottoman forces during the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. When Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues formed the Grand National Assembly (GNA) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, the XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir was the only corps which had any combat value.[47] On 8 November 1920, the GNA decided to establish a standing army (Düzenli ordu) instead of irregular troops (the Kuva-yi Milliye, Kuva-yi Seyyare, etc.).[48] GNA government's army won the Turkish War of Independence in 1922.

Naval Forces

Main article: Turkish Naval Forces
Turkish Navy amphibious assault ship TCG Anadolu (L400) steams in the Mediterranean Sea.

The

Su Altı Savunma (S.A.S. – Underwater Defense) is dedicated to coastal defense operations (such as clearing mines or unexploded torpedoes) and disabling enemy vessels or weapons with underwater operations; as well as counter-terrorism and VIP protection missions.[49]

Air Force

Main article: Turkish Air Force
Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eagle (foreground) and the tailfin of a Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker (background) of the Turkish Air Force at the Çiğli Air Base in İzmir

The Turkish Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is primarily responsible for the protection and sovereignty of Turkish airspace but also provides air-power to the other service branches. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[50] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.[51]

The Air Force took part in the

Bosnia-Herzegovina, employing two squadrons (one in the Ghedi fighter wing, and after 2000 one in the Aviano fighter wing.)[52] They returned to Turkey in 2001. In 2006, 4 Turkish F-16 fighter jets were deployed for NATO's Baltic Air Policing
operation.

Military bases and soldiers stationed abroad

Main article: List of countries with overseas military bases § Turkey

As of February 2021, Turkey has at least over 60,000+ [needs update] military personnel stationed outside its territory.[53] The only military base stationed permanently abroad, regardless of the organizations that are members of Turkey, which has been temporarily holding troops several times abroad due to its responsibilities arising from many international political members, particularly NATO membership, is the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command. The military bases of the Turkish Armed Forces in Qatar, Syria,[54] Somalia[55] and Bashiqa, among an unknown amount of other bases internationally, are currently active. It was announced in 2017 that Turkey would start working on establishing a research base in Antarctica.[56]

According to a study conducted in England, Turkey has the largest deployment of international troops after the United States,[57] with an estimated strength of at least 60,000+ military personnel stationed outside of the borders of Turkey. This means that 1 in 6 of the active military troops of Turkey (which is estimated to be 355,200 in 2020)[58] are deployed outside of the borders of the country.[53]

Turkey currently has a military presence in the following countries;

Countries with Turkish military bases, facilities and troops.

Turkey additionally has a presence in the following countries through UN peacekeeping missions:

Role of the military in Turkish politics

See also: Deep state in Turkey

After the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk prohibited the political activities of officers in active service with the Military Penal Code numbered 1632 and dated 22 May 1930 (Askeri Ceza Kanunu).[86] However, after the 1960 coup d'état, the Millî Birlik Komitesi (National Unity Committee) established the Inner Service Act of the Turkish Armed Forces (Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu) on 4 January 1961 to legitimize their military interventions in politics. In subsequent coups d'état and coup d'état attempts, they showed reasons to justify their political activities especially with the article 35 and 85 of this act.[87]

The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism, the official state ideology, especially of its secular aspects.[88] The TAF still maintains an important degree of influence over the decision-making process regarding issues related to Turkish national security, albeit decreased in the past decades, via the National Security Council.

The military had a record of intervening in politics, removing elected governments four times in the past. Indeed, it assumed power for several periods in the latter half of the 20th century. It executed three

28 February memorandum).[8] Contrary to outsider expectations, the Turkish populace was not uniformly averse to coups; many welcomed the ejection of governments they perceived as unconstitutional.[90]

On 27 April 2007, in advance of the 4 November 2007 presidential election, and in reaction to the politics of

Welfare Party, the army issued a statement of its interests. It said that the army is a party to "arguments" regarding secularism; that Islamism ran counter to the secular nature of Turkey, and to the legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The Army's statement ended with a clear warning that the TAF stood ready to intervene if the secular nature of the Turkish Constitution is compromised, stating that "the Turkish Armed Forces maintain their sound determination to carry out their duties stemming from laws to protect the unchangeable characteristics of the Republic of Turkey. Their loyalty to this determination is absolute."[91]

Over a hundred people, including several generals, have been detained or questioned since July 2008 with respect to the so-called organisation Ergenekon, an alleged clandestine, ultra-nationalist organization with ties to members of the country's military and security forces. The group is accused of terrorism in Turkey. These accusing claims are reported, even while the trials are going on, mostly in the counter-secular and Islamist media organs.[citation needed]

On 22 February 2010 more than 40 officers were arrested and then formally charged with attempting to overthrow the government with respect to the so-called

Washington Post reported in April 2010 that the military's power had decreased.[92]

On the eve of the Supreme Military Council of August 2011, the Chief of the General Staff, along with the Army, Navy, and Air Force commanders, requested their retirement, in protest of the mass arrests which they perceived as a deliberate and planned attack against the Kemalist and secular-minded officers of the Turkish Armed Forces by the Islamists in Turkey, who began to control key positions in the Turkish government, judiciary and police.[93][94][95] The swift replacement of the force commanders in the Supreme Military Council meeting affirmed the government's control over the appointment of top-level commanders. However, promotions continue to be determined by the General Staff with limited civilian control. The European Commission, in its 2011 regular yearly report on Turkey's progress towards EU accession, stated that "further reforms on the composition and powers of the Supreme Military Council, particularly on the legal basis of promotions, still need to materialise."[39] The service branch commanders continue to report to the Prime Minister instead of the Defence Minister.

Then-Vice President Joe Biden inspects damage to the Grand National Assembly during a visit to Ankara on 24 August 2016.

In July 2016,

attempted to take over the government, but Erdogan supporters and other loyal military units stopped the coup attempt.[96] The parliament house, police headquarters, and some other buildings in Ankara were damaged by aerial bombing and attack helicopter gunfire. In Istanbul, the Bosporus Bridge was blocked, a tank fired a shell, and soldiers shot at people.[97][98] The incidents caused the death of hundreds and wounding of thousands of unarmed civilians. Following the failed coup attempt, thousands of military personnel were arrested and the structure of the armed forces was overhauled.[96] The total toll of the damages to the economy amounted to US$14 billion.[97]

Medals and awards

Gallery

  • U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Giselle Wilz, NATO Headquarters Sarajevo commander, speaks with female officers of the Turkish Land Forces during a mentoring session at Camp Butmir, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
    U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Giselle Wilz, NATO Headquarters Sarajevo commander, speaks with female officers of the Turkish Land Forces during a mentoring session at Camp Butmir, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  • Members of the Turkish Coy, assigned to KFOR Regional Command – East, as part of the NATO Forces, monitor the Administrative Boundary Line (ABL) in Eastern Kosovo.
    Members of the Turkish Coy, assigned to KFOR Regional Command – East, as part of the NATO Forces, monitor the Administrative Boundary Line (ABL) in Eastern Kosovo.
  • U.S. and Turkish military forces conduct the third ground combined joint patrol inside the security mechanism area in northeast Syria.
    U.S. and Turkish military forces conduct the third ground combined joint patrol inside the security mechanism area in northeast Syria.
  • A Turkish Special Forces Sniper engages long range targets at night with a with a Remington Mk 21 Precision Sniper Rifles at the International Specialty Training Center (ISTC) Alpine Sniper Course, in Hochfilzen training area, Austria.
    A Turkish Special Forces Sniper engages long range targets at night with a with a Remington Mk 21 Precision Sniper Rifles at the International Specialty Training Center (ISTC) Alpine Sniper Course, in Hochfilzen training area, Austria.
  • TCG Barbaros (FF 244) and Burgazada (F 513) in the Mediterranean Sea.
    TCG Barbaros (FF 244) and Burgazada (F 513) in the Mediterranean Sea.
  • An F4E Phantom II aircraft with the Turkish Air Force (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) takes off from Third Air Force Base Konya, Turkey, during Exercise Anatolian Eagle.
    An F4E Phantom II aircraft with the Turkish Air Force (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) takes off from Third Air Force Base Konya, Turkey, during Exercise Anatolian Eagle.
  • A Turkish F-16 taking off from İzmir Çiğli Air Base - LTBL, Turkey.
    A Turkish F-16 taking off from İzmir Çiğli Air Base - LTBL, Turkey.
  • Turkish Military Mission With Western Mediterranean Fleet. 9 April 1943, on Board HMS Nelson
    Turkish Military Mission With Western Mediterranean Fleet. 9 April 1943, on Board HMS Nelson
  • Turkish officers visiting Soviet Moscow.
    Turkish officers visiting Soviet Moscow.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As the Army of the Grand National Assembly.[1]

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Bibliography

External links

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