Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Grand National Assembly of Turkey Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi | |
---|---|
28th Parliament of Turkey | |
Type | |
Type | |
History | |
Founded | 23 April 1920 |
Preceded by | 23 December 1876 as General Assembly |
Leadership | |
Government Group Leader | |
Main Opposition Group Leader | |
Structure | |
Seats | 600 1 non-voting member |
Political groups | Government (265)
Opposition (276)
Vacant (6)
|
Committees | 19 committees |
Length of term | 5 years |
Authority | Constitution of Turkey |
Salary | ₺125,349 monthly[1] |
Elections | |
Closed list proportional representation (D'Hondt method with a 7% electoral threshold) | |
Last election | 14 May 2023 |
Next election | No later than 2028 |
Redistricting | Supreme Election Council |
Motto | |
Egemenlik kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation | |
Meeting place | |
General Assembly Hall Grand National Assembly of Turkey 06543, Bakanlıklar Ankara, Turkey | |
Website | |
Grand National Assembly of Türkiye | |
Constitution | |
Constitution of Turkey |
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (
Composition
There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the
Independent candidates may also run[5] and can be elected without needing a threshold.[6]
Speaker of the parliament
A new term in the parliament began on 2 June 2023, after the June 2023 General Elections. Devlet Bahçeli from the MHP temporarily served as the speaker, as it is customary for the oldest member of the TBMM to serve as speaker during a hung parliament. Numan Kurtulmuş was elected after the snap elections on 07 June 2023.[7]
Languages
The parliament's minutes are translated into the four languages
Members (since 1999)
- Members elected in 1999 (21st Parliament)
- Members elected in 2002 (22nd Parliament)
- Members elected in 2007 (23rd Parliament)
- Members elected in 2011 (24th Parliament)
- Members elected in June 2015 (25th Parliament)
- Members elected in November 2015 (26th Parliament)
- Members elected in 2018 (27th Parliament)
- Members elected in 2023 (28th Parliament)
Parliamentary groups
Parties who have at least 20 deputies may form a parliamentary group. Currently there are six parliamentary groups at the GNAT: AK Party, which has the highest number of seats, CHP, MHP, Good Party, DEM, and Felicity.[10]
Committees
Specialized committees
- Justice Committee (27 members)[11]
- Constitution Committee (26 members)[12]
- Committee for Harmonization with the European Union (27 members)[13]
- Public Works, Zoning, Transportation, and Tourism Committee (26 members)[14]
- Environment Committee (26 members)[15]
- Foreign Affairs Committee (25 members)[16]
- Digital Media Committee (17 members)[17]
- Petitions Committee (12 members)[18]
- Security and Intelligence Committee (17 members)[19]
- Internal Affairs Committee (26 members)[20]
- Committee for the Inspection of Human Rights (25 members)[21]
- Committee for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (26 members)[26]
- State-owned Enterprises Committee (35 members)[27]
- National Education, Culture, Youth, and Sports committee (26 members)[28]
- National Defense Committee (26 members)[29]
- Planning and Budgeting Committee (30 members)[30]
- Health, Family, Employment, and Social Affairs Committee (27 members)[31]
- Industry, Commerce, Energy, Natural Resources, Information, and Technology Committee (26 members)[32]
- Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Works Committee (26 members)[33]
Parliamentary research committees
These committees are one of auditing tools of the Parliament. The research can begin upon the demand of the Government, political party groups or min 20 MPs. The duty is assigned to a committee whose number of members, duration of work and location of work is determined by the proposal of the Parliamentary Speaker and the approval of the General Assembly.[34][35]
Parliamentary investigation committees
These committees are established if any investigation demand re the president, vice president, and ministers occur and approved by the General Assembly through hidden voting.[35]
International committees
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (8 members)[36]
- NATO Parliamentary Assembly (18 members)[37]
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (18 members)[38]
- Turkey — European Union Joint Parliamentary Committee (25 members)[39]
- Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (5 members)[40]
- Asian Parliamentary Assembly (5 members)[41]
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (7 members)[42]
- Inter-parliamentary Union (9 members)[43]
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (9 members)[44]
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (5 members)[45]
- Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (9 members)[46]
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Economic Cooperation Organization (5 members)[47]
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Southeast European Cooperation Process (6 members)[48]
- Andean Parliament (observer) (3 members)[49]
- Latin American Parliament (observer) (3 members)[50]
MPs can attend more than one committee if not a member of Petitions Committee or Planning and Budgeting Committee. Members of those committees can not participate in any other committees. On the other hand, MPs do not have to work for a committee either. Number of members of each committee is determined by the proposal of the Advisory Council and the approval of the General Assembly.[35]
Sub committees are established according to the issue that the committee receives. Only State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) Committee has constant sub committees that are specifically responsible for a group of SOEs.[35]
Committee meetings are open to the MPs, the Ministers' Board members and the Government representatives. The MPs and the Ministers' Board members can talk in the committees but can not make amendments proposals or vote. Every MP can read the reports of the committees.[35]
NGOs can attend the committee meetings upon the invitation of the committee therefore volunteer individual or public participation is not available. Media, but not the visual media, can attend the meetings. The media representatives are usually the parliamentary staff of the media institutions. The committees can prevent the attendance of the media with a joint decision.[51]
Current composition
The 28th Parliament of Turkey took office on 2 June 2023, following the ratification of the results of the general election held on 14 May 2023. The composition of the 28th Parliament, is shown below.
Parliament Building
The current Parliament Building is the third to house the nation's parliament. The building which first housed the Parliament was converted from the Ankara headquarters of the
History
Turkey portal |
Turkey has had a history of parliamentary government before the establishment of the current national parliament. These include attempts at curbing absolute monarchy during the Ottoman Empire through constitutional monarchy, as well as establishments of caretaker national assemblies immediately prior to the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 but after the de facto dissolution of the Ottoman Empire earlier in the decade.
Parliamentary practice before the Republican era
Ottoman Empire
There were two periods of parliamentary governance during the
The
During the two constitutional eras of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman parliament was called the
Establishment of the National Assembly
After
Transition to Ankara
Republican era
1923–1945
The first trial of multi-party politics, during the republican era, was made in 1924 by the establishment of the
1945–1960
The multi-party period in
1960–1980
After the a military coup on 27 May 1960, Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, President Celal Bayar, and all the ministers and members of the Assembly were arrested.[65] The Assembly was closed. The Committee of National Unity, CNU (Milli Birlik Komitesi), assumed all the powers of the Assembly by a provisional constitution and began to run the country. Executive power was used by ministers appointed by the CNU.[66]
The members of the CNU began to work on a new and comprehensive constitution. The Constituent Assembly (Kurucu Meclis), composed of members of the CNU and the members of the House of Representatives, was established to draft a new constitution on 6 January 1961. The House of Representatives consisted of those appointed by the CNU, representatives designated by two parties of that time (CHP and Republican Villagers National Party, RVNP), and representatives of various professional associations.[64]
The constitutional text drafted by the Constituent Assembly was presented to the voters in a referendum on 9 July 1961, and was accepted by 61.17% of the voters. The 1961 Constitution, the first prepared by a Constituent Assembly and the first to be presented to the people in a referendum, included innovations in many subjects.[64]
The 1961 Constitution stipulated a typical parliamentarian system. According to the Constitution, Parliament was bicameral. The legislative power was vested in the House of Representatives and the Senate. while the executive authority was vested in the President and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution envisaged a Constitutional Court.[64]
The 1961 Constitution regulated fundamental rights and freedom, including economic and social rights, over a wide spectrum and adopted the principles of a democratic social state and the rule of law. The 1961 Constitution underwent many comprehensive changes after the military memorandum of 12 March 1971, but continued to be in force until the military coup of 1980.[67]
1980–2018
The country underwent another military coup on 12 September 1980. The Constitution was suspended and political parties were dissolved.[68] Many politicians were forbidden from entering politics again. The military power ruling the country established a "Constituent Assembly", as had been done in 1961. The Constituent Assembly was composed of the National Security Council and the Advisory Assembly. Within two years, the new constitution was drafted and was presented to the referendum on 7 November 1982. Participation in the referendum was 91.27%. As a result, the 1982 Constitution was passed with 91.37% of the votes.[69]
The greatest change brought about by the 1982 Constitution was the unicameral parliamentary system.[68] The number of MPs were 550 members. The executive was empowered and new and more definite limitations were introduced on fundamental rights and freedoms. Also, a 10% electoral threshold was introduced.[2] Except for these aspects, the 1982 Constitution greatly resembled the 1961 Constitution.
The 1982 Constitution, from the time it was accepted until the present time, has undergone many changes, especially the "integration laws", which have been introduced within the framework of the European Union membership process, and which has led to a fundamental evolution.[67]
2018–present
After the 2017 constitutional referendums, the first general election of the Assembly was under a presidential system, with an executive president who has the power to renew the elections for the Assembly and vice versa.[70] Following the referendum, the number of MPs increased from 550 to 600.[71] Furthermore, due to separation of powers, members of the cabinet can't introduce laws anymore. This task is left to the parliamentarians. In line with this change, the seats for the members of the cabinet have been removed from the parliament. These seats were originally located on the left side of the Parliament Speaker.[72]
In 2022, at the initiative of the ruling AK Party and its main political ally MHP, the national electoral threshold for a party to enter parliament was lowered from 10 to 7 percent.[73]
Changes since 2023
Historical composition
Single-party period
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1923 |
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1927 |
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1931 |
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1935 |
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1939 |
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1943 |
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Beginning of the multi-party period
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1946 |
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1950 |
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1954 |
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1957 |
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Second Republic
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1961 |
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1965 |
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1969 |
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1973 |
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1977 |
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After the 1980 coup
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1983 |
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1987 |
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1991 |
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1995 |
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1999 |
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After the 2002 election
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2002 |
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2007 |
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2011 |
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2015.06 |
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2015.11 |
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2018 |
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2023 |
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List of foreign leaders addressing the Turkish Parliament
The General Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly hosts foreign dignitaries from time to time.[74] However, the protocol here may vary depending on the situation. For the foreign guest to make a speech a decision of the General Assembly is required.[75]
Picture gallery
-
The current TBMM front facade
-
The old TBMM
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Balcony of the old TBMM
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The General Assembly is the meeting place of the TBMM
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President Atatürk entering the TBMM
-
Funeral of President Demirel
-
Garden of the second TBMM
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A scale model of the current TBMM
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Discussion in the TBMM in the 1980s
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Hatı Çırpan at the rostrum
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The predecessor of the TBMM was the Ottoman Parliament
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The Ottoman Parliament in 1877
See also
- Politics of Turkey
- Turkish order of precedence
- Women in Turkish politics
- List of political parties in Turkey
- National Sovereignty and Children's Day
- List of legislatures by country
- List of members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey who died in office
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ "2023 Milletvekili maaşı kaç TL, ne kadar? Milletvekilleri aylık ne kadar kazanıyor?". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 30 May 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "Crossing the threshold – the Turkish election". electoral-reform.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Turkey: Parliament Passes Law Amending Election Laws and Lowering Electoral Threshold". Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ hlsjrnldev. "ECHR Upholds Turkey's 10% Threshold in Elections". Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (24 August 2004). "Political Structure of Turkey". Turkish Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
- ^ e.g. Istanbul in 2011 has a successful candidate at 3.2% Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Son Dakika: TBMM'nin yeni başkanı Numan Kurtulmuş oldu". Haberler. 8 June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Turkish parliament offers simultaneous translation into four languages, excludes Kurdish". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 10 May 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "HDP MP not allowed to speak Kurdish in parliament". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 12 July 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "IPU PARLINE database: TURKEY (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M)), Full text". archive.ipu.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ "Adalet Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Anayasa Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Avrupa Birliği Uyum Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Bayındırlık, İmar, Ulaştırma ve Turizm Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Çevre Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Dışişleri Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Dijital Mecralar Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Dilekçe Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Güvenlik ve İstihbarat Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "İçişleri Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "İnsan Haklarını İnceleme Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "İslamofobi ve Irkçılık İnceleme Alt Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Hükümlü ve Tutuklu Haklarını İnceleme Alt Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Göç ve Uyum Alt Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Çocuk Hakları Alt Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Milli Eğitim, Kültür, Gençlik ve Spor Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Milli Savunma Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Sanayi, Ticaret, Enerji, Tabii Kaynaklar, Bilgi ve Teknoloji Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Tarım, Orman ve Köyişleri Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ Köroğlu, Veli (December 2006). "Meclis Araştırması". Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Vol. 3, no. 2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi İçtüzüğü" (PDF). tbmm.gov.tr. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilatı Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Türkiye - Avrupa Birliği Karma Parlamento Komisyonu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "İslam İş Birliği Teşkilatı Parlamento Birliği". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Asya Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Akdeniz İçin Birlik Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Parlamentolar Arası Birlik". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Akdeniz Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Türk Devletleri Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Güney Doğu Avrupa İş Birliği Süreci Parlamenter Asamblesi". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "And Parlamentosu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Latin Amerikan ve Karayipler Parlamentosu". GNAT. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Türkiye Parlamentosunda Açıklık ve Şeffaflık, Yasama Süreçlerine Sivil Katılım" (PDF). tusev.org.tr. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "The Grand National Assembly of Turkey". Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ISBN 1-74059-683-8. Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – Fifty Thousand Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine & II. Series Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
- ^ "Meclis yaz dönemini tadilatla geçirecek" (in Turkish). TRT News. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
- ^ "Türk Demokrasi Tarihinde I. Meşrutiyet Dönemi" (PDF) (in Turkish). Gazi University. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "Yüzüncü Yılında II. Meşrutiyet'in İlanı Üzerine Bir İnceleme" (in Turkish). Gazi University. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "Mütareke Dönemi'nde Ayan Meclisi'nin Çalışmaları" (PDF). The Journal of International Social Research (in Turkish). 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "İlk Osmanlı Seçimleri ve Parlamentosu". Sosyoloji Dergisi (in Turkish). 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ISBN 0-688-03093-9.
- ^ a b "The Fundamental Law and abolition of the sultanate". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "Olağanüstü yetkiler taşıyan bir meclisin Ankara'da toplanması kararı". atam.gov.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "Opposition". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Turkey under the Democrats, 1950–60". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "The military coup of 1960". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "The National Unity Committee". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ a b "History". The Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- ^ a b "The 1980s". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "1982 referandumu: Mavi, Beyaz'a karşı" (in Turkish). BBC. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "AK Party under pressure: failed coup attempt, crackdown on dissidents, and economic crisis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
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- ^ "Turkey reduces its election threshold from 10 to 7 percent - Turkish Minute". April 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "Yabancı Konukların Genel Kurulda konuşmaları". www5.tbmm.gov.tr. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ISBN 978-975-8805-53-2. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
Sources
- Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9.
- Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1.