Turkmen literature

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Turkmen literature (

Turkic people, who formed the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family
.

The history of the common Turkic literature spans a period of nearly 1,300 years.

Manas Epic of the Kyrgyz people arose among the nomadic Turkic peoples
of Central Asia.

After the Battle of Manzikert, the Oghuz Turks settled in Anatolia beginning in the 11th century. In addition to their earlier oral traditions, a written literary tradition, heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian literature, emerged among these new settlers.[2]

The earliest development of Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks.[3] Turkmens have joint claims to a number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and

Yusuf Zulaikha".[4]

There is a consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy. He is considered the father of Turkmen literature.[5][6] Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Abdylla Şabende, Şeýdaýy, Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy.[7]

History

Dresden manuscript of the "Book of Dede Korkut"

Turkmen literature is closely related to the earliest Turkic literature commonly shared by all Turkic peoples. The earliest known examples of Turkic poetry date to sometime in the sixth century AD and were composed in the

Uyghur Turkic writers are only available in Chinese language translations. During the era of oral poetry, the earliest Turkic verses were intended as songs and their recitation was part of the community's social life and entertainment.[8]

Of the long epics, only the

The Book of Dede Korkut may have had its origins in the poetry of the 10th century but remained an oral tradition until the 15th century. The earlier written works Kutadgu Bilig and Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk date to the second half of the 11th century and are some of the earliest known examples of Turkic literature.[10]

One of the most important figures of Oghuz Turkic (

Sufi poet Yunus Emre. The golden age of Turkoman literature is thought to have lasted from the 10th century until the 17th century.[11]

Emergence of the distinct Turkmen literature

Gorogly by A. Hajiyev

The first use of a near-modern Turkmen language in written literature dates to between the 15th and 16th centuries. Modern Turkmen elements can be seen in the works written in the

Genealogy of the Turkmens (17th century).[12]

An analysis of the language and content of the anonymous novels recorded in the 19th century -

infidels". The peculiarity of the literary form of these novels is the alternation of prose and poetic passages.[13]

The surviving oral Turkmen

tongue twisters, etc. - along with the heroes of noble origin, are characters from the common people - Aldar Köse, Kelje, Dälije, Aklamyh gyzlary, Gara atly gyz, and others. They emerge victorious in difficult situations thanks to their diligence, dexterity, resourcefulness, and courage. An integral part of the literary process in Turkmenistan has always been the folk poet-improviser or shahir (şahyr), usually illiterate.[14][15]

Golden age

Illustration for the story of "Laila and Majnun"

The 18th and 19th centuries are considered the era when Turkmen poetry flourished, marked by the appearance of poets including

Azady, Andalyp, Pyragy
, Şeýdaýy, Zelili, and Gaýyby.

Döwletmämmet Azady is known for his religious and

lyric poems. The poet Andalyp, who lived at the same time, is the author of lyric works and novels such as Yusup and Zulaikha, Laila and Majnun, and Sagd-Vekas. The language of the poetry of Azady and Andalyp is far from the folk language and is oriented towards the canons of oriental court poetry.[16]

Magtymguly Pyragy

Main article: Magtymguly Pyragy

Magtymguly Pyragy, the widely educated poet and philosopher and son of Azady, represented a turning point for Turkmen literature expanding the theme of literary works, addressing the national language and the entire nation. It is widely believed that he wrote nearly 800 poems, although many may be apocryphal. Most of them are constructed as goshgy (folk songs), while other poems are composed as personal ghazals that include Sufi elements. In the 19th century, Makhtumguly's poems spread across Central Asia orally rather than in written form, enabling them to achieve wide popularity among many other people, including Karakalpaks, Tajiks and Kurds.[17]

In his poems, of which over 300 have survived, references to almost all countries, sciences, and literary sources known in his time can be found. He crossed clan and tribal boundaries, and through his works expressed the aspiration of all Turkmens to unite. He used the

vernacular language—many of his poetic lines turned into folk proverbs and sayings. The bold disclosure of the contradictions of the era, the deep sincerity, the highly artistic significance of the poetry of Magtymguly made his works a model for others and were imitated later by the best representatives of Turkmen literature.[16]

Magtymguly's collected works are regarded by many Turkmens as a pinnacle of Turkmen literature and are often found in the homes of people in the Turkmen-speaking world, who learn his poems by heart and still use them as proverbs and sayings. His life and poems have become the subjects of much analysis, commentary and interpretation.[18]

The following is an excerpt from Magtymguly's Aýryldym (Separated) poem dedicated to Meňli, a girl he loved in his youth (in original Turkmen and its English translation):

Şeýdaýy, Magrupy and others

At the end of the 18th century, while maintaining the influence of the

lyric poems) and Gaýyby with a collection of 400 poems. The novelist Magrupy is the author of the heroic novel Ýusup we Ahmet and the love story "Seýfel Melek".[20]

The following is an excerpt from Magrupy's Ýusup we Ahmet (in original Turkmen and its English translation):

Early 19th century

Poet Mollanepes on the commemorative coin of Turkmenistan

The early 19th century is marked by the appearance of a significant number of poets and prose writers writing in the Turkmen language. This includes Şabende, the author of lyric poems and

courtiers, glorifies the triumph of truth and love. Poems like "Gül we Bilbil" (The Rose and the Nightingale), by Şabende, refers to the masterpieces of Turkmen literature.[clarification needed] The poetry of Mollanepes is distinguished by the brightness and power of images, and a rich language.[22]

In the works of poets of the first half of the 19th century, such as Seýdi, Zelili, and Kemine, themes are dominated by social motives. The poet-warrior Seýdi (1758–1830) fought against the

mullahs, the Khanate of Khiva, and Iranian rulers. He praised earthly joys and exposed the bribery and cruelty of the ruling classes. The singer, Mämmetweli Kemine (died in 1840), wrote about love of free choice, his native region, and composed numerous funny short tales or anecdotes.[23]

In the middle of the 19th century, poets Dosmämmet, Aşyky, Allazy, Zynhary, Ýusup Hoja, Baýly, Allaguly, and Garaoglan were widely known; however, only a few of their poems have survived. In the 1860s, Abdysetdar Kazy composed the famous historical poem, "Jeňnama", about the battles of the

Teke (Turkmens) against the Iranians.[24][citation needed
]

Literature during the Russian Turkestan era

Siege of Geok Tepe

In the 1880s,

Tsarist army. They also wrote social and love lyrics.[25]

In the 19th century, the first printed books appeared in the Turkmen language. In the pre-revolutionary schools of Turkestan, an artificial "Central Asian-Chagatai" language was taught, but most of the population was illiterate. The modern Turkmen language began to form at the beginning of the 20th century, based on the Teke dialect of the Turkmen language. In 1913, the first Russian-Turkmen dictionary was published under the editorship of I.A. Belyaev. The Grammar of the Turkmen Language was also published under his editorship in 1915.[26]

Soviet influence

Early years after the October Revolution

The early 20th century was marked by the emergence of new topics in Turkmen literature—criticism of the ignorance of the Muslim

Jadidism
, and understanding new Soviet images, ideas, and realities.

The first songs about the

Soviet government awarded many of them orders and medals.[27]

In the 20th century, the question was raised several times about the translation of the

Cyrillic with the addition of some additional letters. In 1993, Turkmenistan again returned to the Latin alphabet, however, Turkmens outside Turkmenistan continue to use the Arabic alphabet.[28]

The first Soviet Turkmen poet, Molla Murt (1879–1930), from the first days of the

Garagum desert, about the problems facing the liberation of the women of the East, etc.[29]

The romance of socialist construction was reflected in the works of other Turkmen writers including Durdy Agamammedov (b. 1904) and his poems and plays about "The collective farm life of Sona", the collective farm system, "the Son of October"; Beki Seytakov (b. 1914) and his humorous poems, "Stories by Akjagul", "Communar", and his poem "On Fire"; Alty Garliyev and his plays Cotton, Annagul, Ayna 1916; the first Turkmen woman, playwright and poet Towshan Esenova (b. 1915) and her comedy from the collective farm life The daughter of a Millionaire, and the poems "Steel Girls", "Lina".[30]

Berdi Kerbabayev

Berdy Kerbabayev

The most prominent figure among the Soviet Turkmen writers is

writers into Turkmen.[31][32]

There are many more poets and writers whose literary creativity was revealed during the years of the USSR: Kemal Ishanov, Saryhanov, Ata Govshudov,

Soviet culture, mastering the images of socialist realism
, adjusted for Turkmen specificity.

The undoubted achievements of the Soviet period include the significant research work carried out by

linguists
, who discovered the sources of the oldest literary works in the Turkmen language of the 15th to 16th centuries.

After Independence

In the 1990s, after the proclamation of independence of Turkmenistan, Turkem literature began reflecting new trends.[34] However, it is impossible to illuminate fully the state and the ways modern Turkmen literature developed and talk about the work of the poets and prose writers of the present. Each of them perceives reality in its own way, each has its own theme and style of presentation.

Agageldi Allanazarov's novel The Seal deals with the emotional experiences of the heroes, traditions and moral foundations of the Turkmen people.[35] The work of Hudayberdi Diwanguliyev, Return to Yekagach, reveals the character of the heroes in difficult conditions, when they, using their deep knowledge and experience, get out of the most difficult situations with honor. It is optimistic and calls for the unification of people's efforts in solving the grandiose tasks of deep scientific knowledge of the world around them.

A distinctive feature of the prose of Komek Guliyev, whose story "Every Fairy Tale Has its Own End" is a peculiar manner of presentation with a soft, good-natured

human psychology
and a comprehensive disclosure of the characters of their heroes.

Poems and rubayis of Atamyrat Atabayev are permeated with a sensitive concern for the future of the country; they contain deep reflections on the relationship between people in new conditions, in an independent and neutral Turkmen land. They contain bright feelings of filial love for the Motherland, respect for her history and the glorious deeds of her ancestors.

There are countless contemporary poets and writers, such as Orazguly Annayev, Gurbanyaz Dashgynov, Gurbannazar Orazgulyyev and others, whose works are popular not only in Turkmenistan, but in the

post-Soviet countries as well.[36]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Silk Roads programme". Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  2. ^ Babyr (2004). Diwan. Ashgabat: Miras. p. 7.
  3. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4
    – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Akatov, Bayram (2010). Ancient Turkmen Literature, the Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries) (in Turkmen). Turkmenabat: Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute, Ministry of Education of Turkmenistan. pp. 29, 39, 198, 231.
  5. ^ "Turkmenistan Culture". Asian recipe. 9 August 2022.
  6. ISBN 978-0-253-01751-2
    .
  7. ^ "Nurmuhammet Andalyp". Dunya Turkmenleri.
  8. ^ Halman, Talat. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. pp. 4–6.
  9. ^ Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. pp. 4–5.
  10. ^ Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. viii.
  11. ^ Akatov, Bayram (2010). Ancient Turkmen Literature, the Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries) (in Turkmen). Turkmenabat: Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute, Ministry of Education of Turkmenistan. p. 9.
  12. ^ "National Calendar (in Turkmen)". Turkmen Sahra.
  13. ^ Janos Sipos, Ethnomusicology Ireland 5, Collecting Folk Music in the Land of the Zemzems: Report on the Turkmen expedition of 2011, pp. 163-170
  14. ^ Janos Sipos, Ethnomusicology Ireland 5, Collecting Folk Music in the Land of the Zemzems: Report on the Turkmen expedition of 2011, p. 164
  15. ^ "Казахские народные сказки | Сказки об Алдаре-Косе". www.ertegi.ru.
  16. ^ a b Proceedings of the Institute of Language and Literature. Issue 1–4, Ashgabat, 1957–1960.
  17. ^ "Turkmen Literature". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  18. ^ Ashyrov, Annagurban (2014). Analysis of Magtymguly's Manuscripts (in Turkmen). Ashgabat: Turkmen State Printing Service. pp. 9–12.
  19. ^ "Aýryldym". Türkmen kultur ojagynyň internet sahypasy (Website of the Turkmen Culture).
  20. ^ Levin, Theodore; Daukeyeva, Saida; Kochumkulova, Elmira (2016). Music of Central Asia. Indiana University Press. p. 138.
  21. ISBN 978-0-253-01751-2
    .
  22. ^ Mollanepes and the life of the Turkmen in the 19th century: materials of the International Scientific Conference. Mary, April 8–10, 2010. National Institute of Manuscripts of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan. Mary, 2010.
  23. ^ "Mammetweli Kemine". Gollanma. 7 December 2011.
  24. ^ "WebCite query result". www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-30. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  25. ^ "Annagylych Mataji". Dunya Turkmenleri.
  26. ^ Belyayev, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1915). The Grammar of the Turkmen Language. Russian State Library.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ Big Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. 1950. p. 344
  28. ^ Soyegov, M. New Turkmen Alphabet: several questions on its development and adoption
  29. ^ "Agahan Durdiyew". Gollanma. 8 March 2015.
  30. ^ Sidelnikova L.M. The Way of the Soviet Poetess. Ashgabat, 1970.
  31. ^ "Kerbabayev Berdi Muradovich (in Russian)". ЦентрАзия. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  32. ^ A. Кerbabayeva. "Life — like house: its foundation must be laid deeply and firmly! (in Russian)" (PDF). Великороссъ.
  33. ^ A. Aborskiy, Ata Gowshudov. Sketch of life and work (in Russian), Аshgabat, 1965.
  34. ^ Tuwakow, M (2010). Main issues of the Modern Turkmen Literature (in Turkmen). Ashgabat: Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly. pp. 7–8.
  35. ^ Allanazarow A. "The Seal". Asghabat, 2007. pp 1-192.
  36. ^ Agaliyev, K. "On the Modern Turkmen Literature". Siberian Lights.

External links

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