Turkmen tribes
Turkmen tribes Türkmen taýpalary تۆركمن طایپالاریٛ | |
---|---|
Language | Turkmen |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
The major modern
The origin of all of these tribes is traced to 24 ancient
Tribes
Teke
The Teke ("billy goat" in Turkmen) constitute the largest and historically one of the most influential modern Turkmen tribes. The Teke descended from the Oghuz tribe of Salur in the 11th or 12th century.
"The Wakil and Beg clans are collectively called Toghtamish, as they are descended from a person of that name. The Suchmuz and Bukshi clans are collectively called Otamish..."[10]
Stuart estimated in 1881 the number of "Akhal Tekke" at "25,000 tents" and of "Merv Tekke" at "40,000 tents", which latter number included "Salor (5000 tents)". He estimated five people per tent, implying a total Teke tribal population of about 325,000 in that year.[10]
The Teke militarily resisted, mostly successfully,
Today members of Teke tribe are found predominantly in the southeastern regions of Turkmenistan.[12] They represent over a third of Turkmenistan's population (more than 1.6 million, as of 2014[update]).[13][14][12]
Ersari
Ersari or Ärsary (where er is a brave man, master; and sari is light, bright, yellow in
Ersari are direct descendants of the
Ersari appear to have been a major component of the Sayin Khan Turkmen tribal confederacy, whose Yurt (nomadic territory) in the 13-17th centuries stretched from the
The Sayin Khan Turkmens were an organized confederation of tribes thought to be divided, in typical
Saryk
The Saryk mostly live on the upper Marghab River.[17]
Chowdur
The Chowdur tribe are direct descendants of the Chavuldur tribe of the Oghuz Turks and are thought to have occupied the left flank of Oghuz Khan’s army.
They lived at the eastern shores the
In 1219, the
In the early 16th century, the Chowdur formed a confederate or
Yomud
Yomuds (also called Yomuts) are one of the major modern Turkmen tribes. They descend from the
The historical region of settlement is the southern part of the
The last de facto ruler of the
Tribal structure and organization
Turkmen society has traditionally been divided into tribes (Turkmen: taýpalar).[21] The full tribal structure of Turkmens is as follows: halk, il, taýpa, urug, kök, kowum, kabile, aýmak/oýmak, oba, bölük, bölüm, gandüşer, küde, depe, desse, lakam, top, birata, topar, and tire.[22]
The origin of all present-day Turkmen tribes is traced to
At the beginning of the 20th century, Feodor Mikhailov, a Russian officer in the military administration of the
The five traditional carpet rosettes (
Turkmen way of life
Modern Turkmen tribes were usually ruled by chiefs or leaders (Turkmen: serdar) and guided by elders (Turkmen: aksakal plural aksakallar), literally "white beards", who, most of the time, were chosen by consensus. Elders guided their people by unwritten customary laws called tore or adat. Besides guiding and regulating affairs between individuals, families and groups, elders, along with serdars, made important decisions on distribution of water, land or on declaring and waging war.[28]
Turkmen tribes recognized only their free will as the primary authority and were never loyal to any of the foreign powers that conquered their lands. They always chose to rise and fight for their freedom, as evidenced in numerous battles and revolts against the neighboring Uzbek Khanates, Persian and Russian Empires.[29] Such khans and serdars of various Turkmen tribes as Aba Serdar, Keýmir Kör, Nurberdi Han, Gowshut Han, Dykma Serdar, and others are the most prominent and are still respected by modern Turkmen.
See also
- Oghuz tribes
- Kayi
- Salur
- Bayandur
- Teke
- Yomud
- Ersari
- Ersari baba
- Shajara-i Tarākima
- Russian conquest of Central Asia
- Battle of Geok Tepe (1879)
- Khivan campaign of 1873.[30]
References
- ISBN 9781317453260.
- ISBN 9781400844296.
- ISBN 9789231039850.
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, "Shajare-i Tarakime" org. text pp. 207-218 and trans. pp. 267-268.
- ^ Ataniyazov, Soltansha (1994). Genealogy of the Turkmen. Turan-1. p. 208.
- ^ Абулгази - Родословная туркмен. 1897.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Safa, Z. (1986). PERSIAN LITERATURE IN THE TIMURID AND TÜRKMEN PERIODS (782–907/1380–1501). In P. Jackson & L. Lockhart (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran (The Cambridge History of Iran, pp. 913-928). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ « The Timurid and Turkmen Dynasties of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia », in : David J. Roxburgh, ed., The Turks: A Journey of Thousand Years, 600-1600. London, Royal Academy of Arts, 2005, pp. 192-200
- ^ Ataniyazov, Soltansha (1994). Genealogy of the Turkmen. Turan-1. p. 208.
- ^ ISBN 0-905820-01-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-4429-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-81647-8.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ "Society" (PDF). Country Profile: Turkmenistan. Library of Congress - Federal Research Division. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, "Shajare-i Tarakime" org. text pp. 207-218 and trans. pp. 267-268.
- ISBN 9780313274978– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9781784537012.
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, "Shajare-i Tarakime" org. text pp. 207-218 and trans. pp. 267-268.
- ^ Shoshana Keller. "To Moscow, Not Mecca", Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 34-35
- ^ Rafis Abazov, "Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan", p.151
- ^ Soltansha Ataniyazov, "Türkmen Boylarının Geçmişi, Yayılışı, Bugünkü Durumu ve Geleceği" Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı 10, 1999, pp. 2-3
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, "Shajare-i Tarakime" org. text pp. 207-218 and trans. pp. 267-268.
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, "Shajare-i Tarakime" org. text pp. 207-208 and trans. pp. 264-265.
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, "Shajare-i Tarakime" org. text p. 214 and trans. p. 267.
- ^ F. A. Mikhailov, Tuzemtsy Zakaspiiskoi oblasti i ikh dzhizn, Etnografichestkii Ocherk (Ashkhabad, 1900), pp. 34-50; cited in Edgar, “Genealogy, Class, and "Tribal Policy" in Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1934,” p. 272.
- ISBN 9781134495139.
- ^ Edgar, Adrien Lynn (2006). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton University Press. p. 26.
- ^ Burnes, Alexander (1992). Travels into Bokhara. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services Reprint. pp. 250–251.
- ^ Asiatische Studien: Études asiatiques. A. Francke. 2006. p. 459.
Approximately six weeks after securing the capital of Khorezm and most of its territory, von Kaufman ordered General Golovachev to annihilate the Turkmen Yomut tribe in one of the most brutal expeditions of the Khivan campaign.