Turn (angle)

One turn (symbol tr or pla or N) is a unit of

Another common unit for representing angles is radians, which are usually stated in terms of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ (pi). The symbol ${\displaystyle \pi }$, as representing one half-turn, was developed by William Jones in 1706 and then popularized by Leonhard Euler.^[3][4] In 2010, Michael Hartl proposed instead using the symbol ${\displaystyle \tau }$ (tau), equal to ${\displaystyle 2\pi }$ and corresponding to one turn, for greater conceptual simplicity.^[5] This proposal did not initially gain widespread acceptance in the mathematical community,^[6] but the constant has become more widespread,^[7] having been added to several major programming languages and calculators.

Unit symbols

"N" in the ISQ and SI units

A concept related to the angular unit "turn", defined by the International System of Quantities (ISQ) and adopted in the International System of Units (SI) is the physical quantity rotation (symbol N) defined as number of revolutions:^[8]

N is the number (not necessarily an integer) of revolutions, for example, of a rotating body about a given axis. Its value is given by:

N = φ/2π rad

where φ denotes the measure of

rotational displacement

.

The above definition is part of the

The meaning of the symbol ${\displaystyle \pi }$ was not originally fixed to the ratio of the circumference and the diameter. In 1697, David Gregory used π/ρ (pi over rho) to denote the perimeter of a circle (i.e., the circumference) divided by its radius.^[23][24] However, earlier in 1647, William Oughtred had used δ/π (delta over pi) for the ratio of the diameter to perimeter. The first use of the symbol π on its own with its present meaning (of perimeter divided by diameter) was in 1706 by the Welsh mathematician William Jones.^[25] Euler then adopted the symbol with that meaning, leading to its widespread use.^[3]

In 2001, Robert Palais proposed instead using the number of radians in a turn as the fundamental circle constant instead of π, which amounts to the number of radians in half a turn, in order to make mathematics simpler and more intuitive. His proposal used a "π with three legs" symbol to denote the constant (${\displaystyle \pi \!\;\!\!\!\pi =2\pi }$).^[26]

In 2008, Thomas Colignatus proposed the uppercase Greek letter theta, Θ, to represent 2π.^[27] The Greek letter theta derives from the Phoenician and Hebrew letter teth, 𐤈 or ט, and it has been observed that the older version of the symbol, which means wheel, resembles a wheel with four spokes.^[28] It has also been proposed to use the wheel symbol, teth, to represent the value 2π, and more recently a connection has been made among other ancient cultures on the existence of a wheel, sun, circle, or disk symbol—i.e. other variations of teth—as representation for 2π.^[29]

In 2010, Michael Hartl proposed to use the Greek letter tau to represent the circle constant: τ = 2π. He offered two reasons. First, τ is the number of radians in one turn, which allows fractions of a turn to be expressed more directly: for instance, a 3/4 turn would be represented as 3τ/4 rad instead of 3π/2 rad. Second, τ visually resembles π, whose association with the circle constant is unavoidable.^[5] Hartl's Tau Manifesto^[30] gives many examples of formulas that are asserted to be clearer where τ is used instead of π,^[31][32][33] such as a tighter association with the geometry of Euler's identity using e^iτ = 1 instead of e^iπ = −1.

Initially, neither of these proposals received widespread acceptance by the mathematical and scientific communities.^[6] However, the use of τ has become more widespread,^[7] for example:

• In 2012, the educational website Khan Academy began accepting answers expressed in terms of τ.^[34]
• The constant τ is made available in the Google calculator,
  .NET.^[46][47]
• It has also been used in at least one mathematical research article,[48] authored by the τ-promoter Peter Harremoës.^[49]

The following table shows how various identities appear when τ = 2π is used instead of π.^[50][26] For a more complete list, see List of formulae involving π.

Formula	Using π	Using τ	Notes
Angle subtended by 1/4 of a circle	π/2 rad	τ/4 rad	τ/4 rad = 1/4 turn
Circumference C of a circle of radius r	C = 2πr	C = τr
Area of a circle	A = πr2	A = τ r2/2	The area of a sector of angle θ is A = θ r2/2.
Area of a regular n-gon with unit circumradius	A = n/2 sin 2π/n	A = n/2 sin τ/n
n-ball and n-sphere volume recurrence relation	Vn(r) = r/n Sn−1(r) Sn(r) = 2πr Vn−1(r)	Vn(r) = r/n Sn−1(r) Sn(r) = τr Vn−1(r)	V0(r) = 1 S0(r) = 2
Cauchy's integral formula	${\displaystyle f(a)={\frac {1}{{\color {orangered}2\pi }i}}\oint _{\gamma }{\frac {f(z)}{z-a}}\,dz}$	${\displaystyle f(a)={\frac {1}{{\color {orangered}\tau }i}}\oint _{\gamma }{\frac {f(z)}{z-a}}\,dz}$
Standard normal distribution	${\displaystyle \varphi (x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\color {orangered}2\pi }}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle \varphi (x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\color {orangered}\tau }}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}}$
Stirling's approximation	${\displaystyle n!\sim {\sqrt {{\color {orangered}2\pi }n}}\left({\frac {n}{e}}\right)^{n}}$	${\displaystyle n!\sim {\sqrt {{\color {orangered}\tau }n}}\left({\frac {n}{e}}\right)^{n}}$
Euler's identity	0       eiπ = −1 eiπ + 1 = 0	0    eiτ = 1 eiτ − 1 = 0	For any integer k, eikτ = 1
nth roots of unity	${\displaystyle e^{{\color {orangered}2\pi }i{\frac {k}{n}}}=\cos {\frac {{\color {orangered}2}k{\color {orangered}\pi }}{n}}+i\sin {\frac {{\color {orangered}2}k{\color {orangered}\pi }}{n}}}$	${\displaystyle e^{{\color {orangered}\tau }i{\frac {k}{n}}}=\cos {\frac {k{\color {orangered}\tau }}{n}}+i\sin {\frac {k{\color {orangered}\tau }}{n}}}$
Planck constant	${\displaystyle h={\color {orangered}2\pi }\hbar }$	${\displaystyle h={\color {orangered}\tau }\hbar }$	ħ is the reduced Planck constant .
Angular frequency	${\displaystyle \omega ={\color {orangered}2\pi }f}$	${\displaystyle \omega ={\color {orangered}\tau }f}$

Subdivisions

A turn can be divided in 100 centiturns or 1000 milliturns, with each milliturn corresponding to an

While percentage protractors have existed since 1922,[53] the terms centiturns, milliturns and microturns were introduced much later by the British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1962.^[51][52] Some measurement devices for artillery and satellite watching carry milliturn scales.^[54][55]

One turn is equal to 2π (≈ 6.283185307179586)^[58] radians, 360 degrees, or 400 gradians.

See also

• Ampere-turn
• Hertz (modern) or Cycle per second (older)
• Angle of rotation
• Revolutions per minute
• Repeating circle
• Spat (angular unit) – the solid angle counterpart of the turn, equivalent to 4π steradians.
• Unit interval
• Divine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry
• Modulo operation
• Twist (mathematics)

Notes