Turn state's evidence
A criminal turns state's evidence by admitting guilt and
According to a 2008 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime document, persons who turn state's evidence "are known by a variety of names, including cooperating witnesses, crown witnesses, snitches, witness collaborators, justice collaborators, state witnesses, "supergrasses" and pentiti (Italian for 'those who have repented')."[3]
United Kingdom
In the
Crown witnesses known as
United States
American courts adopted English common-law practices relating to witnesses turning state's evidence, "and expanded them to include leniency agreements as well as immunity agreements."[10]
In American parlance, a defendant who agrees to cooperate with prosecutors and give information against co-conspirators (often those with greater culpability) is also said to flip.
Germany
A crown witness style system has operated in Germany since the
Prisoner's dilemma
The incentives to turn state's evidence, or to not to do so, are explored in the famous
See also
- Informant
- Plea bargain
- Pentito, the equivalent term in Italy in the Mafia and terrorism contexts
References
- ^ Pomeroy, John Norton (1876). "State's Evidence". In Barnard, Frederick A. P. (ed.). Johnson's new universal cyclopædia a scientific and popular treasury of useful knowledge. New York; Pittsburgh, Pa.: A. J. Johnson & son. p. 495‒496.
- ^ a b c Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (9th ed: Cengage Learning, 2010), p. 368.
- ^ "Good practices for the protection of witnesses in criminal proceedings involving organized crime" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2008. p. 19.
- ^ W. McMordie, English Idioms and How to Use Them (Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 79.
- ^ Sara M. Butler, Forensic Medicine and Death Investigation in Medieval England (Routledge, 2015), p. 151.
- ^ King Jr., H. Lloyd (1999). "Why prosecutors are permitted to offer witness inducements: A matter of constitutional authority" (PDF). Stetson.edu: 160. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ King (1999). pp. 160–161
- S2CID 201344178.
- ^ "IRA members jailed for 4,000 years". BBC News. 1983.
- ^ King (1999), p. 163
- ^ Mark D. West, Secrets, Sex, and Spectacle: The Rules of Scandal in Japan and the United States (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 36.
- ^ Chris Strohm, Mueller Uses Classic Prosecution Playbook Despite Trump Warnings, Bloomberg News (August 23, 2017).
- ^ Evan Thomas, The Man to See (Touchstone, 1991), p. 407.
- ^ Robert J. Kelly, Ko-lin Chin, Rufus Schatzberg, "Without Fear of Retribution: The Witness Security Program" in Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States (Greenwood, 1994), p. 499.
- ^ "Ex-Mob Underboss Given Lenient Term For Help as Witness". nytimes.com. September 27, 1994. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019.
- ^ Michael D. Lyman, Practical Drug Enforcement (3rd ed.: CRC Press, 2007), p. 85.
- ^ Raab, p. 688.
- ^ Janßen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986). "Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge". www.zeit.de. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ a b "KRONZEUGEN : Pakt mit dem König - DER SPIEGEL 13/1975". Der Spiegel. 23 March 1975. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ ""Heute diene ich mit der reinen Wahrheit" - DER SPIEGEL 20/1979". Der Spiegel. 13 May 1979. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ Janßen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986). "Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge". www.zeit.de. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ "Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der CDU/CSU und F.D.P." (PDF).
- ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ LTO. "Reform der Kronzeugenregelung: Wenn kriminelle Insider auspacken". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ "Bundeskartellamt - Bonusregelung - Bonusregelung". www.bundeskartellamt.de. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ "§ 46b StGB: Die neue Kronzeugenregelung im Strafrecht". Juraexamen.info - Online-Zeitschrift für Jurastudium, Staatsexamen und Referendariat (in German). 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ Janßen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986). "Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge". www.zeit.de. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ Robert D. Behn, Rethinking Democratic Accountability (Brookings Institution Press, 2001), pp. 47–48.
Further reading
- H. Lloyd King Jr., Why Prosecutors are Permitted to Offer Witness Inducements: A Matter of Constitutional Authority, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 155 (1999).