Thutmose I
Thutmose I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Thutmosis, Tuthmosis, Thothmes in Latinized Greek | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | 12 yrs; 1506–1493 BC (low chronology); 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Amenhotep I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Thutmose II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consort | Deir el-Bahri royal cache (Theban Necropolis) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monuments | Pylons IV and V, two obelisks, and a hypostyle hall at Karnak | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | 18th Dynasty |
Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; meaning "
Thutmose I's reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC, but a minority of scholars—who think that astrological observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records, and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes—would date his reign to 1526–1513 BC.[2][3] He was succeeded by his son Thutmose II, who in turn was succeeded by Thutmose II's sister, Hatshepsut.
Family
It has been speculated that Thutmose's father was
Reign
Dates and length of reign
A
Military achievements
Upon Thutmose's coronation, Nubia rebelled against Egyptian rule. According to the tomb autobiography of
Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Aakheperre who is given life. His Majesty commanded to dig this canal after he found it stopped up with stones [so that] no [ship sailed upon it]; Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22. His Majesty sailed this canal in victory and in the power of his return from overthrowing the wretched Kush.[17]
In the second year of Thutmose's reign, the king cut a stele at Tombos, which records that he built a fortress at Tombos, near the third cataract, thus permanently extending the Egyptian military presence, which had previously stopped at Buhen, at the second cataract.[18]
Campaign in the Levant and Syria
Thutmose's Tombos stele indicates that he had already fought a campaign in Syria; hence, his Syrian campaign may be placed at the beginning of his second regnal year.[19] This second campaign was the farthest north any Egyptian ruler had ever campaigned.
Although it has not been found in modern times, he apparently set up a stele when he crossed the
Textual sources from the time of Thutmose I include references to
Many Levantine sites were destroyed in the middle of the 16th century B.C., and these destructions have often been attributed to the military campaigns of Thutmose I, or of his predecessor Amenhotep I. Initially these campaigns may have aimed at defeating the power of the Hyksos, who were strong in this area previously.[21]
As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction at this time. For example, the fiery destruction of Stratum XVIII at Gezer has been assigned to the second half of 16th century, the time of Amenhotep I and Thutmose I. This is based on the pottery and scarabs discovered in the destruction debris.[21]
It does not appear that the aim of the Egyptians at this stage was to control the area permanently, because they did not establish any permanent presence in the area. This was to come later on during 18th dynasty.[21]
Rebellions in the south
Thutmose had to face one more military threat, another rebellion by Nubia in his fourth year.
Building projects
Thutmose I organized great building projects during his reign, including many
In addition to Karnak, Thutmose I also built statues of the
Thutmose I was the first king who definitely was buried in the
Death
Burial
Thutmose I was originally buried and then reburied in
Carter, however, also discovered 2 separate coffins in the burial chamber. The beautifully carved sarcophagus of Hatshepsut "was discovered open with no sign of a body, and with the lid lying discarded on the floor;" it is now housed in the Cairo Museum along with a matching yellow quartzite canopic chest.[33] A second sarcophagus was found lying on its side with its almost undamaged lid propped against the wall nearby; it was eventually presented to Theodore M. Davis, the excavation's financial sponsor as a gesture of appreciation for his generous financial support.[33] Davis would, in turn, present it to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The second quartzite sarcophagus had originally been engraved with the name of "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare Hatshepsut."[33] However, when the sarcophagus was complete, Hatshepsut decided to commission an entirely new sarcophagus for herself while she donated the existing finished sarcophagus to her father, Thutmose I.[33] The stonemasons then attempted to erase the original carvings by restoring the surface of the quartzite so that it could be re-carved with the name and titles of Tuthmose I instead. This quartzite sarcophagus measures 7 feet long by 3 feet wide with walls 5 inches thick and bears a dedication text which records Hatshepsut's generosity towards her father:
...long live the Female Horus...The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, the son of Re, Hatshepsut-Khnemet-Amun! May she live forever! She made it as her monument to her father whom she loved, the Good God, Lord of the
justified.[34]
Thutmose I was, however, not destined to lie alongside his daughter after Hatshepsut's death. Thutmose III, Hatshepsut's successor, decided to reinter his grandfather in an even more magnificent tomb, KV38, which featured another yellow sarcophagus dedicated to Thutmose I and inscribed with texts which proclaimed this pharaoh's love for his deceased grandfather.[35] Unfortunately, however, Thutmose I's remains would be disturbed late during the 20th dynasty when KV38 was plundered; the sarcophagus' lid was broken and all this king's valuable precious jewelry and grave goods were stolen.[35]
Mummy
Thutmose I's mummy was ultimately discovered in the
The original coffin of Thutmose I was taken over and re-used by a later pharaoh of the 21st dynasty. The mummy of Thutmose I was thought to be lost, but Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, largely on the strength of familial resemblance to the mummies of Thutmose II and Thutmose III, believed he had found his mummy in the otherwise unlabelled mummy #5283.[37] This identification has been supported by subsequent examinations, revealing that the embalming techniques used came from the appropriate period of time, almost certainly after that of Ahmose I and made during the course of the Eighteenth dynasty.[38]
Gaston Maspero described the mummy in the following manner:
The king was already advanced in age at the time of his death, being over fifty years old, to judge by the incisor teeth, which are worn and corroded by the impurities of which the Egyptian bread was full. The body, though small and emaciated, shows evidence of unusual muscular strength; the head is bald, the features are refined, and the mouth still bears an expression characteristic of shrewdness and cunning.[37]
James Harris and Fawzia Hussien (1991) conducted an X-ray survey on New Kingdom royal mummies and examined the mummified remains of Thutmose I. The results of the study determined that the mummy of Thutmose I had all the craniofacial characteristics common among
A 2020 genetic study performed by a team under Zahi Hawass on the Amarna royal mummies also featured the unidentified royal mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I in the control samples. The results of the study indicated that the mummy belonged to the haplogroup L which is mainly observed in southern, western and central Asia (highest in the Indian subcontinent).[40]
What was thought to be his mummy could be viewed in the
See also
- History of Ancient Egypt
- Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree
Notes and references
- ^ Clayton, Peter. Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, paperback 2006, p.100
- ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988, p. 202.
- ^ Ancient Egyptian Chronology, chapter 10: "Egyptian Sirius/Sothic Dates and the Question of the Sirius–Based Lunar Calendar", Rolf Kraus, 2006, pp. 439–57.
- ^ Bart, Anneke (February 2007). "Ancient Egypt". euler.slu.edu. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ a b Gardiner 1964 p. 176
- Bleiberg(2000) p.400
- ^ Grimal (1988) p.203
- ^ a b c Gardiner (1964) p.179
- ^ a b c d e f Steindorff (1942) p.36
- ^ Erman (1894) p.43
- ^ a b Grimal (1988) p.202
- ^ Helk (1983) pp.47-9
- ^ "Manetho's Kings". Archived from the original on 2003-01-28. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p.120
- ^ a b Steindorff and Seele (1942) p.34
- ^ Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples and Tombs of Ancient Egypt, Hermes House, 2003. p.207
- ^ Oakes, op. cit., p.207
- ^ Breasted (1906) p.28
- ^ a b c Steindorff and Seele (1942) p.35
- ^ a b c d Shaw and Nicholson (1995) p.289
- ^ S2CID 164015977.
- ^ a b Davies, Vivian (2017). "Nubia in the New Kingdom: the Egyptians at Kurgus". Nubia in the New Kingdom. Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions. British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan. 3: 65–106.
- ^ Erman (1894) p.503
- ^ Breasted (1906) p.25
- ^ Breasted (1906) p.27
- ^ a b c Breasted (1906) p.41
- ^ a b c d e f Grimal (1988) p.300
- ^ Shaw (2003) p.168
- ^ Gardiner (1964) p.170
- ^ Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, hardback, 1996. pp.121-25
- ^ a b Tyldesley, p.122
- ^ Tyldesley, pp.123-24
- ^ a b c d e Tyldesley, p.124
- ^ Tyldesley, p.125
- ^ a b Tyldesley, p.126
- ^ "Dragging a Statue of Thutmose I". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ a b Maspero, Gaston. History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 4 (of 12), Project Gutenberg Ebook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324. https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/3/2/17324/17324-h/v4c.htm#image-0047 Archived 2011-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Smith (2000) p.25-28
- .
- ^ Maternal and Paternal Lineages in King Tutankhamun's Family Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass. Volume I, pp.497–518; 2020 [1] Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Anderson, Lisa (14 July 2007). "Mummy awakens new era in Egypt". Chicago Tribune.
- PMID 26808107.
- ^ Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021). "22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
Bibliography
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- When Egypt Ruled the Est George Steindorff and Keith C. Seele, 1942, University of Chicago Press (Scanned version, University of Chicago website)
External links
- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Thutmose I (see index)