Tuvan People's Republic
Tuvan People's Republic Тыва Арат Республика (Tuvan) | |||||||||||||
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1921–1944 | |||||||||||||
Anthem: Soviet satellite | |||||||||||||
Capital | Kyzyl 51°41′53″N 94°23′24″E / 51.698°N 94.390°E | ||||||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||||||
Religion | |||||||||||||
Government | socialist republic | ||||||||||||
Party leader | |||||||||||||
• 1921–1922 (first) | Mongush Nimachap | ||||||||||||
• 1932–1944 (last) | Salchak Toka | ||||||||||||
Head of state | |||||||||||||
• 1921–1922 (first) | Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy | ||||||||||||
• 1940–1944 (last) | Khertek Anchimaa-Toka | ||||||||||||
Head of government | |||||||||||||
• 1923–1924 (first) | Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy | ||||||||||||
• 1941–1944 (last) | Saryg-Donggak Chymba | ||||||||||||
Legislature | People's Khural[3][4] | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period, World War II | ||||||||||||
• Independence | 14 August 1921 | ||||||||||||
• Absorbed by the USSR | 11 October 1944 | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 1931[5] | 82,200 | ||||||||||||
• 1944[6] | 95,400 | ||||||||||||
Currency | Tuvan akşa | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Today part of | Russia |
The Tuvan People's Republic
The former
History
Establishment
Since 1759, Tuva (then called Tannu Uriankhai) had been part of Mongolia, which in turn was a part of the territory of the Manchu Qing dynasty. As the Qing dynasty fell in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, revolutions in Mongolia were also occurring, leading to the independence of both Mongolia and the Tuvan Uryankhay Republic.[13] After a period of political uncertainty, the new republic became a protectorate of the Russian Empire in April 1914, known as Uryankhay Krai.[14][15] After the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 and the establishment of the Russian Republic, both it and Uryankhay Krai reaffirmed its status as a Russian protectorate.[15][16]
During the subsequent
The Reds had, by December 1920, taken the capital of Khem-Beldyr and had, by March 1921, taken all of Tuva. On 14 August 1921, the "Tannu Tuvan People's Republic" ("Tannu" refers to the Tannu-Ola mountains) declared independence and the newly created Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (TPRP) became the ruling party.[16][17] The first chapter of the first constitution of the newborn country stated that "...in international affairs, the state acts under the auspices of Soviet Russia."[17]
Early independence
In the beginning of February 1922, the first meeting of the TPRP took place and a government was created, which began to work on 3 March the same year. The Soviet-Tuvan border was defined in January 1923 and Red Army divisions on Tuvan territory were withdrawn in accordance with an agreement from 1921.[19] The first Great Khural (People's Congress) was held on 12 October 1923 and, in the second one, on 28 September 1924, a new constitution proclaimed that the country would develop along non-capitalist lines with the TPRP being the only party and the Tuvan section of the Communist International.[17]
In the summer of 1925, the Soviet Union initiated the “Agreement between the
In 1926, the government adopted their first official
Sovietization
Kuular's theocratic, nationalist and anti-Soviet policies led to a Soviet-backed coup d'état in 1929. While Kuular was implementing his policies, the Soviet Union had laid foundations for a new leadership – staunchly loyal to Joseph Stalin – including the creation of the "Tuva Revolutionary Youth Union" where members received military training. Five young Tuvan graduates from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East were appointed "Extraordinary Commissioners" and overthrew the government in January 1929 during the 2nd Plenary Session of the Central Committee.[21]
Following the coup, Kuular was removed from power and executed, and about a third to half the members of the TPRP were also purged. Kuular's policies were reverted and the country's traditionally nomadic cattle-breeders were put in
One of the five Extraordinary Commissioners, Salchak Toka, became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the TPRP in 1932 and would be the de facto leader of Tuva until his death in 1973.[22][23][21][25]
Border dispute with Mongolia
In July 1932, with mediation from the Soviet Union, Tuva signed an agreement and received a substantial territorial gain from Mongolia as a fixed border was created between the two countries. Mongolia was forced to sign under Soviet pressure and did not ratify the agreement in the Mongol Great Khural.[17][19] The new territory notably included Dus-Dag mountain, the only source of salt mining for Tuva. The border between Tuva and Mongolia remained controversial during the 1930s, with Mongolia referring to Qing dynasty documents to argue their ownership of the mountain.[19]
The debate continued to flare up in the following years, and Mongolian leadership demanded the return of the mountain "arbitrarily captured by Tuvans", criticizing the 1932 agreement as unjust due to Soviet pressure for Mongolia to sign. Soviet authorities reiterated their official position that Mongolia had no reason to revise the 1932 agreement and did not need the salt mountain, asking Tuva not to revise the agreement. Mongolia promised not to raise the issue again, but relations between it and Tuva became very strained. The Tuvan government made concessions to avoid conflict with its neighbor, and in 1940, the two governments signed a new agreement "On the border based on historical materials and documents". However, while Tuva sought to clarify the border established in 1932, Mongolia sought to revise it completely; this led to irreconcilable positions and the ratification of the new agreement was stopped.[19]
Both parties turned to the Soviet Union for mediation, but with the outbreak of World War II, Soviet authorities insisted on ceasing any discussion regarding the border dispute, especially in regard to Mount Dus-Dag. In 1943, the Mongolian ambassador said "The Salt Mountain has been exploited by the Tuvans for about ten years now and is also located in disputed territory, so the demand for the Tuvan government to return it is too harsh." This more or less ended the controversial issue, but some minor disputes continued until the absorption of Tuva into the Soviet Union in 1944, at which point Mongolia ratified the original 1932 agreement (and even then, border protection such as alarmed fences had to be introduced in the area in 1946).[19]
World War II
In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan undertook several aggressive actions against China. This included the invasion of Manchuria and the creation of the Manchukuo puppet state, and culminated in a full-scale war against China in 1937. The Tuvan government undertook measures to strengthen their army, and the 11th Congress of the TPRP, held in November 1939, instructed the Central Committee to fully equip the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Army in the next two to three years and to further raise combat readiness. The Ministry of Military Affairs was created in late February 1940 and immediately started equipping the army with new weapons and equipment, as well as improving training of officers and army units.[26] The Soviet Union assisted the Tuvans with significant assistance in materiel and technical development. The middle and high commands of the Tuvan Army were trained in Soviet military academies, including the Frunze Military Academy and the General Staff Academy.[26]
As Germany and other Axis powers launched their invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the 10th Great Khural of Tuva declared that "The Tuvan people, led by the entire revolutionary party and government, not sparing their lives, are ready by any means to participate in the struggle of the Soviet Union against the fascist aggressor until their final victory over it."[27] It has sometimes been stated that Tuva declared war on Germany on 25 June 1941, but the sources are dubious.[28]
Nevertheless, Tuva helped the Soviet Union in substantial ways, transferring its entire gold reserve of ~20,000,000
In March 1943, 10
Absorption into the USSR
Tuvan orientation towards Moscow intensified during the war. In September 1943, the written language was again changed, this time from the Latin to the Cyrillic script, the standard alphabet in the Soviet Union. By 1941, the national symbols, such as the flag and emblem, had been changed to the same style as various Soviet regions.[16][17] Tuvan underwent intense Russification of social and economic practices, and virtually all remaining opposition to Stalinist policy was eradicated. The Soviets desired the mineral resources of the republic and a permanent end to Mongolian-Chinese geopolitical intrigues in the region. This process culminated in the absorption of Tuva in 1944, under the rule of General Secretary Salchak Toka and his wife, Head of State Khertek Anchimaa-Toka.[34]
On 7 August 1944, the Central Committee of the TPRP decided to subsume Tuva into the Soviet Union. This was supported on 15 August by the 9th Plenary Session. On 17 August, the 7th Extraordinary Session of the Little Khural created a "Declaration of the Accession of the Tuvan People's Republic to the Soviet Union". Finally, on 11 October 1944, at a meeting of the
Salchak Toka's position changed from "General Secretary of the TPRP" to "First Secretary of the Oblast Committee of the CPSU of the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast" (changed to "Republican Committee" in 1961) and continued his rule of the region until his death in 1973.[25]
On 10 October 1961, the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast became the
Population
1918 | 1931 | 1944 | 1958 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tuvans | 48,000 | 64,900 | 81,100 | 98,000 |
Russians and other | 12,000 | 17,300 | 14,300a | 73,900 |
Total | 60,000 | 82,200 | 95,400 | 171,900 |
a. Russian population declined due to the Red Army conscription during World War II.
See also
- List of leaders of Communist Tuva
- Postage stamps and postal history of Tannu Tuva
- Uryankhay Krai
- Tuvan akşa, the national currency.
- Tuva or Bust!, a book by Ralph Leighton about the author and his friend Richard Feynman's attempt to travel to Tuva.
Notes
- Yanalif: Tьʙа Arat Respuʙlik, IPA: [tʰɯˈʋa aˈɾatʰ resˈpʰuplik]); the name was sometimes partially translated as the Tuvan Arat Republic[7] (or Tuva/Tuvinian Arat Republic;[8] Russian: Тувинская Аратская Республика[9]) and abbreviated TAR.
References
- ISBN 0253347157.
- ISBN 978-0313344978.
- ^ "О министерстве" (in Russian).
- ^ "История парламентаризма в Республике Тыва" (in Russian).
- ^ a b V.A.Grebneva "Geography of Tuva". Kyzyl, 1968 (in Russian)
- ^ Новые исследования Тувы. Электронный журнал «Новые исследования Тувы» (in Russian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ^ FBIS Report: Central Eurasia, Issues 126-132. 1992. "Tuvinian+Arat+Republic" p. 45
- ISBN 9785040353170
- JSTOR 152275.
- ^ Dallin, David J. (1948). Soviet Russia and the Far East. Yale University Press. p. 87.
- ^ Paine, S.C.M. (1996). Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier. M.E. Sharpe. p. 329.
- ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
- ^ Istoriya Tuvy [History of Tuva], v. 1, pp. 354-55.
- ^ a b c d e f g "ТЫВА Tuva". hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cahoon, Ben. "Tannu Tuva". worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. "Республика Тыва". vexillographia.ru. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "The World at War - TANNU TUVA 1911 - 1944". www.schudak.de. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Minaev, Alexander. "Tuva far and near". old.redstar.ru. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ Indjin Bayart: An Russland, das kein Russland ist, Hamburg 2014, p. 114.
- ^ ISBN 070-070-380-2.
- ^ ISBN 052-147-771-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-023-153-716-2.
- ISBN 978-917-465-076-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 9789231039850.
- ^ a b Mongush, B.B. (12 May 2010). "К истории создания Тувинской Народно-Революционной Армии (1921-1944)". Tuvan Online. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010.
- ^ "Выставка "Тувинская Народная Республика – все для общей Победы!" откроется в Москве". tuvaonline.ru (in Russian). 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010.
- ^ a b Denys J. Voaden: Mongolian and Tuvan aid to wartime Russia, in: M. Gervers/U. Bulag/G. Long (eds.): History and society in Central and Inner Asia, Toronto 2007, pp. 273–277 (here: p. 276).
- ^ a b c Baliev, Alexey. "Мал союзник, да дорог: Почему замалчивался вклад Тувы в разгром фашизма". www.stoletie.ru. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ Baliev, Alexey. "The fate of the "Tuva Ten"". airaces.narod.ru. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ Воскобойников, Г. Л. (2007). Казачество и кавалерия в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945. Терра Принт. pp. 114–122.
- ^ Dagba Damyrak. "38 thousand Tuvan arats in a letter to Stalin declared "We are together. This is our war"". tuvaonline.ru. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "To the 60th anniversary of the Great Victory. Tuvan contribution". www.tuva.asia. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6191-6.
- ^ Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 11 октября 1944 г «О принятии Тувинской Народной Республики в состав Союза Советских Социалистических Республик». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of 11 October 1944 On the admission of the Tuvan People's Republic to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. ).