Tuvans
тывалар | |
---|---|
Total population | |
c. 312,194 | |
Russia[1] | 295,384 (2021) |
∟ Tuva | 279,789 (7,189 Todjins)[1] |
∟ Krasnoyarsk Krai | 2,719[1] |
∟ Khakassia | 2,051[1] |
∟ Novosibirsk Oblast | 1,308[1] |
∟ Buryatia | 1,124[1] |
China | 14,456 (2021 est.) |
Mongolia | 2,354 (2020 est.)[2] |
Languages | |
Tuvan[3] | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism ("Lamaism"), Tengrism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Altaians, Chulyms, Kumandins, Shors, Teleuts, Tofalar, Dukha, Soyot and other Turkic peoples |
People | Tuvan / Tyvans Тывалар (Tıvalar) Тувинцы (Tuvintsy) |
---|---|
Language | Tuvan / Tyvan Тыва дыл (Tyva dyl) |
Country | Tuva / Tyva Тува́ (Tuvá) Тыва (Tıva) |
The Tuvans or Tyvans (
Tuvans have historically been livestock-herding nomads, tending to herds of goats, sheep, camels, reindeer, cattle, and yaks for the past thousands of years. They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums, layered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures. Traditionally, the Tuvans were divided into nine regions called khoshuun, namely the Tozhu, Salchak, Oyunnar, Khemchik, Khaasuut, Shalyk, Nibazy, Daavan and Choodu, and Beezi. The first four were ruled by Uriankhai Mongol princes, while the rest were administered by Borjigin Mongol princes.[7]
History
Besides prehistoric rock-carvings to be found especially along the
The
Tuvans were subjects of the Uyghur Khanate during the 8th and 9th centuries. The Uyghurs established several fortifications within Tuva as a means of subduing the population. There are plans being discussed to restore the remains of one of these fortresses,
In 1207, the Oirat prince Quduqa-Beki led Mongol detachments under Jochi to a tributary of the Kaa-Khem river. They encountered the Tuvan Keshdims, Baits, and Teleks. This was the beginning of Mongol suzerainty over the Tuvans. After the collapse of the Naiman Khanate, Tuvans moved to modern Mongolia and some Naimans moved to modern Kazakhstan territory.
Tuvans came to be ruled for most of the 17th century by Khalka Mongol leader Sholoi Ubashi
The Altan-Khan's control over the area lessened over time due to constant warring between the Oirat and the Khalka of
Genetic research revealed that Tuvans are most closely related to other
According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the Tuvan people are among the close genetic relatives to the indigenous peoples of the Americas in Eurasia.[21][22]
The name Uriankhai
There does not seem to exist a clear ethnic delineation for the application of the name Uriankhai. Mongols applied this name to all tribes of Forest People. This name has historically been applied to Tuvans. In Mongolia there are peoples also known by this name. A variation of the name, Uraŋxai, was an old name for the Sakha.[23] Russian Pavel Nebol'sin documented the Urankhu clan of Volga Kalmyks in the 1850s.[24] Another variant of the name, Orangkae (오랑캐), was traditionally used by the Koreans to refer indiscriminately to "barbarians" that inhabited the lands to their north.
They are two groups under the name Uriankhai: Mongol
Currently, Tuvans form the majority of the population in Tuva Republic. According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 249,299 Tuvans who resided within Tuva. This represented 82.0% of the total population of the republic. In addition, Tuvans have a much higher fertility rate than Russians and the other Slavic peoples, while the median age of the Tuvan population is much lower than Russians. This basically ensures that the Tuvan population would continue to grow during the foreseeable future.
In the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022,[29] the Tuvans have been reported as one of Russia's ethnic minority groups suffering from a disproportionally large casualty rate among Russian forces.[30]
Geography
There are two major groups of Tuvans in Tuva: Western or the Common Tuvans and
A people similar by language to Tuvans live in
Mongolia
A noticeable proportion of Tuvans lives in
China
Tuvans in
Culture
Headdress
The famous bogtag headdress worn by women seems to have been restricted to married women of very high rank.[35]
Traditional life
The Tuvans were mainly semi-nomadic livestock herders. They raised sheep, goats, camels, horses, reindeer, cattle, and yaks. Today, some Tuvans still retain their semi-nomadic way of life. The mobile dwellings of the Tuvans were usually circular yurts used in the steppes or conical hide tents when they were near or inside a forest.[36]
Language
The Tuvan language belongs to the Northern or Siberian branch of the
Religion
The traditional religion of Tuvans is a type of
Music
A unique form of music exists in Tuva – commonly known as throat singing or as
A documentary called
Skiing
The Tuvan people been skiing for thousands of years, primarily for the purpose of hunting elk. Tuvan hunters would track an elk in a heavy snow region and once they spotted an elk, they would ski downhill fast and throw a lasso to catch their game.[40][41] Although the origin of skiing is hotly debated, some experts believe that the Tuvan people in the Altay mountains may have been the earliest humans to master skiing for the purpose of hunting, due to ancient cave paintings in the region depicting ancient skiers chasing big game. However, nowadays in the same region within Xinjiang, the hunting of animals has been banned by the Chinese government, who had made the entire mountain into a conservation area.[42][43] But the Tuvan people still actively and legally engage in "catch-and-release" hunting of elk using their traditional methods.[44][45]
Notable people
- Galsan Tschinag (shaman and writer)
- Khertek Anchimaa-Toka (Tuvan/Soviet politician, first non-royal female head of state)
- Khün Khürtü (throat singing music group)
- Sergey Shoigu(Russian Minister of Defence and general)
- Kongar-ool Ondar (throat singer)
- Mongush Kenin-Lopsan (shaman and ethnographer)
- Albert Kuvezin (throat singer and guitarist)
See also
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Mongolian Census 2020 Main report (in Mongolian)
- ^ The Tuvans of Mongolia: Peculiarities of Contemporary Ethnic Development
- ^ "Y-DNA haplogroups of Tuvinian tribes show little effect of the Mongol expansion". Indo-European.eu. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ "CNBC Asia-Pacific: Network Schedule". Advameg, Inc. everyculture.com.
- ^ "Uriyangqad, which is the plural form of Uriyangqan, itself originally a plural of Uriyangqai."
KRUEGER, John (1977). Tuvan Manual. p. 10. Which quotes from Henry Serruy's "The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period", Melanges chinois et bouddhiques, vol 11. pp. 282–283, Brussels 1959. - ^ The Uralic and Altaic Series By Denis Sinor, John R. Krueger, Jüri Kurman, Larry Moses, Robert Arthur Rupen, Vasilij Vasilevič Radlov, Kaare Grłnbech, George Kurman, Joshua A. Fishman, Stephen A. Halkovic, Robert W. Olson, V Diószegi, American Council of Learned Societies, Melvin J. Luthy, Luc Kwanten, Karl Nickul, A. A. Popov, Susan Hesse, Routledge, 1996.
- time, they were also called Gaoju (i.e. High-Cart) tribe. Or called Chile, or mistakenly as Tiele."
- Weishu Vol 103 Gaoche"高車,蓋古赤狄之餘種也,[...] 諸夏以為高車丁零。" tr. "Gaoche, probably the remnant stock of the ancient Red Di. [...] The various Xia (i.e. Chinese) considered them Gaoche Dingling (i.e. High-Cart Dingling)"
- Suishu vol. 84 Tiele
- ^ Beishi Vol. 99
- ^ Cheng, Fanyi. "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oğuric tribes" in Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi ed. Th. T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, A. P. Martinez. 19 (2012). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. p. 87
- ^ Alexander Vovin (2017). "Interpretation of the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription". Presented August 31, 2017 at 60th PIAC, Székesfehérvár, Hungary. p. 6.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - Xin Tangshu vol. 217btxt: "木馬突厥三部落,曰都播、彌列、哥餓支," tr. "The three Wooden Horse Tujue tribes, called Dou-bo, Mi-lie, [and] Ge-e-zhi"
- ^ "Tuva-Online: Ancient Uyghur Fortress on a Tuvan Lake to Turn into a R…". archive.is. 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012.
- ^ KRUEGER, John (1977). Tuvan Manual. p. 41.
which cites from POTAPOV, L.P. (1964). "The Tuvans". The Peoples of Siberia. - ^ KRUEGER, John (1977). Tuvan Manual. p. 25.
which cites from an English translation of Большая Советская Энциклопедия (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia), vol. 43, (1956), by William H. Dougherty. - ^ Haines, R Spencer (2016). "The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field". Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia. The Australian National University.
- ^ KRUEGER, John (1977). Tuvan Manual. p. 42.
which cites from POTAPOV, L.P. (1964). "The Tuvans". The Peoples of Siberia. - S2CID 92784110.
All the results derived – 'genetic portraits', the matrix of genetic distances, the dendrogram and the multidimensional scaling plot, which mirror the genetic connections between Tuvinian clans and populations of South Siberia and East Asia, demonstrated the prominent similarity of the Tuvinian gene pools with populations from and Khakassia and Altai. It could be therefore assumed that Tuvinian clans Mongush and Oorzhak originated from autochthonous people (supposedly, from the local Samoyed and Kets substrata). The minor component of Central Asian haplogroups in the gene pool of these clans allowed to suppose that Mongol expansion did not have a significant influence upon the Tuvinan gene pool at a whole.
- ^ ""Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans", by I. Zakharov" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 March 2007.
- PMID 26865217.
- ^ POPPE, Nicholas (1969). "Review of Menges "The Turkic Languages and Peoples"". Central Asiatic Journal. 12 (4): 330.
- ISBN 978-1-878986-04-7.
- ^ Б.Цэрэл. Дөрвөн Ойрад ба Ойрадын холбоонд багтах үндэстэн ястнуудын угсаа түүхийн зарим асуудал. 1997
- ^ B.Tserel. Tribes of the Oirat confederation. 1997
- S2CID 143797249.
- ^ Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis Twitchett- The Cambridge History of China, vol7, p.158
- ^ "Tuvans, trying to scramble out of poverty, are dying in a foreign war". Meduza. 15 September 2022.
- ^ "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle". The Moscow Times. 24 February 2024.
- ^ a b Mongush, M. V. "Tuvans of Mongolia and China." International Journal of Central Asian Studies, 1 (1996), 225–243. Talat Tekin, ed. Seoul: Inst. of Asian Culture & Development.
- ^ "Exploring the wind erosion landscapes of Xinjiang" – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ "Live: Explore the mysterious Tuvans and their culture in Kanas 做客喀纳斯图瓦人小木屋" – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ "Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ." (Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 85).
- ^ "Mongolian Dress".
- ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
- ^ "Tuvan Talking Dictionary". tuvan.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3.
- ^ "Genghis Blues" – via www.imdb.com.
- ^ "Deep In China, 'Cowboys' Have Skied For Thousands Of Years". Wyoming Public Media. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Diamond, Chaz (18 March 2014). "The First Skiers: Deep in Time, Deep in the Altai". SnowBrains. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "On the Trail with the First Skiers". Magazine. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ [email protected]. "Ski Hunters of Siberia:, Alaska Department of Fish and Game". www.adfg.alaska.gov. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Skiing's Central Asian Origins | International Skiing History Association". www.skiinghistory.org. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Bancroft, Christopher. "Skunting: The Ancient Art of Hunting on Skis". www.themeateater.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
Sources
- DERENKO, M.V.; et al. (March 2002). "Polymorphism of the Y-Chromosome Diallelic Loci in Ethnic Groups of the Altai-Sayan Region". Russian Journal of Genetics. 38 (3): 309–314. S2CID 135803. Archived from the originalon 22 October 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- Hoppál, Mihály (2005). Sámánok Eurázsiában (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-8295-7. The title means “Shamans in Eurasia”, the book is published also in German, Estonian and Finnish. Site of publisher with short description on the book (in Hungarian) Archived 2 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
- KRUEGER, John R. (1977). John R. Krueger (ed.). Tuvan Manual. Uralic and Altaic Series Volume 126. Editor Emeritus: Thomas A. Sebeok. Indiana University Publications. ISBN 978-0-87750-214-2.
- MONGUSH, M.V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 1: 225–243.
- OYUN, Dina (16 November 2006). "Ancient Uigur Fortress on a Tuvan Lake to Turn into a Recreation and Tourist Centre". Tuva Online. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
- PAVLINSKAYA, Larisa R. (Spring 2003). "The Troubled Taiga: Survival on the Move for the Lost Nomadic Reindeer Herders of South Siberia, Mongolia, and China". Cultural Survival Quarterly. 27 (1): 45–47. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
- (in Mongolian) Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a [Туяa], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal [A guide to the regional dialects of Mongolian]. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. ISBN 7-204-07621-4.
- XIAOLEI, Jing (7 January 2007). "The Winds of Change". Beijing Review No. 46. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
- ZAKHAROV, I.A. (2003). Центральноазиатское происхождение предков первых американцев [Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans]. 2003 (in Russian). pp. 139–144. Archived from the original (Первые американцы. № 11.) on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2007.