Tuyajto Lake

Coordinates: 23°56′22″S 67°35′23″W / 23.93944°S 67.58972°W / -23.93944; -67.58972[2]
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Tuyajto Lake
Laguna Tuyajto[1]
Tuyajto Lake is located in Región de Antofagasta
Tuyajto Lake
Tuyajto Lake
Tuyajto Lake is located in Chile
Tuyajto Lake
Tuyajto Lake
LocationAntofagasta Region
Coordinates23°56′22″S 67°35′23″W / 23.93944°S 67.58972°W / -23.93944; -67.58972[2]
Typesalt lake
Basin countriesChile
Surface area2.2 square kilometres (0.85 sq mi)
Max. depth0.6 metres (2.0 ft)
Surface elevation4,010 m (13,160 ft)[2]

Tuyajto Lake is a salt lake located in the Antofagasta Region, northern Chile. Located at an elevation of about 4,010 metres (13,160 ft), its surface area presently fluctuates between 1.7–2.7 square kilometres (0.66–1.04 sq mi) but in the past it was considerably larger; this led to humans going to the lake and creating archeological sites there. Presently, the lake is groundwater-fed and has no surface outlet but water might seep out underground. It is part of the Los Flamencos Natural Reserve.

The lake

The lake lies at an elevation of 4,010 metres (13,160 ft)

Lejía Lake.[9]

Six

calibrated radiocarbon years ago[12] or 12,800 – 10,300 years ago Tuyajto Lake was much larger, having an area of 14.6 square kilometres (5.6 sq mi)[13][14]-18 square kilometres (7 sq mi)[15] and its uppermost shoreline reached 4,080 metres (13,390 ft) elevation.[5] The former lake levels may have reached 20–40 metres (66–131 ft) above the present-day level[16] perhaps to the point of overflowing,[17] and still was about 40 metres (130 ft) deep about 8,000 years ago.[18] During the previous highstand and as lake levels dropped, a minor river delta grew on the eastern side of the lake, with additional deltas forming as lake levels decreased.[19]

Hydrology

The

brackish,[22] it originates as rain or snow and probably obtains salts from underground salt bodies.[23] The lake does not overflow at its surface,[4] evaporation and perhaps underground drainage towards Salar Aguas Calientes farther west are mainly responsible for removing water from the lake.[7]

Geology

The regional geology is characterized by a number of

Alluvial deposits and lake sediments occur in the whole region; the lake sediments in particular can be found south and east of Tuyajto Lake[6] and form alluvial fans on its eastern side.[18]

Tuyajto Lake lies within a 249 square kilometres (96 sq mi)

fumarolic patch[23] and an eruption that took place 530,000 ± 170,000 years ago.[26]

Climate

The climate is dry, with precipitation averaging 150–200 millimetres per year (5.9–7.9 in/year)

Pacific and the Gran Chaco in Argentina;[27] it falls mostly during winter unlike the rest of the Altiplano where summer precipitation dominates.[28] Potential evaporation reaches 1.5 metres per year (59 in/year).[3]

Precipitation is variable both over annual and millennial timescales, with complex regional variations during

climate change scenarios it might dry up altogether.[29] Evaporation is about 7.5–10 times larger,[4] reaching 1.5 metres per year (4.9 ft/a) at 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) elevation and decreasing with altitude. Temperatures average about 2 °C (36 °F).[18]

Human use

An

before present.[33] Younger archeological artifacts there have been dated at 8,210 – 8,130 years before present.[34]

The Andes of northern Chile have an

closed basins at elevations of over 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) contain salt lakes and salt pans. Mining and tourism are increasingly important activities in the region and together with growing agriculture and cities have resulted in increased demand for water, resulting in more research in existing water sources.[25] Reportedly, BHP obtains water from the Tuyajto Lake basin.[35] Tuyajto is part of the Los Flamencos Natural Reserve.[36]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Urrutia et al. 2019, p. 2.
  2. ^
    ISSN 0012-8252
    .
  3. ^ a b Herrera Lameli et al. 2019, p. 793.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Herrera et al. 2016, p. 305.
  5. ^ a b Urrutia et al. 2019, p. 5.
  6. ^ a b c d Herrera et al. 2016, p. 306.
  7. ^ a b Herrera et al. 2016, p. 308.
  8. ^ Herrera Lameli et al. 2019, p. 796.
  9. ^ Convenio IREN – SERPLAC II Región (1976). "Inventario de recursos naturales por método de percepción del satélite Landsat, II Región Antofagasta. V.1 (Informe IREN N°38 V.1)" [Inventory of natural resources by Landsat satellite reconnaissance, II Region Antofagasta. V.1 (Inform IREN N°38 V.1)] (PDF). I66I 2323 V.1 C.1 (in Spanish): 60. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  10. ^ Abele, G. (1989). "The influence of age, climate, and relief on the preservation of volcanic landforms in the north Chilean Andes". Bamberger Geographische Schriften. 11: 49.
  11. ^ Grosjean, M.; Messerli, B.; Screier, H. (1991). "Seehochstände, Bodenbildung und Vergletscherung im Altiplano Nordchiles. Ein interdisziplinärer Beitrag zur Klimageschichte der Atacama. Erste Resultate" [Lake highstands, soil formation and glaciation in the Altiplano of Northern Chile. An interdisciplinary contribution to the climate history of the Atacama. First results.] (PDF). Bamberger Geographische Schriften (in German). 11: 102–103.
  12. S2CID 121189411
    .
  13. ISSN 0012-8252
    .
  14. ^ Núñez & Grosjean 1994, p. 15.
  15. ^ Stoertz & Ericksen 1974, p. 53.
  16. ISBN 978-1-4020-3507-4
    .
  17. ^ Stoertz & Ericksen 1974, p. 55.
  18. ^ a b c d e Urrutia et al. 2019, p. 3.
  19. ^ Stoertz & Ericksen 1974, p. 54.
  20. S2CID 128494108
    .
  21. ^ Herrera et al. 2016, p. 307.
  22. ^ Herrera et al. 2016, pp. 308–309.
  23. ^ a b Herrera et al. 2016, p. 310.
  24. ^ Herrera et al. 2016, pp. 306–307.
  25. ^ a b Herrera et al. 2016, p. 304.
  26. S2CID 250258599
    .
  27. ^ Urrutia et al. 2019, pp. 2–3.
  28. ^ Herrera et al. 2016, p. 314.
  29. ^ Urrutia et al. 2019, p. 16.
  30. ISBN 9780124726703
    .
  31. ^ Núñez & Grosjean 1994, p. 20.
  32. ISSN 0718-1043
    .
  33. ISSN 0716-1182
    .
  34. ISSN 0717-7356
    .
  35. ISBN 9789560000101
    .
  36. ^ Herrera Lameli et al. 2019, p. 789.

Sources

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