Two-empire system

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms, showing the origins of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

The two-empire system (two-superkingdom system) was the top-level biological classification system in general use before the establishment of the

Eukaryota as either "empires" or "superkingdoms". When the three-domain system was introduced, some biologists preferred the two-superkingdom system, claiming that the three-domain system overemphasized the division between Archaea and Bacteria
. However, given the current state of knowledge and the rapid progress in biological scientific advancement, especially due to genetic analyses, that view has all but vanished.

Some prominent scientists, such as the late Thomas Cavalier-Smith, still hold and held to the two-empire system.[1] The late Ernst Mayr, one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists, wrote dismissively of the three-domain system, "I cannot see any merit at all in a three empire cladification."[2] Additionally, the scientist Radhey Gupta argues for a return to the two-empire system, claiming that the primary division within prokaryotes should be among those surrounded by a single membrane (monoderm), including gram-positive bacteria and archaebacteria, and those with an inner and outer cell membrane (diderm), including gram-negative bacteria.[3]

This system was preceded by

Protista
.

Linnaeus
1735[4] 		Haeckel
1866[5] 		Chatton
1925[6][7] 		Copeland
1938[8][9] 		Whittaker
1969[10] 		Woese et al.
1977[11][12] 		Woese et al.
1990[13] 		Cavalier-Smith
1993[14][15][16] 		Cavalier-Smith
1998[17][18][19] 		Ruggiero et al.
2015[20]
— — 2 empires 2 empires 2 empires 2 empires 3 domains 3 superkingdoms 2 empires 2 superkingdoms
2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms — 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms — 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 7 kingdoms
— Protista
Prokaryota
 Monera Monera
Eubacteria
 Bacteria
Eubacteria
 Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria
 Archaea
Archaebacteria
 Archaea
Eukaryota
Protista
 Protista Protista Eucarya Archezoa Protozoa Protozoa
Protozoa
Chromista Chromista Chromista
Vegetabilia
 Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia


See also

References

  1. PMID 11837318
    .
  2. PMID 9707542
    .
  3. PMID 9733652
    .
  4. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
  5. ^ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
  6. ^ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VIII: 5–84.
  7. ^ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). E. Sottano, Sète, France.
  8. S2CID 84634277
    .
  9. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474
    .
  10. PMID 5762760
    .
  11. S2CID 27788891
    .
  12. PMID 270744
    .
  13. PMID 2112744
    .
  14. PMID 7337818
    .
  15. PMID 1302186
    .
  16. PMID 8302218
    .
  17. S2CID 6557779
    .
  18. PMID 15306349
    . Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  19. PMID 20031978
    .
  20. PMID 25923521
    .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-empire_system&oldid=1091372645"