Two Chinas
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2021) |
Two Chinas | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin liǎng gè Zhōngguó (in PRC) | liǎng ge Zhōngguó (in ROC) | |
Bopomofo | ㄌㄧㄤˇ ㄍㄜ` ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛ´ (in PRC) ㄌㄧㄤˇ ㄍㄜ˙ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛ´ (in ROC) | |
Wade–Giles | liang3 ko4 chung1-kuo2 (in PRC) liang3 ko chung1-kuo2 (in ROC) | |
Yale Romanization | lyǎng gè Jūnggwó (in PRC) lyǎng ge Jūnggwó (in ROC) |
China portal |
Taiwan portal |
The term "Two Chinas" refers to the geopolitical situation where two political entities exist under the name "China".[1][2]
Official name(s) | People's Republic of China (1949–present) |
Republic of China (1912–present)
|
---|---|---|
Common name | China | Taiwan (present) China (historical) |
Date of establishment | 1 August 1927 7 November 1931 1 October 1949 |
1 January 1912 |
Effective jurisdiction | 1999 –present)
|
Mainland China (1912–1949) |
Representation of "China" in the United Nations |
1971–present | 1945–1971 |
Capital | Jinggangshan (1927–1930) Ruijin (1931–1934) Zhidan (1935) Yan'an (1936–1947) Xibaipo (1947–1949) Beijing (1949–present) |
Nanjing (1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949) Beijing (1912–1928) Chongqing (1937–1946, 1949) Guangzhou (1949) |
Founder | Mao Zedong | Sun Yat-sen |
Incumbent head of state | Xi Jinping | Tsai Ing-wen |
Incumbent head of government | Li Qiang | Chen Chien-jen |
Background
In 1912, the Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was established in Nanjing by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen. At the same time, the Beiyang government, led by Yuan Shikai, a former Qing dynasty general, existed in Beijing, whose legitimacy was challenged by the Nationalist government under the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party).
From 1912 to 1949, China was scarred by
As the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Chinese communist
Though fighting continued for the next several years, by the time of the
For many years, both governments contended to be the sole legitimate government of China. With the fighting largely over, the major battleground became diplomatic. Before the 1970s, the Republic of China was still recognized by many countries and the United Nations as the sole legitimate government of "China", which claimed sovereignty over both mainland China and Taiwan. The Republic of China had been a founding member of the
Since the 1990s, however, a rising movement for formal recognition of Taiwanese independence has made the political status of Taiwan the dominant issue, replacing the debate about the legitimate government of China. A view in Taiwan is that the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are both sovereign, thus forming "two Chinas", or "one China, one Taiwan". Former Republic of China President Chen Shui-bian adamantly supported this status quo, and accordingly largely abandoned the campaign for the Republic of China to be recognised as the sole legitimate government of China. Under President Chen, the ROC government was campaigning for the Republic of China to join the United Nations as representative of its effective territory—Taiwan and nearby islands—only. Chen's successor, President Ma Ying-jeou, ceased that push.[citation needed]
Current situation
In the past, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) have claimed de jure sovereignty over all of China whilst denying the legitimacy of the other.[5][6] The position of the PRC and the Pan-Blue Coalition of the ROC remains that there is only one sovereign entity of China, and that each of them represents the legitimate government of all of China—including both mainland China and Taiwan—and the other is illegitimate. The position of the Pan-Green Coalition of the ROC is that Taiwan is an independent sovereign state named "Republic of China", and Taiwan is not part of "China". As of 2024, 178 UN member states and the State of Palestine maintain diplomatic relation with the PRC. 11 UN member states and the Holy See maintain diplomatic relation with the ROC.
People's Republic of China
The
PRC government policy mandates that any country that wishes to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first discontinue any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei."[10][11] In order to compete for other countries' recognition, each government has given money to certain small countries. Several small African and Caribbean countries have established and discontinued diplomatic relationships with both sides several times in exchange for huge financial support from each side.[12] The PRC also uses its international influence to prohibit the ROC from entering international events such as the Olympic Games under its official name. Instead, the ROC was forced to adopt the name Chinese Taipei to enter such events since the 1980s.[13] Furthermore, on press releases and other media, the PRC never refers to the ROC as such, instead referring to the territory of Taiwan as "China's Taiwan Province", and to the ROC government as "the Taiwan authority".[citation needed]
Republic of China
Until the constitutional reforms of 1991, the Republic of China (ROC) actively asserted its claim of sovereignty over all of China and still opposes treating the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a legitimate state. ROC authorities clarified the constitutional reforms by stating they do not "dispute the fact that the PRC controls mainland China."
In 1999, then
President Chen Shui-bian declared in 2002 that "with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country". In 2003 he explained that "Taiwan is not a province of one country nor is it a state of another".[15][16] The Chen administration took steps to use the name "Taiwan" internationally to prevent confusion between the "two Chinas", such as placing the word "Taiwan" underneath "Republic of China" on Republic of China passports.[17]
In September 2008 President Ma Ying-jeou from the Kuomintang stated that the relations between the ROC and the PRC are neither between two Chinas nor two states, saying instead that it is a "special relationship". Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the 1992 Consensus as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available.[18] The spokesman for the ROC Presidential Office Wang Yu-chi (Chinese: 王郁琦) later clarified the President's statement and said that the relations are between two regions of one country, based on the ROC Constitutional position, the Statute Governing the Relations Between the Peoples of the Taiwan Area and Mainland Area and the 1992 Consensus.[19]
President Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected in 2016 and has refused to recognize the 1992 Consensus.[20] Under the Tsai administration, the English words "Republic of China" were reduced in size on Taiwanese passports, though the corresponding Chinese characters remained unchanged.[21]
See also
- One China
- Greater China
- Cross-strait relations
- Chinese unification
- Huadu (Taiwan)
Notes
- Matsu and Wuqiuislands.
References
- ^ Gayner, Jeffrey B (2 July 1977). "U.S. Diplomacy and the Two Chinas". Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-333-99404-7. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
- ^ "At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands"". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
Taiwan was a colony of Japan, whereas Matsu was part of Fujian
- ^ Lyman P. Van Slyke, The Chinese Communist movement: a report of the United States War Department, July 1945, Stanford University Press, 1968, p. 44
- ISBN 9781134269662. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
- ISBN 9781134692972. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
- ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". The People's Daily. 1982-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". The People's Daily — Read 3rd paragraph, 10th line-. 1982-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^ "Anti-Secession Law". The People's Daily. 2005-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^ Erikson, Daniel P.; Chen, Janice (2007). "China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 31 (2): 71.
- ^ "The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
- ^ "China and Taiwan in Africa". HiiDunia. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
- ^ Catherine K. Lin (2008-08-05). "How 'Chinese Taipei' came about". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^ "TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA): Constitution, Government & Legislation". Jurist Legal intelligence, Pitt University. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^
"Extracted text of the telecast relating to cross-strait relations" (in Chinese). Mainland Affairs Council of Republic of China. 2002-08-03. Archived from the original on 2004-12-17. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
台灣不是別人的一部分;不是別人的地方政府、別人的一省
- ^ Wang, James (2003-10-22). "Fortune will favor a brave Taiwan". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
- ^ "Chang gives his approval to passports". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. 15 January 2002. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ^ "Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma". China Post. 2008-09-04. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ "Presidential Office defends Ma". Taipei Times. 2008-09-05. Archived from the original on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ "Taiwan opposition candidate calls for return to one China formula". Reuters. November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ "Taiwan's redesigned passport shrinks words 'Republic of China'". BBC News. 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2023-04-16.