Florin (British coin)

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Two shilling coin
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For the 14th-century English gold coin, see Florin (English coin).

Two shillings
(One florin)
United Kingdom
Value2
Elizabeth II design shown)
DesignerMary Gillick
Design date1953 (portrait)
1954 ("BRITT OMN" removed)
Reverse
DesignVarious (floral design shown)
DesignerEdgar Fuller and Cecil Thomas
Design date1953

The British florin, or two-shilling piece (2/– or 2s.), was a coin worth 1⁄10 of one pound, or 24 pence. It was issued from 1849 until 1967, with a final issue for collectors dated 1970. It was the last coin circulating immediately prior to decimalisation to be demonetised, in 1993, having for a quarter of a century circulated alongside the ten-pence piece, identical in specifications and value.

The florin was introduced as part of an experiment in decimalisation that went no further at the time. The original florins, dated 1849, attracted controversy for omitting a reference to God from Queen Victoria's titles; that type is accordingly known as the "Godless florin", and was in 1851 succeeded by the "Gothic florin", for its design and style of lettering. Throughout most of its existence, the florin bore some variation of either the shields of the United Kingdom, or the emblems of its constituent nations on the reverse, a tradition broken between 1902 and 1910, when the coin featured a windswept figure of a standing Britannia.

In 1911, following the accession of George V, the florin regained the shields and sceptres design it had in the late Victorian era, and it kept that motif until 1937, when the national emblems were placed on it. The florin retained such a theme for the remainder of its run, though a new design was used from 1953, following the accession of Elizabeth II. In 1968, prior to decimalisation, the Royal Mint began striking the ten-pence piece. The old two-shilling piece remained in circulation until the ten-pence piece was made smaller, and earlier coins, including the florin, were demonetised.

History

Background

The drive for

Russell government promised that a coin valued at one-tenth of a pound (two shillings) would be produced to test public opinion, with consideration to be given in future to the introduction of other decimal coins.[3]

There was much discussion about what the coin should be called – centum, decade, and dime were among the suggestions[4] – before florin was eventually settled upon, not because of the old English coin of that name, but because the Netherlands had a florin, or gulden, about that size and value.[5] The original florin, the fiorino d'oro of the Republic of Florence, was a gold coin struck from 1252 to 1533.

Victorian issues (1849–1901)

Both sides of a silver coin, with a crowned woman on one side and shields on the other
The 1849 "Godless florin"

The first florins were struck in 1849. They were in the

troy ounce[9]) and had a diameter of 28 millimetres (1.10 in).[4] The new coin made clear its value with the inscription ONE FLORIN ONE TENTH OF A POUND on the reverse.[10] To aid in the decimal experiment, the half crown (two shillings and sixpence, or one-eighth of a pound), near to the florin in size and value, was not issued between 1850 and 1874, when it was struck again at the request of the banks, and surveys found that both coins played useful parts in commerce. Each would continue to be struck, and would circulate together, until decimalisation.[10][11]

These first coins were probably a shock to the public, as for the first time in nearly 200 years a British coin featured a portrait of the monarch wearing a crown. Even more of a shock, including (allegedly) to Queen Victoria herself, was the inscription on the obverse, VICTORIA REGINA 1849,

Albert, Prince Consort, Victoria's husband. Sheil said in the House of Commons the inscription had been a mistake, and the florin was redesigned for its next issue in 1851.[6]

The revised florin's diameter was increased to 30 millimetres (1.18 in) (the weight was unchanged), and all the lettering on the coin was in

Royal Commission, the drive for decimalisation soon died out; there was only lukewarm support for an 1855 motion in the Commons applauding the issuance of the florin and seeking further decimal coins.[12] The Gothic Florin was produced each year until 1887, excepting 1861 and 1882.[13] From 1864 until 1879, many florins were struck with die numbers on the obverse (found to the right of Victoria's brooch,[14] possibly part of a Mint investigation into how long it took coinage dies to wear out.[15] Beginning with some 1867 issues, BRIT on the obverse was rendered BRITT, following the Latin practice in abbreviations of doubling a final consonant for a plural. Thus, Victoria's title changed from "Queen of Britain" to "Queen of the Britains", including the colonies and other territories.[10]

In 1887, as part of a coinage redesign for

John Roettier.[4] The diameter was reduced to 29.5 millimetres (1.16 in). All the inscriptions were in Latin letters and Arabic numerals. The inscription on the obverse read VICTORIA DEI GRATIA, while the reverse read FID DEF BRITT REG,[c] with no indication of the value. The Jubilee florin was struck each year between 1887 and 1892.[19]

A silver coin, with three shields on it
The 1894 florin was designed by Sir Edward Poynter.

Given the unpopularity of the Jubilee bust, a committee was set up in February 1891 to recommend new designs. An obverse designed by Thomas Brock was selected, and the committee also recommended some new reverses.[20] This advisory committee recommended a different bust (also by Brock) be used on the florin to distinguish it from the half crown. The recommendation was not accepted, and the florin used the same "Veiled Head" or "Old Head" obverse that was introduced to the silver and gold coinage in 1893. To better distinguish it from the half crown, the diameter was reduced from 29 to 28.5 millimetres (1.14 to 1.12 in).[4][11] The obverse was inscribed VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP,[d] together with a new reverse showing three shields separated by a rose, shamrock, and thistle (symbolising England, Ireland, and Scotland) under a crown, and the inscription ONE FLORIN TWO SHILLINGS.[21][22] This reverse was created by Sir Edward Poynter, and was issued each year between 1893 and 1901, the year of Victoria's death.[19]

Edward VII (1901–1910)

1909 florin, designed by George William de Saulles

Both sides of the florin were redesigned following the accession of Victoria's son, Edward VII, each design being created by the Chief Engraver of the Royal Mint, George William de Saulles. The florin of King Edward VII was minted every year from 1902 to 1910. Its specifications remained at 11.3 grams weight and 28.5 millimetres diameter. The obverse shows the right-facing head of the King, inscribed EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FD IND IMP,[e] while the other side features what Coincraft's Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins deems "a most unusual and original reverse".[23] It shows a windswept figure of Britannia standing holding a shield with her left hand and a trident with her right, and inscribed ONE FLORIN TWO SHILLINGS, with the date below.[23] Peter Seaby, in his history of British coinage, described the figure of Britannia as "standing on some mythical ancient ship which could hardly be sea-worthy under her weight", but "a pleasing composition".[24]

De Saulles created the new florin in this manner to distinguish the coin from the half crown, as there had been complaints of confusion. He probably based the design on his

Michael Hicks-Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn who had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer and ex officio Master of the Mint.[24] The modern-day Britannia coinage, bullion pieces struck by the Royal Mint for investors and collectors, has a reverse that strongly resembles that of the Edwardian florin.[26]

George V (1910–1936)

One side of a 1932-dated silver coin, with an arrangement of crowns and sceptres
The 1932 florin

Florins bearing a left-facing effigy of George V by Sir Bertram Mackennal were minted in each year of the King's reign (1910–1936) except 1910 and 1934.[27] The initial reverse design (1911–1926) was developed internally at the Royal Mint, and is intended to be that of the 1887 double florin, to which the Jubilee florin is very similar.[28] The weight and diameter of the coin were unchanged but, because of rises in the price of silver, the metallic composition was changed in 1920 from 0.925 silver to 50% silver, 40% copper, 10% nickel, then again in 1922 to 50% silver, 50% copper, and again in 1927 to 50% silver, 40% copper, 5% nickel, 5% zinc.[29] The changes in alloy after 1920 were due to the Mint's trying to find a silver alloy that would remain attractive as it wore.[30] The inscriptions on the obverse of the original version of the George V florin were GEORGIVS V D G BRITT OMN REX F D IND IMP[f] and on the reverse were ONE FLORIN and the year of striking.[29]

The modified florin, dated 1927 to 1936, was designed by George Kruger Gray and did not greatly alter the design of shields and sceptres, but removed the crowns from the shields and placed them on the sceptres. A "G", the King's initial, is at the centre of the design. The obverse inscription became GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX[g] and the reverse one was FID DEF IND IMP[h] with the date and denomination ONE FLORIN. The bust of the King on the obverse was slightly modified in 1927.[27]

Edward VIII (1936)

Throughout 1936, the year in which

Thomas Humphrey Paget inscribed EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX.[i] The reverse, by Kruger Gray, shows a crowned rose flanked by a thistle and shamrock, with E below the thistle and R below the shamrock, and the inscription FID DEF IND IMP[j] and TWO SHILLINGS 1937.[31][32]

George VI (1936–1952)

King George VI's florin, produced each year between 1937 and 1951, looks very much like the one planned for his brother Edward VIII. Like on the patterns for King Edward, the words ONE FLORIN are omitted; they would remain absent for the coin's remaining existence.[27] The obverse, by Thomas Humphrey Paget, shows the left-facing effigy of the King inscribed GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX. The reverse, by Kruger Gray, depicts a crowned rose with a thistle and shamrock on either side. There is a G below the thistle and R below the shamrock, and the inscription FID DEF IND IMP TWO SHILLINGS date until 1948. From 1949, the coins were struck without the IND IMP, in acknowledgement of India's independence. From 1947, the metal content was changed, as for all British silver circulating coins, to 75% copper, 25% nickel.[33][34] This was due to the need for Britain to return Lend-Lease silver to the United States.[35] The florin's diameter and weight remained unchanged at 11.3 grams and 28.5 millimetres, despite the change of alloy.[33]

Elizabeth II (1953–1970)

Florins were produced for

numismatist H.W.A. Linecar has noted that the second L in SHILLINGS marks the bottom of the coin.[39]

In accordance with the plan for decimalisation of the currency (120 years after this denomination was first introduced in the initial plan to introduce a decimal currency), from 1968 the ten pence coin was introduced of the same size, weight and metal composition as the florin. Thus, the florin ceased to be struck for circulation after the 1967-dated pieces. The new and the old circulated side by side as florins prior to Decimal Day (15 February 1971) and as ten pence pieces after.[40] Florins (usually dated 1947 or later) remained in circulation after Decimal Day. In 1987, following a study of the currency, the Thatcher government announced its intent to issue a new ten pence piece, reduced in size.[40] A smaller ten pence piece was issued in 1992, after which the old florin was demonetised on 30 June 1993. The florin, the first decimal coin, was the last coin in general circulation just prior to decimalisation to be withdrawn.[41]

Mintages

[42]Victoria

  • 1849 - 413,320
  • 1851 - 1,540
  • 1852 - 1,014,552
  • 1853 - 3,919,950
  • 1854 - 550,413
  • 1855 - 831,017
  • 1856 - 2,201,760
  • 1857 - 1,671,120
  • 1858 - 2,239,380
  • 1859 - 2,568,060
  • 1860 - 1,475,100
  • 1862 - 594,000
  • 1863 - 938,520
  • 1864 - 1,861,200
  • 1865 - 1,580,040
  • 1866 - 914,760
  • 1867 - 423,720
  • 1868 - 869,940
  • 1869 - 297,000
  • 1870 - 1,080,648
  • 1871 - 3,425,605
  • 1872 - 7,199,690
  • 1873 - 5,921,839
  • 1874 - 1,642,630
  • 1875 - 1,117,030
  • 1876 - 580,034
  • 1877 - 682,292
  • 1878 - 1,786,680
  • 1879 - 1,512,247
  • 1880 - 2,161,170
  • 1881 - 2,376,337
  • 1883 - 3,555,667
  • 1884 - 1,447,379
  • 1885 - 1,758,210
  • 1886 - 591,773
  • 1887 - 543,525 (Gothic[43])
  • 1887 - 1,233,378 (Jubilee)
  • 1888 - 1,647,540
  • 1889 - 2,973,561
  • 1890 - 1,684,737
  • 1891 - 836,438
  • 1892 - 283,401
  • 1893 - 1,667,415
  • 1894 - 1,952,842
  • 1895 - 2,182,968
  • 1896 - 2,944,416
  • 1897 - 1,699,921
  • 1898 - 3,061,343
  • 1899 - 3,966,953
  • 1900 - 5,528,630
  • 1901 - 2,648,870

Edward VII

  • 1902 - 2,204,698
  • 1903 - 995,298
  • 1904 - 2,769,932
  • 1905 - 1,187,596
  • 1906 - 6,910,128
  • 1907 - 5,947,895
  • 1908 - 3,280,010
  • 1909 - 3,482,829
  • 1910 - 5,650,713

George V

  • 1911 - 5,957,291
  • 1912 - 8,571,731
  • 1913 - 4,545,278
  • 1914 - 21,252,701
  • 1915 - 12,357,939
  • 1916 - 21,064,337
  • 1917 - 11,181,617
  • 1918 - 29,211,792
  • 1919 - 9,469,292
  • 1920 - 15,387,833
  • 1921 - 34,863,895
  • 1922 - 23,861,044
  • 1923 - 21,546,533
  • 1924 - 4,582,372
  • 1925 - 1,404,136
  • 1926 - 5,125,410
  • 1927 - 15,000 (Proof Only)
  • 1928 - 11,087,186
  • 1929 - 16,397,279
  • 1930 - 5,733,568
  • 1931 - 6,566,331
  • 1932 - 717,041
  • 1933 - 8,685,303
  • 1935 - 7,540,546
  • 1936 - 9,897,448

George VI

  • 1937 - 13,033,183
  • 1938 - 7,909,388
  • 1939 - 20,850,607
  • 1940 - 18,700,338
  • 1941 - 24,451,079
  • 1942 - 39,895,245
  • 1943 - 26,711,987
  • 1944 - 27,560,005
  • 1945 - 25,858,049
  • 1946 - 22,300,254
  • 1947 - 22,910,085
  • 1948 - 67,553,838
  • 1949 - 28,614,939
  • 1950 - 24,375,003
  • 1951 - 27,431,747

Elizabeth II

  • 1953 - 11,998,710
  • 1954 - 13,085,422
  • 1955 - 25,887,253
  • 1956 - 47,824,500
  • 1957 - 33,071,282
  • 1958 - 9,564,580
  • 1959 - 14,080,319
  • 1960 - 13,831,782
  • 1961 - 37,735,315
  • 1962 - 35,129,903
  • 1963 - 25,580,000
  • 1964 - 16,313,000
  • 1965 - 48,723,000
  • 1966 - 84,547,000
  • 1967 - 22,000,000
  • 1970 - 750,476 (Proof Only)

Notes

  1. ^ Victoria, Queen
  2. ^ Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniae Regina Fidei Defensor, or Victoria by the Grace of God Queen of Britain Defender of the Faith
  3. ^ Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regina Fidei Defensor, or Victoria by the Grace of God Queen of the Britains, Defender of the Faith
  4. ^ Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regina Fidei Defensor Indiae Imperatrix, or Victoria, by the Grace of God Queen of the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India
  5. ^ Edwardus VII Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indiae Imperator, or Edward VII, by the Grace of God King of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
  6. ^ Georgius V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indiae Imperator or George V, by the Grace of God King of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
  7. ^ Georgius V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex or George V, by the Grace of God King of All the Britains ...
  8. ^ Fidei Defensor Indiae Imperator, or ... Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
  9. ^ Edward VIII Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex or George V, by the Grace of God King of All the Britains ...
  10. ^ Fidei Defensor Indiae Imperator, or ... Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
  11. ^ Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Regina Fidei Defensor, or Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God Queen of All the Britains, Defender of the Faith
  12. ^ Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina Fidei Defensor, or Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God Queen, Defender of the Faith

References

  1. ^ Craig, pp. 312–313.
  2. ^ "The Story of the Florin or Two Shilling Piece". Chard. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  3. ^ Josset, pp. 130–131.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Lobel, p. 517.
  5. ^ a b Seaby, pp. 155–156.
  6. ^ a b Craig, p. 313.
  7. ^ Spink, pp. 465, 467.
  8. ^ Seaby, p. 155.
  9. ISBN 978-0415378673. Archived
    from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  10. ^ a b c Seaby, p. 156.
  11. ^ a b Dyer & Gaspar, p. 537.
  12. ^ Levi, pp. 474–476.
  13. ^ Lobel, pp. 518–519.
  14. ^ Lobel, pp. 519, 523.
  15. ^ Lobel, p. 60.
  16. ^ Spink, pp. 473–474.
  17. ^ Linecar, pp. 109–110.
  18. ^ Seaby, p. 157.
  19. ^ a b Lobel, pp. 517–519.
  20. ^ Craig, p. 342.
  21. ^ Spink, p. 477.
  22. ^ Seaby, p. 158.
  23. ^ a b Lobel, p. 519.
  24. ^ a b Seaby, p. 161.
  25. ^ Linecar, p. 124.
  26. ^ Lobel, p. 647.
  27. ^ a b c Lobel, pp. 520–521.
  28. ^ Linecar, p. 127.
  29. ^ a b Lobel, p. 520.
  30. ^ Linecar, p. 128.
  31. ^ Lobel, p. 521.
  32. ^ Seaby, pp. 166–167.
  33. ^ a b Lobel, pp. 521–522.
  34. ^ Linecar, p. 170.
  35. ^ Dyer & Gaspar, pp. 589–590.
  36. ^ a b Lobel, p. 522.
  37. ^ Seaby, p. 172.
  38. ^ Dyer & Gaspar, p. 588.
  39. ^ Linecar, pp. 135–136.
  40. ^ a b "Ten Pence Coin". Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  41. ^ Robert Leach (2013). "Legal Tender" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  42. ^ Club, Online Coin. "Florin, Coin Type from United Kingdom". Online Coin Club. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  43. ISSN 0958-1391
    .

Bibliography

External links

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