Tyler, Texas
Tyler, Texas | ||
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City Council Members
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• U.S. routes | ||
Major state highways | ||
Primary airport | Tyler Regional Airport | |
Website | cityoftyler.org |
Tyler is a city in and the
In 1985, the international Adopt-a-Highway movement began in Tyler. After appeals from local Texas Department of Transportation officials, the local Civitan International chapter adopted a two-mile (three kilometer) stretch of U.S. Route 69 to maintain. Drivers and other motorists traveling on this segment of U.S. 69 (between Tyler and nearby Lindale) will see brown road signs that read "First Adopt-A-Highway in the World".
Tyler is known as the "Rose Capital of America" (also the "Rose City" and the "Rose Capital of the World"),[9] a nickname it earned from a long history of rose production, cultivation, and processing. It is home to the largest rose garden in the United States, a 14-acre public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties.[10] The Tyler Rose Garden Center is also home to the annual Texas Rose Festival which attracts thousands of tourists each October.[10]
As Northeast Texas and Smith County's major economic, educational, financial, medical and cultural hub, Tyler is host to more than 20,000
History
Legal recognition of Tyler was initiated by an act of the state legislature on April 11, 1846. The Texas government created Smith County and authorized a county seat.
The first plat designated a 28-block town site centered by a main square within a 100-acre (40 ha; 0.16 sq mi) tract acquired by Smith County on 6 February 1847. The new town was named for President John Tyler, who advocated for the annexation of Texas by the United States. A log building on the square's north side served as a courthouse and public meeting hall until a brick courthouse displaced it in 1852. The City of Tyler was incorporated on January 29, 1850. Early religious and social institutions included the First Baptist Church and a Methodist church,[11] a Masonic lodge and an Odd Fellows lodge, and Tyler's first newspaper.[12]
Though Tyler's early economy from 1847–1873 was based on agriculture, it was also well-diversified during this period. Logging was a second major industry, while complementary manufacturing included metalworking, milling wood, and leather tanning. As the seat of Smith County, the town also benefited from government activity.[13] The local agricultural economy relied on slave labor before the Civil War. In 1860, the population of enslaved people in Smith County was 4,982, the 4th most in east Texas.[14][15]
By 1860, Tyler held over 1,000 enslaved persons, which represented 35 percent of the town's population. There was strong support for
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, fruit orchards emerged as an important business in the regional economy. Eighty percent of the county's agricultural revenue derived from cotton as it persisted as the dominant crop in the first decades of the twentieth century. Peaches were the principal fruit crop as the county fruit tree inventory surpassed one million by 1900. Disease struck the peach trees, though, and local farmers moved toward growing roses by the 1920s. Twenty years later, most of the U.S. rose supply originated in the Tyler area.[12]
On October 29, 1895, an African American suspect named Robert Henry Hillard was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square for the alleged murder of a nineteen-year-old white woman.[20][21] Denied a trial and due process, Hillard was taken from law enforcement personnel by a white mob.[22] Hillard's executioners were never punished. Later, two entrepreneurs combined photographs from the actual lynching with others staged with actors and sold the 16-image production as a stereographic set. One of the original sets sits in the United States Library of Congress.[21]
In 1912, Dan Davis, an African-American man suspected of attacking a sixteen-year-old white girl named Carrie Johnson, was burned at the stake in the Smith County Courthouse Square.[23][24][25][21]
In 1971, the University of Texas system established the University of Texas at Tyler and Broadway Square Mall opened in 1975.[26] By 1980, the population grew to 70,508 and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler and East Texas Islamic Society were established in the following years.[27][28][29]
During the 2010 East Texas church burnings, two Tyler churches were destroyed, and historic preservation city planning began in 2016 as the population increased and the city continued development.[30]
Geography
The city of Tyler is in the Southern United States, in Northeast Texas. It is sometimes considered part of the wider Ark-La-Tex region where Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas meet. Tyler is located at 32°21′05″N 95°18′04″W / 32.35139°N 95.30111°W and is 544 ft (166 m) above sea level.[31] The city is approximately 38 mi (61 km) from Longview;[32] 61 mi (98 km) from Marshall;[33] 100 mi (160 km) from Dallas;[34] 132 mi (212 km) from Texarkana;[35] 230 mi (370 km) from the state capital of Austin;[36] and 98 mi (158 km) from Shreveport, Louisiana.[37]
Tyler is the seat of government of Smith County, and is surrounded by many suburban communities, including Whitehouse, Lindale, New Chapel Hill, Bullard, Edom, Brownsboro, Kilgore, Flint, and Chandler. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 57.97 sq mi (150.1 km2), of which 57.45 sq mi (148.8 km2) is land and 0.52 sq mi (1.3 km2) is covered by water. Tyler is the principal city of the Greater Tyler metropolitan area, and a principal city in the Tyler–Longview area, a conurbation of the Tyler and Longview metropolitan and combined statistical areas.[38]
Cityscape
Tyler has a modest skyline and downtown area. Downtown architecture features the Art Deco and neoclassical styles, many dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries. Modernist- and postmodernist-era structures are also present throughout the cityscape.
Central Tyler is anchored by Brick Streets Historic District and Charnwood Residential Historic District, areas characterized by dense retail, restaurants, nightlife, and historic landmarks. Brick Streets Historic District is the largest geographic area of Tyler. It encompasses 29 blocks and primarily consists of buildings constructed in the 1900s. The district area is predominantly residential though it sometimes serves as a mix-use district. Brick Streets Historic District has brick-paved streets and stone-lined drainage channels. Nearby, Charnwood is Tyler's first historic district.[39] It comprises 12 blocks of late 19th and early 20th century architecture.
Climate
Tyler experiences weather typical of East Texas. The region is located in the humid subtropical climate typical of the American South.
Severe thunderstorms with heavy rain, hail, damaging winds and tornadoes occur in the area during the spring and summer months. Summer months are hot and humid, with maximum temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 91 days per year, with high to very high relative average humidity.
The record high temperature for Tyler is 115 °F (46 °C), which occurred in 2011.[40][41] The record low for Tyler is −3 °F (−19 °C), which occurred on January 18, 1930 and again on February 16, 2021 during the February 2021 North American cold wave.[42]
Climate data for Tyler, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1883–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 87 (31) |
90 (32) |
92 (33) |
94 (34) |
102 (39) |
105 (41) |
108 (42) |
110 (43) |
109 (43) |
100 (38) |
88 (31) |
84 (29) |
110 (43) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 57.9 (14.4) |
62.6 (17.0) |
70.4 (21.3) |
77.3 (25.2) |
83.7 (28.7) |
89.9 (32.2) |
93.1 (33.9) |
93.6 (34.2) |
87.6 (30.9) |
78.1 (25.6) |
66.4 (19.1) |
58.8 (14.9) |
76.6 (24.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 48.2 (9.0) |
52.4 (11.3) |
59.6 (15.3) |
66.2 (19.0) |
73.7 (23.2) |
80.3 (26.8) |
83.4 (28.6) |
83.4 (28.6) |
77.4 (25.2) |
67.4 (19.7) |
56.7 (13.7) |
49.5 (9.7) |
66.5 (19.2) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 38.5 (3.6) |
42.2 (5.7) |
48.7 (9.3) |
55.2 (12.9) |
63.7 (17.6) |
70.7 (21.5) |
73.6 (23.1) |
73.2 (22.9) |
67.2 (19.6) |
56.7 (13.7) |
47.0 (8.3) |
40.2 (4.6) |
56.4 (13.6) |
Record low °F (°C) | −3 (−19) |
−6 (−21) |
13 (−11) |
27 (−3) |
37 (3) |
47 (8) |
51 (11) |
47 (8) |
36 (2) |
24 (−4) |
10 (−12) |
0 (−18) |
−6 (−21) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.95 (100) |
4.26 (108) |
4.25 (108) |
3.99 (101) |
4.32 (110) |
4.78 (121) |
2.72 (69) |
2.92 (74) |
3.23 (82) |
4.72 (120) |
3.84 (98) |
4.68 (119) |
47.66 (1,211) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 99.2 |
Source: |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1880 | 2,423 | — | |
1890 | 6,908 | 185.1% | |
1900 | 8,069 | 16.8% | |
1910 | 10,400 | 28.9% | |
1920 | 12,085 | 16.2% | |
1930 | 17,113 | 41.6% | |
1940 | 28,279 | 65.2% | |
1950 | 38,968 | 37.8% | |
1960 | 51,230 | 31.5% | |
1970 | 57,770 | 12.8% | |
1980 | 70,508 | 22.0% | |
1990 | 75,450 | 7.0% | |
2000 | 83,650 | 10.9% | |
2010 | 96,900 | 15.8% | |
2020 | 105,995 | 9.4% | |
2022 (est.) | 109,286 | [4] | 3.1% |
U.S. Decennial Census[45] Texas Almanac: 1850-2000[46] 2020 Census[3] |
With a population of 2,423 at the 1880 census, the city of Tyler grew to become the most populous city in Northeast Texas, and 33rd most populous in Texas as of 2020. Having a census-tabulated citywide population of 105,995 at the 2020 census, its metropolitan statistical area became the second-largest in the region, behind the Longview metropolitan area. The Tyler metropolitan area had 233,479 residents in 2020,[47] and the Tyler–Longview area had an estimated population of 416,662 in 2022. When the U.S. Census Bureau released population estimates for 2022, Tyler was estimated to have a population of 109,286 as of July 1, 2022.
Among the city's growing population as of 2019, there were 46,320 households and 43,733 housing units. Of the units at the 2019 American Community Survey, 37,504 were occupied and the majority were single-unit detached homes. Tylerites had a home-ownership rate of 51.7%, and renters occupied 48.3% of the housing units from 2014 to 2019's census estimates. Owner-occupied housing units had a median cost of $164,700, and the median cost with a mortgage was $1,408 while houses without a mortgage had a median cost of $487; renters paid a median of $1,011 a month, and 1,148 rental-units had no rent paid among the population. Overall, the city of Tyler is more affordable than nearby Dallas.
A predominantly
Race and ethnicity
Racial and ethnic composition | 2020[48] | 2018[49] | 2010[50] | 2000[50] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White
|
70.06% | |||
—Non-Hispanic | 47.91% | 49.4% | 60.51% | 62.14% |
Black or African American
|
22.76% | 21.8% | 24.75% | 26.50% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 22.66% | 22.2% | 21.17% | 15.66% |
Asian American
|
2.82% | 3.4% | 1.90% | 0.98% |
Pacific Islander | 0.04% | 0.02% | 0.03% | 0.04% |
Two or more races | 3.23% | 2.0% | 2.04% | 1.63% |
Some other race | 0.33% |
According to the
Religion
A 2020 study by
According to a separate 2020 study by the Association of Religion Data Archives, Baptists, non/inter-denominational Protestants, and Roman Catholics constituted the largest share of Christendom for Tyler metropolitan area. The same study from the Association of Religion Data Archives tabulated 11,161 Methodists divided among the African Methodist Episcopal, Christian Methodist Episcopal, and United Methodist churches.[59]
Per Sperling's, Pentecostals formed the fourth-largest Christian group in Tyler (5.2%) and the largest Pentecostal bodies within the area as of 2020 by both separate studies are the Church of God in Christ, Assemblies of God USA and the United Pentecostal Church, prominent Trinitarian and Oneness Pentecostal denominations.[60][61] An estimated 1.2% of the religiously affiliated population were Latter-day Saints. Of the Christian population, 0.9% identified as Anglicans or Episcopalians, 0.7% Presbyterian, and 0.6% Lutheran. Roughly 13.6% of Tylerites are of another Christian faith including the Eastern Orthodox Church and Jehovah's Witnesses.[62][63]
The Anglican or Episcopalian community is divided between adherents of the
The BestPlaces study found that approximately 0.1% of the city's population identified with Judaism (compared to a state average of 0.2%), while 0.4% considered themselves Muslim. The area's Islamic community is affiliated with the East Texas Islamic Society.[68]
Economy
In addition to the city's role in the rose-growing industry, Tyler is the headquarters for
The city and metropolitan area also has a growing manufacturing sector including: Tyler Pipe, a subsidiary of
According to the city's 2012–2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[70] the city's top ten employers were:
# | Employer | # of Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Trinity Mother Frances Health System
|
3,775 |
2 | UT Health - Tyler | 3,153 |
3 | Brookshire Grocery Company
|
2,599 |
4 | Tyler Independent School District | 2,468 |
5 | Trane Technologies | 1,500 |
6 | SuddenLink
|
1,500 |
7 | Walmart | 1,311 |
8 | The University of Texas at Tyler
|
1,121 |
9 | UT Health - Tyler (north campus)
|
925 |
10 | Tyler Junior College | 862 |
Recreation and tourism
Annually, the
Tyler is home to Caldwell Zoo, several local museums, Lake Palestine, Lake Tyler, and numerous golf courses and country clubs.[72] A few miles away in Flint, Texas is The WaterPark @ The Villages, a year-round, indoor water park.
There is an "Azalea Trail" in Tyler, which consists of two officially designated routes within the city that showcase homes or other landscaped venues adorned with
Tyler State Park, a few miles north of the city limits, attracts visitors with opportunities to camp, canoe, and paddle boat on the lake. Other available pastimes include picnicking, boating (motors allowed – 5 mph speed limit), boat rentals, fishing, birding, hiking, mountain biking, hiking trails, lake swimming (in unsupervised swimming area), and nature study.
The Smith County Historical Society operates a
Historical
Tyler is home to the
Individuals and business firms dedicated to discovering, collecting, and preserving data, records, and other items relating to the history of Smith County, Texas, founded The Smith County Historical Society, a
Other items from the society's collections are showcased in revolving, temporary exhibits. The society's
Sports
College and university teams
- University of Texas at Tyler Patriots (NCAA Division II)
- Texas College Steers (HBCU)
- Tyler Junior College Apaches (NJCAA)
Baseball teams
- Tyler Elbertas (1912)
- Tyler Trojans (1924–1929, 1931, 1935–1940, 1946–1950)
- Tyler Sports (1932)
- Tyler Governors (1933–1934)
- Tyler East Texans (1950–1953)
- Tyler Tigers (1954–1955)
- Tyler Wildcatters (1994–1997)
- Tyler Roughnecks (2001)[79]
Football
- East Texas Twisters (2004)[80]
Road races
- Fresh 15 Road Race (Annual)
Soccer
Disc golf
- Tyler features fifteen disc golf courses and seven leagues, and the surrounding area features a total of thirty-six courses and seventeen leagues. For these reasons, users of the disc golf app UDisc ranked Tyler as the second best disc golf destination in Texas and third best in the United States.[82]
Government
Local government
According to the city's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $87.7 million in revenues, $101.7 million in expenditures, $49.2 million in total assets, $12.3 million in total liabilities, and $17.6 million in cash in investments.[83]
- McDonald Lorance, 1846[84]
- William Bartlett, c. 1848[85]
- ?
- Oscar Burton, c. 1937[86]
- Zeb J. Spruiell, c. 1955[86]
- ?
- Murph Wilson, 1967[87]
- ?
- Jack H. Halbert, 1970–1976[88]
- ?
- Norman Shtofman, 1982–1984[89]
- Smith Reynolds, Junior
- Kevin Eltife, c. 1996–2002[90]Eltife will not run for re-election in '16
- Joey Seeber, 2002–2008[84]
- Barbara Bass, 2008–2014[84]
- Martin Heines, 2014–2020
- Don Warren, 2020–present
The Northeast Texas Public Health District is a political subdivision under the State of Texas established by the City of Tyler and Smith County.[91] In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became a separate entity in 1994, with an administrative Public Health Board. With a stated vision "To be the Healthiest Community in Texas", the district has a full-time staff of over 130 employees. The Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission: "To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community."
State government
Tyler is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Bryan Hughes, District 1, and in the Texas House of Representatives by Republican Matt Schaefer, District 6. The Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals is in Tyler.[92] The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Region I Parole Division Office and the Tyler District Parole Office in Tyler.[93]
Federal government
The two U.S. senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz. Tyler is part of Texas's 1st congressional district, which is currently represented by Republican Nathaniel Moran. The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler,[94] Azalea,[95] Southeast Crossing,[96] and the South Tyler Annex.[97]
Education
Colleges and universities
Tyler's higher education institutions include the
Primary and secondary schools
Public primary and secondary education for much of the city is provided by the
Tyler is also home to the University of Texas at Tyler University Academy at Tyler, a K–12 public charter operated by the University of Texas at Tyler since 2012 that offers university courses to students in grades 9–12.
Portions of incorporated Tyler are served by surrounding school districts. These include sections of southeast Tyler, served by the Whitehouse Independent School District, and some sections in the east which are served by the chapel Hill Independent School District.
Private schools
There are also private schools in Tyler, including
Media
Tyler has 24 media outlets and one newspaper. There are many others in the surrounding area.
Newspaper
Television
VHF/UHF Channel |
Call Letters |
Network |
---|---|---|
7 | KLTV | ABC/Telemundo |
19 | KYTX | CBS/CW |
51 | KFXK-TV | FOX/MyNetworkTV |
54 | KCEB | Azteca America
|
56 | KETK | NBC |
Radio
AM stations
Frequency |
Call Letters |
Format |
Name |
---|---|---|---|
600 | KTBB | News/Talk | |
1330 | KGLD | Gospel | The Light |
1490 | KYZS | Classic Hits | K-DOK (relay of KDOK Kilgore) |
FM stations
Frequency |
Call Letters |
Format |
Name |
---|---|---|---|
88.7 | KZLO | Christian Contemporary | KLOVE
|
89.5 | KVNE | Christian Contemporary | Encouragement FM |
91.3 | KGLY
|
Religious | Lift 91.3 |
92.1 | KRWR | Sports | 92.1 The Team |
93.1 | KTYL | Hot Adult Contemporary | Mix 93.1 |
94.3 | KZWL | Christian Teaching | The Well |
96.1 | KKTX | Classic Rock | Classic Rock 96.1 |
96.7 | KOYE | Regional Mexican | La Invasora |
97.5 | KTBB-FM | News/Talk | KTBB |
99.3 | KAPW | Spanish Pop | Mega 99.3 |
101.5 | KNUE | Country | Today's Country 101.5 KNUE |
102.3 | KLFZ | Spanish Christian | Fuzíon 102.3 |
102.7 | KBLZ | Urban Contemporary | 102.7 The Blaze |
104.1 | KKUS | Classic Country | 104.1 The Ranch |
106.5 | KOOI | Variety Hits | 106.5 Jack FM |
107.3 | KISX | Urban Adult Contemporary | 107.3 Kiss-FM |
Healthcare
Transportation
The most common form of
Public transportation
Tyler Transit provides customers with
Air
Train
Tyler was the hub for a series of short-line
Walkability
A 2014 study by Walk Score ranked Tyler with a walkability score of 32 (out of 100) with some amenities within walking distance.[102]
Notable events
- Fragments of the Space Shuttle Columbia landed near Tyler in 2003, following the breakup of it in the atmosphere.
- On the evening of 2009, a fire engulfed a number of historic buildings in downtown Tyler. Eight different fire departments responded to the fire.[103]
- The 1982 Supreme Court case Plyler v. Doe, which prohibited denying schooling to immigrant children, originated in the Tyler Independent School District.[104]
- The Tyler courthouse shooting occurred in 2005, when David Arroyo fatally shot his ex-wife and a man in the Tyler Square inside the Smith County Courthouse.
Notable people
Sister cities
Tyler's
- Lo Barnechea, Chile
- Jelenia Góra, Poland
- Liberia, Costa Rica
- San Miguel de Allende, Mexico
- Yachiyo, Japan
See also
- Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum
- List of museums in East Texas
- Tyler Museum of Art
- Whitaker-McClendon House
Notes
References
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- ^ "About Us". Brookshire's Food & Pharmacy. July 25, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ City of Tyler 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, p. 136. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
- ^ "Until Now". Archived from the original on March 21, 2012.
- ^ Navarro, Edward (2006). "It's Tee Time in Tyler". Images of Tyler. 1. Journal Communications, Inc.: 57.
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- ^ "Smith County Historical Society". Smith County Historical Society. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
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Palestine Herald Press. February 3, 2009.
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(help) - ^ "History Lesson 10: Plyler v. Doe: Can States Deny Public Benefits to Illegal Immigrants?". www.crfimmigrationed.org. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
- ^ "A Brief History". tylersistercities.org. Tyler Sister Cities. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
Further reading
- Austin, Gladys Peters, Along the Century Trail: Early History of Tyler, Texas (Dallas: Avalon Press, 1946)
- Burton, Morris Tyler as an Early Railroad Center, Chronicles of Smith County, Spring 1963
- Betts, Vicki, Smith County, Texas, in the Civil War (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1978)
- Everett, Dianna, The Texas Cherokees: A People between Two Fires, 1819–1840 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990)
- Glover, ed., Robert W., Tyler and Smith County, Texas (n.p.: Walsworth, 1976)
- Henderson, Adele, Smith County, Texas: Its Background and History in Ante-Bellum Days (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1926)
- McDonald, Archie P. Historic Smith County (Historical Publishing Network, 2006).
- Reed, Robert E. Jr. Images of America: Tyler (Arcadia Publishing, 2008).
- Reed, Robert E. Jr. Postcard History: Tyler (Arcadia Publishing, 2009).
- Smith County Historical Society, Historical Atlas of Smith County (Tyler, Texas: Tyler Print Shop, 1965)
- Wardlaw, Trevor P. "Sires and Sons: The Story of Hubbard's Regiment." CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. ISBN 978-1511963732
- Whisenhunt, Donald W. comp., Chronological History of Smith County (Tyler, Texas: Smith County Historical Society, 1983)
- Woldert, Albert, A History of Tyler and Smith County (San Antonio: Naylor, 1948)
External links
- City Of Tyler Website Official City Website