Tylopilus felleus

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Tylopilus felleus
Three stocky brownish mushrooms among twigs on forest floor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Tylopilus
Species:
T. felleus
Binomial name
Tylopilus felleus
(Bull.) P.Karst. (1881)
Synonyms[1][2]
Tylopilus felleus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is buff to pink
Ecology is
mycorrhizal
Edibility is inedible

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a

coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk
.

French mycologist

poisonous it is generally considered inedible
owing to its overwhelming bitterness.

Taxonomy

The species was first

Boletus badius and relatives.[9]

A variety described from the Great Lakes region, var. uliginosus, was recognised by Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in 1971 on the basis of its microscopic features,[2] a distinction supported by Professor C.B. Wolfe of Pennsylvania State University.[10] However Index Fungorum does not consider this an independent taxon.[1] Similarly, Boletus felleus var. minor, published originally by William Chambers Coker and A.H. Beers in 1943[11] (later transferred to Tylopilus by Albert Pilát and Aurel Dermek in 1974),[12] has been folded into synonymy with T. felleus.[1] Charles Horton Peck described Boletus felleus var. obesus in 1889,[13] but no record of a type specimen exists.[14] Although some records exist of T. felleus in Australia, their spores are of consistently smaller dimensions and this taxon has been classified as a separate species, T. brevisporus.[15]

Tylopilus felleus derives its genus name from the Greek tylos "bump" and pilos "hat" and its specific name from the Latin fel meaning "bile", referring to its bitter taste, similar to bile.[5] The mushroom is commonly known as the "bitter bolete"[16] or the "bitter tylopilus".[17]

Description

The tubes, initially white when young, become dirty pink in maturity.
Coarse brown reticulation is characteristic of the stalk surface.

The

cap cuticle; the flesh can also develop pinkish tones where it has been cut.[23] It has a slight smell,[18] which has been described as pleasant,[5][24] as well as faintly unpleasant.[19][20] The flesh is softer than that of other boletes,[20] and tends to become more spongy as the mushroom matures.[21] Insects rarely infest this species.[18]

several partly transparent oval objects in a microscope field
Spores seen with light microscopy

The colour of the

Cystidia on the walls of the tubes (pleurocystidia) are fuse-shaped with a central swelling, thin-walled, and have granular contents. They possess sharp to tapered tips, and have overall dimensions of 36–44 by 8.0–11.0 µm. On the pore edges, the cheilocystidia are similar in shape to the pleurocystidia, measuring 24.8–44.0 by 7.3–11.0 µm.[17] The hymenium of Smith and Thiers's variety uliginosus, when mounted in Melzer's reagent, shows reddish globules of pigment measuring 2–8 µm that appear in the hyphae and throughout the hymenium, and a large (8–12 µm) globule in the pleurocystidia.[2]

Several

sulphuric acid creates orange-red, ammonia usually makes brown, and a potassium hydroxide solution usually makes orange.[25]

Similar species

Boletus edulis
Tylopilus rubrobrunneus

Italian cook and author

B. subtomentosus may have a similar-coloured cap but its yellow pores and slender stalk aid identification.[22]

T. indecisus and T. ferrugineus can be confused with T. felleus but have less reticulated stalks.[2] The dimensions of the spores of the Australian species T. brevisporus range from 9.2 to 10.5 by 3.5 to 3.9 μm.[15] T. neofelleus, limited in distribution to deciduous forests of China, New Guinea, Japan and Taiwan, can be distinguished from T. felleus macroscopically by its vinaceous-brown cap and pinkish-brown to vinaceous stalk and microscopically by its smaller spores (measuring 11–14 by 4–5 μm) and longer pleurocystidia (49–107 by 14–24 μm).[29]

Ecology, distribution and habitat

Two somewhat dingy-looking brownish mushrooms with brown bruising in moss.
In maturity, the pores often bruise brownish, while the pore surface bulges downward.

Like all Tylopilus species, T. felleus is

temperate zones.[16][18] Large numbers may appear in some years and none in others,[22] generally proportional to the amount of rainfall.[18] Variety uliginosus, known from Michigan, grows among lichens and mosses under pines.[2]

In North America it is known from eastern Canada, south to Florida and west to Minnesota in the United States[16] and into Mexico and Central America.[23] Its European distribution is widespread; it is relatively common in many regions but rare or almost absent in others.[21] In Asia it has been recorded from the vicinity of Dashkin in the Astore District of northern Pakistan[33] and as far east as China, where it has been recorded from Hebei, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces,[34] and Korea.[35]

The strong taste of the fruit body may have some role in insects avoiding it.

conidiophores).[38]

The bacterium Paenibacillus tylopili has been isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of T. felleus; this is the region around its subterranean hyphae where nutrients released from the fungus affect the activity of the microbial population in the soil. The bacterium excretes enzymes that allow it to break down the biomolecule chitin.[39]

Fruit bodies of T. felleus have a high capacity to accumulate radioactive caesium (137Cs) from contaminated soil, a characteristic attributed to the deep soil penetration achieved by the mycelium.[40] In contrast the species has a limited capacity to accumulate the radioactive isotope 210Po.[41]

Edibility

Even when cooking, it smells terrific, but one taste of the Bitter Bolete would not only disappoint but perhaps depress the novice mushroom hunter.

Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America:
A Field-To-Kitchen Guide[42]

As its common name suggests, it is extremely bitter, though not toxic as such. This bitterness is worsened by cooking.[20] One specimen can foul the taste of a whole meal prepared with mushrooms.[18] Despite this it is sold in markets (tianguis) in Mexico.[43][44] A local recipe from France, Romania and East Germany calls for stewing it in skimmed milk, after which it can be eaten or powdered and used for flavouring.[18] The mushroom is not bitter for those who lack genetic sensitivity to bitter taste,[16] a trait endowed by the gene TAS2R38 (taste receptor 2 member 38).[45] The compound responsible for the bitter taste has not been identified.[46]

Research

The mycelium of Tylopilus felleus can be grown in axenic culture, on agar containing growth medium. The fungus can form fruit bodies if the temperature is suitable and the light conditions simulate a 12-hour day. The mushrooms are usually deformed, often lacking stalks so that the cap grows on the surface direct and the caps are usually 0.5–1.0 cm (0.2–0.4 in) in diameter. There are few Boletaceae species known to fruit in culture since ectomycorrhizal fungi tend to not fruit when separated from their host plant.[47]

Compounds from T. felleus have been extracted and researched for potential medical uses.

antibacterial activity.[51]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tylopilus felleus.
  1. ^ a b c d "Synonymy: Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst., Revue mycol., Toulouse 3(no. 9): 16 (1881)". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 112–15.
  3. ^ Bulliard JBF. (1788). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 8. Paris: Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin. plate 379.
  4. ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse. 3 (9): 16–19.
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  7. ^ Engler A, Prantl K (1900). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen : I. Tl., 1. Abt.: Fungi (Eumycetes) (in German). Vol. Teil 1, Abt.1**. Leipzig: Engelmann. p. 190.
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  12. ^ Pilát A, Dermek A (1974). Hríbovité huby (in Czech). Bratislava: vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied. p. 132.
  13. ^ Peck CH. (1889). "Boleti of the United States". Bulletin of the New York State Museum. 2 (8): 73–166 (see p. 154).
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  29. ^ Chen C-M, Ho Y-S, Chou W-N, Lin T-C (2004). "Four Tylopilus species (Boletaceae) new to Taiwan" (PDF). Taiwania. 49 (2): 109–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02.
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