Type 091 submarine

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Han-class SSN profile
A Type 091 submarine in 1993
Class overview
NameHan class
BuildersBohai Shipyard, Huludao
Operators People's Liberation Army Navy
Succeeded byType 093
In commission1974–present
Completed5[1]
Active3
Retired2
General characteristics
TypeNuclear submarine
Displacement5,500 tons (submerged)
Length98 m (321 ft 6 in)
Beam10 m (32 ft 10 in)
Draft7.4 m (24 ft 3 in)
Propulsion1 nuclear turbo-electric engine – pressurized water reactor
Speed25 knots (46 km/h)[2]
RangeUnlimited
Complement75
Armament6 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes able to launch the RPK-2

The Type 091 (Chinese designation: 09-I; NATO reporting name: Han class) is a first-generation nuclear-powered attack submarine produced by China. It was the first nuclear submarine employed by the People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force,[3] and the first indigenously produced nuclear attack submarine in Asia.[4]

Background

The Chinese naval nuclear power program started in July 1958 when the Central Military Commission gave approval to start the Type 091 submarine project.[5] Mao Zedong declared that China would build nuclear attack submarines "even if it took ten thousand years."[6] Peng Shilu was the first chief designer of this project.[7][8][9] The first submarine in the class, Changzheng 1 ("Long March 1"), was commissioned in 1974;[3] the last was launched in 1990.[1] In 1983, Peng moved to the civilian development of nuclear power plants, and he was succeeded at the nuclear submarine project by Huang Xuhua.[10][8]

The Type 091 has operated mainly in local waters, and has been involved in several incidents. One submarine shadowed the

Second World War; China apologized for the trespass and blamed "technical reasons" on the submarine.[13]

The boats have received major upgrades and numerous refits since commissioning. They have six 533 mm (21 in)

Anechoic tiles
were added later to reduce noise levels.

Criticism

The Type 091 is extremely noisy and has poor

radiation shielding, a result of being based on 1950s technology.[14] It cannot launch missiles while submerged.[15] Overall, the submarine's tactical utility is limited against modern combatants.[14]

Failed lease to Pakistan

See also: Karachi affair

In 1989,

Soviet K-43 leased to India in 1988.[17]: 92  Occasional rumours of Pakistani interest in a Type 091 continued to surface as late as 2012; any purchase would be useful mainly as an antiquated training platform.[14][full citation needed
]

Units

Pennant
number 		Name
(English) 		Builder Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Status
401 Changzheng 1 Bohai Shipyard,
Huludao [18]		 1970 1974 2000[19] Decommissioned in 2000.
Preserved at the Chinese Navy Museum, Qingdao.[20]
402 Changzheng 2 Bohai Shipyard,
Huludao [18]		 1977 1980 2004[19] Decommissioned in 2004
403 Changzheng 3 Bohai Shipyard,
Huludao [18]		 1983 21 September 1984 [18] Active
404 Changzheng 4 Bohai Shipyard,
Huludao [18]		 1987 November 1988 [18] Active
405 Changzheng 5 Bohai Shipyard,
Huludao [18]		 8 April 1990 [18] December 1990 [18] Active

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 58)
  2. ^ Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 68)
  3. ^ a b Purser, Benjamin S. III; Chanse, Michael S. (3 August 2012). "Waypoint or Destination? The Jin-Class Submarine and China's Quest for Sea-Based Nuclear Deterrence". China Brief. 12 (15). Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  4. ^ "China's Very First Nuclear Attack Submarines Had Some Major Fatal Flaws". 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  5. ^ "Type 09-1 Han Class". Archived from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
  6. ^ China’s ‘Long March’ to a Credible Nuclear Attack Submarine The National Interest Archived 20 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "The achievements of CNNC during the year 2017". www.china5e.com (in Chinese). 中国能源网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  8. ^
    Sina Corp. Archived
    from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  9. ^ Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 59)
  10. ISBN 978-0-8108-7855-6. Archived
    from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
  11. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
    from the original on 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  12. ^ "Faceoff Between U.S. Ship, Chinese Sub Is Revealed: Military: October incident in Yellow Sea highlights growing chance of naval conflict. Beijing sounds warning". Los Angeles Times. 1994-12-14. Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  13. ^ "China Apologizes for Submarine Incursion". Archived from the original on 2006-10-23.
  14. ^ a b c Rehman (2012: 75)
  15. ^ Type 09-1 Han class Archived 2005-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, globalsecurity.org
  16. ISBN 978-1-315-48543-0. Archived
    from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  17. ISBN 978-1-317-45956-9. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jane's Fighting Ships, 2023-24 Edition, ISBN 978-0-7106-3428 3, page 133
  19. ^ a b "Meet China's First Nuclear-Powered Submarine (It Was a Total Disaster)". 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  20. ^ Zhao, Lei (27 October 2016). "Nuke submarine to go on display". China Daily. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

Sources

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