Typhoon

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This article is about Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclones. For other uses, see Typhoon (disambiguation). For other areas in which tropical cyclones occur, see Tropical cyclone basins.
Not to be confused with Typhoo or Typhon.
Satellite image of Typhoon Mangkhut
Three different tropical cyclones active over the Western Pacific Ocean on August 7, 2006 (Maria, Bopha, and Saomai). The cyclones on the lower and upper right are typhoons.

A typhoon is a

Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for tropical cyclone forecasts is in Japan, with other tropical cyclone warning centres for the northwest Pacific in Hawaii (the Joint Typhoon Warning Center), the Philippines, and Hong Kong. Although the RSMC names each system, the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that have territories threatened by typhoons each year.[4]

Within most of the northwestern Pacific, there are no official typhoon seasons as tropical cyclones form throughout the year. Like any tropical cyclone, there are several main requirements for typhoon formation and development. It must be in sufficiently warm

tropical cyclone basins. However, Vietnam recognises its typhoon season as lasting from the beginning of June through to the end of November, with an average of four to six typhoons hitting the country annually.[5][6]

According to the statistics of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, from 1950 to 2022, the Northwest Pacific generated an average of 26.5 named tropical cyclones each year, of which an average of 16.6 reached typhoon standard or above as defined by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[7]

Nomenclature

Etymology

The etymology of typhoon is either Chinese or Arabic-Hindustani origin.

Typhoon may trace to 風癡 (meaning "winds which long last"), first attested in 1124 in China. It was pronounced as

Chaozhou, Guangdong to Taizhou, Zhejiang.[8]

Some English linguists proposed the English word typhoon traced to the Cantonese pronunciation of 颱風 [tʰɔi fuŋ] (correspond to Mandarin [tʰaɪ fɤŋ]), in turn the Cantonese word traced to Arabic.[13] This claim contradicts the fact that the Cantonese term for typhoon was 風舊 [fuŋ kɐu] before the national promotion of 颱風.[8] 風舊 (meaning "winds which long last") was first attested in 280, being the oldest Chinese term for typhoon.[9] Not one Chinese historical record links 颱風 to an Arabic or foreign origin.[10][11] On the other hand, Chinese records consistently assert foreigners refer typhoon as "black wind".[10][11] "Black wind" eventually enters the vocabulary of Jin Chinese as 黑老風 [xəʔ lo fəŋ].[14]

Alternatively, some dictionaries propose that typhoon derived from(طوفان) ṭūfān, meaning storm in

Arabic and Hindustani.[15][16] The root of (طوفان) ṭūfān ultimately traces to the Ancient Greek mythological creature Typhôn.[16] In French typhon was attested as storm in 1504.[17] Portuguese traveler Fernão Mendes Pinto referred to a tufão in his memoir published in 1614.[18] The earliest form in English was "touffon" (1588),[16] later as touffon, tuffon, tufon, tuffin, tuffoon, tayfun, tiffoon, typhawn.[10][11]

Intensity classifications

See also: Tropical cyclone scales
RSMC Tokyo's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
Category Sustained winds
Violent typhoon ≥105 knots
≥194 km/h
Very strong typhoon 85–104 knots
157–193 km/h
Typhoon 64–84 knots
118–156 km/h
Severe tropical storm 48–63 knots
89–117 km/h
Tropical storm 34–47 knots
62–88 km/h
Tropical depression ≤33 knots
≤61 km/h

A tropical depression is the lowest category that the Japan Meteorological Agency uses and is the term used for a tropical system that has wind speeds not exceeding 33 knots (38 mph; 61 km/h).[19] A tropical depression is upgraded to a tropical storm should its sustained wind speeds exceed 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h). Tropical storms also receive official names from RSMC Tokyo.[19] Should the storm intensify further and reach sustained wind speeds of 48 knots (55 mph; 89 km/h) then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm.[19] Once the system's maximum sustained winds reach wind speeds of 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h), the JMA will designate the tropical cyclone as a typhoon—the highest category on its scale.[19]

Since 2009 the

Saffir-Simpson scale—as super typhoons.[21] However, the maximum sustained wind speed measurements that the JTWC uses are based on a 1-minute averaging period, akin to the U.S.'s National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. As a result, the JTWC's wind reports are higher than JMA's measurements, as the latter is based on a 10-minute averaging interval.[22]

Genesis

Depth of 26 °C isotherm on October 1, 2006
See also: Tropical cyclogenesis

There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high

warm core that fuels tropical systems. A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis.[23]
Whether it be a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front, or an outflow boundary, a low level feature with sufficient vorticity and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90 percent of Pacific typhoons form within the monsoon trough.[24] Even with perfect upper-level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kn, 33 ft/s) between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development.[23][25] Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two jets of outflow: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the westerlies, and a second towards the equator.[24]

In general, the westerly wind increases associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation lead to increased tropical cyclogenesis in all tropical cyclone basins. As the oscillation propagates from west to east, it leads to an eastward march in tropical cyclogenesis with time during that hemisphere's summer season.[26] On average, twice per year twin tropical cyclones will form in the western Pacific Ocean, near the 5th parallel north and the 5th parallel south, along the same meridian, or line of longitude.[27] There is an inverse relationship between tropical cyclone activity in the western Pacific basin and the North Atlantic basin, however. When one basin is active, the other is normally quiet, and vice versa. The main reason for this appears to be the phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation, or MJO, which is normally in opposite modes between the two basins at any given time.[28]

Frequency

Storm Frequency
Tropical storms and Typhoons by month,
for the period 1959–2015 (Northwest Pacific)
Month Count Average
Jan 28 0.5
Feb 14 0.2
Mar 26 0.5
Apr 37 0.6
May 66 1.2
Jun 100 1.8
Jul 221 3.9
Aug 310 5.4
Sep 280 4.9
Oct 228 4.0
Nov 139 2.4
Dec 69 1.2
Annual 1518 26.6
Source: JTWC[29]

Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific. This makes this basin the most active on Earth.

intense storms on record. One of the most recent busy seasons was 2013
. Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean and concentrate around June and November in the northern Indian Ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist.

Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June and spiking from July through October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the archipelago. Activity falls off significantly in November, although Typhoon Haiyan, the strongest Philippine typhoon on record, was a November typhoon.[31] The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern and central Luzon and eastern Visayas.[32] A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones.[33] The genesis and intensity of typhoons are also modulated by slow variation of the sea surface temperature and circulation features following a near-10-year frequency.[34]

Paths

See also: Hurricane Alley
Tracks of all tropical cyclones in the northernwestern Pacific Ocean between 1980 and 2005. The vertical line to the right is the International Date Line.

Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of the

El Niño, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E, which would favor the Japanese archipelago.[37] During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, and the subtropical ridge position, shift westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China and greater intensity to Philippines.[37] Those that form near the Marshall Islands find their way to Jeju Island, Korea.[38] Typhoon paths follow three general directions.[30]

A rare few storms, like Hurricane John, were redesignated as typhoons as they originated in the Eastern/Central Pacific and moved into the western Pacific.

Basin monitoring

Within the Western Pacific,

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) for interests in the island archipelago nation,[41] and the Hong Kong Observatory for storms that come close enough to cause the issuance of warning signals.[42]

Name sources and name list

The list of names consists of entries from 14 southeast and east Asian nations and regions and the United States who have territories directly affected by typhoons. The submitted names are arranged into a list, the names on the list will be used from up to down, from left to right. When all names on the list are used, it will start again from the left-top corner. When a typhoon causes damage in a region, the affected region can request for retiring the name in the next session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. A new name will be decided by the region whose name was retired.

Unlike tropical cyclones in other parts of the world, typhoons are not named after people. Instead, they generally refer to animals, flowers, astrological signs, and a few personal names. However, Philippines (PAGASA) retains its own naming list, which consists of both human names and other objects.[43] Japan and some other East Asian countries also assign numbers to typhoons.[44]

Storms that cross the date line from the central Pacific retain their original name, but the designation of hurricane becomes typhoon.

List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names (as of 2024)
List Contributing nations/regions
 Cambodia  China  North Korea  Hong Kong, China  Japan  Laos  Macau, China  Malaysia  Federated States of Micronesia  Philippines  South Korea  Thailand  United States  Vietnam
1
Damrey
Haikui
Kirogi
Yun-yeung
Koinu
Bolaven
Sanba
Jelawat
Ewiniar
Maliksi
Gaemi
Prapiroon
Maria
Son-Tinh
Ampil
Wukong
Jongdari
Shanshan
Yagi
Leepi
Bebinca
Pulasan
Soulik
Cimaron
 Jebi
Krathon
Barijat
Trami
2
Kong-rey
 Yinxing
Toraji
Man-yi
Usagi
Pabuk
Wutip
 Sepat
Mun
Danas
Nari
Wipha
 Francisco Co-may
Krosa
Bailu
Podul
Lingling
Kajiki
 Nongfa
Peipah
Tapah
Mitag
Ragasa
Neoguri
Bualoi
Matmo
Halong
3
Nakri
 Fengshen
Kalmaegi
Fung-wong
Koto
 Nokaen
Penha
Nuri
Sinlaku
Hagupit
Jangmi
Mekkhala
Higos
 Bavi
Maysak
Haishen
Noul
Dolphin
Kujira
Chan-hom
Peilou
Nangka
Saudel
 Narra Gaenari
Atsani
Etau
 Bang-Lang
4
Krovanh
Dujuan
 Surigae
Choi-wan
Koguma
Champi
In-fa
Cempaka
 Nepartak
Lupit
Mirinae
Nida
Omais
Luc-binh
Chanthu
Dianmu
Mindulle
 Lionrock
Tokei
Namtheun
Malou
Nyatoh
 Sarbul
Amuyao
Gosari
Chaba
Aere
Songda
5
Trases
Mulan
Meari
Tsing-ma
 Tokage
Ong-mang
Muifa
Merbok
Nanmadol
Talas
 Hodu
Kulap
Roke
Sonca
Nesat
Haitang
Jamjari
Banyan
Yamaneko
Pakhar
Sanvu
 Mawar
Guchol
Talim
Doksuri
Khanun
Lan
Saola
References:[45]

Records

Total
storms 		Year Tropical
storms 		Typhoons Super
typhoons
39 1964 13 19 7
35 1965
1967
1971		 14
15
11		 10
16
16		 11
4
4
34 1994 14 14 6
33 1996 12 15 6
32 1974 16 16 0
31 1989
1992
2013		 10
13
18		 15
17
8		 6
5
5
30 1962
1966
1972
1990
2004		 7
10
8
9
10
 17
17
20
17
13		 6
3
2
4
7

The most active Western Pacific typhoon season was in 1964,[citation needed] when 39 storms of tropical storm strength formed. Only 15 seasons had 30 or more storms developing since reliable records began. The least activity seen in the northwest Pacific Ocean was during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season, when only 14 tropical storms and seven typhoons formed. In the Philippines, the most active season, since 1945, for tropical cyclone strikes was 1993 when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country.[46] There was only one tropical cyclone that moved through the Philippines in 1958. The 2004 Pacific typhoon season was the busiest for Okinawa since 1957.[47] Within Guangdong in southern China, during the past thousand years, the most active decades for typhoon strikes were the 1660s and 1670s.[48]

The highest reliably-estimated

Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), and Pingtung County) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County reached 2,327 millimeters (91.6 in),[52] breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon,[53]
and making the cyclone the wettest known typhoon.

See also

For storms that have affected countries in this basin:

Notes

References

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  18. ^ Pinto, Fernão Mendes (2013) [1614]. Peregrinação: volume I (PDF). Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Darcy Ribeiro. pp. 181, 295.
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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon&oldid=1215664789"