Typhoon Bopha
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | November 25, 2012 |
Dissipated | December 9, 2012 |
Very strong typhoon | |
10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
Highest winds | 185 km/h (115 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 930 hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg |
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 280 km/h (175 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 911 hPa (mbar); 26.90 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 1,901 |
Damage | $1.16 billion (2012 USD) (Third-costliest in Philippine history) |
Areas affected | Caroline Islands, Palau, Philippines |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season |
Typhoon Bopha, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Pablo, was the strongest
After hitting Davao Oriental and Davao de Oro provinces, Bopha shifted through the southern and central regions of Mindanao, cutting power to two provinces and triggering landslides. More than 170,000 people fled to evacuation centers, as the system moved to the South China Sea west of the Palawan island province, eventually dissipating on December 9.
Meteorological history
On November 23, 2012, a large area of
Upon developing, a depression had deep convection located in
As the system continued to intensify, organized bands of thunderstorms began to develop rapidly around the system, mostly on the western half of the storm. They later merged with Bopha, which led to the system's increase in size. Several
On December 1, the system, as a Category 4 typhoon, maintained a well defined, small eye, which later dissipated, but reformed by December 2. As Bopha strengthened further into a super typhoon on December 2, the well-defined eye underwent a small eyewall replacement cycle by late December 2, and by 10:00 UTC on December 2, the system developed double eye walls, which were only seen in microwave imagery. AT 12:30 UTC on December 2, Bopha neared Palau, with a closest distance of 50 km (31 mi). At that time, the system's outflow improved, and convection near the eye thickened.[citation needed] Early on December 3, due to the eye wall replacement cycle, the system weakened slightly into a Category 3 typhoon; however, a few hours later, as the eyewall replacement cycle ended, Bopha reintensified into a Category 4 typhoon, while the eye became well-defined again.[26] Late on December 3, as the system continued to strengthen, the system rapidly intensified into a Category 5 super typhoon, deepening to an unofficial pressure of 918 mbar (hPa) (27.11 inHg) as stated by the JTWC at peak intensity,[27] as the eye started to become well defined at 27 km (17 mi) across. The system's convection also became more compact and organized. At that time, an anticyclone located northeast of Bopha continued to provide ample radial outflow and low vertical wind shear over the system, causing favorable conditions, leading to its re-intensification.[citation needed]
At 21:00 UTC on December 3 (05:00 December 4
Late on December 7, Bopha's central dense overcast started to increase slightly,[29] and the typhoon rapidly intensified from a Category 1 to a Category 4 typhoon in only six hours.[27] Upon reintesifying, Bopha developed a well-defined eye that had deep convection near the center of the storm.[30] On December 8, the system started to weaken due to increasing moderate wind shear.[31] Late on December 8 into December 9, Bopha weakened rapidly from a typhoon to a tropical storm, with its convection being blown to the northeast by wind shear, exposing the low level circulation center. The remaining thin convection in the center consisted of few convective thunderstorms associated with stratocumulus clouds.[32]
Preparations
Federated States of Micronesia and Palau
As Bopha was organizing, the National Weather Service (NWS) in Guam issued a tropical storm watch for the FSM islands of Nukuoro and Lukunor.[33] The watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning on November 26, and the watch was expanded to include Losap and Chuuk Lagoon.[34] As Bopha moved westward, the office also issued a tropical storm watch for Poluwat,[35] and Satawal,[36] both of which were upgraded to warnings, and a typhoon watch was issued for Woleai.[37]
The Palau National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) issued an announcement on November 29 requesting the public to stock up with emergency supplies such as food and water for three days, portable radios with spare batteries, flashlights, and first-aid kits. The citizens of Palau were also advised to secure loose objects that might be lifted up by the strong winds, board up windows, trim tree branches that could fall and damage homes, fill up vehicles with gas, secure boats and assist their communities in preparing.[38]
Philippines
Initially, the
Impact
Federated States of Micronesia and Palau
As Typhoon Bopha passed to the south of the island, power outages occurred across the island chain.[48] Communication network disruptions delayed updates on damage assessments after the storm passed. Initial damage assessments in Koror indicated slight damage, with uprooted trees and power disruption. Outside of Koror, coastal villages were affected by strong winds and rain, which flooded outlying areas.[49] Heavy rains flooded areas of Peleliu, and houses in Babeldaob were destroyed.[50]
Philippines
December 4
Rank | Storm | Season | Damage | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHP | USD | ||||
1 | Yolanda (Haiyan) | 2013 | ₱95.5 billion | $2.2 billion | [51] |
2 | Odette (Rai) | 2021 | ₱51.8 billion | $1.02 billion | [52] |
3 | Pablo (Bopha) | 2012 | ₱43.2 billion | $1.06 billion | [53] |
4 | Glenda (Rammasun) | 2014 | ₱38.6 billion | $771 million | [54] |
5 | Ompong (Mangkhut) | 2018 | ₱33.9 billion | $627 million | [55] |
6 | Pepeng (Parma) | 2009 | ₱27.3 billion | $581 million | [56] |
7 | Ulysses (Vamco) | 2020 | ₱20.2 billion | $418 million | [57] |
8 | Rolly (Goni) | 2020 | ₱20 billion | $369 million | [58] |
9 | Paeng (Nalgae) | 2022 | ₱17.6 billion | $321 million | [59] |
10 | Pedring (Nesat) | 2011 | ₱15.6 billion | $356 million | [53] |
Typhoon Bopha made landfall over Mindanao on December 4, destroying homes, cutting power and forcing the cancellation of flights and ferry services. There was only one confirmed death at that moment, but local media said people were injured by flying debris and falling trees.[60] Typhoon Bopha packed winds of up to 175 mph when it struck the island nation, bringing torrential rains that flattened entire villages, leaving thousands homeless, as well as washing out roads and bridges needed by rescue personnel trying to reach stricken regions.[61] The death toll from Bopha rose to 82 as rescuers attempted to reach areas cut off in flash floods and mudslides. There were 49 fatalities in a mudslide in the mountainous town of New Bataan alone, and another 33 died in rural settlements elsewhere in Mindanao.[62] Joe Curry, the Philippines head of Catholic Relief Services, said, "Authorities seem more prepared to deal with this storm. So far there's been more preparedness efforts at this time, but I think we're going to see the damage [reports] come out later today and tomorrow."[63][64] Flood waters “rampaged down a mountain, engulfing emergency shelters and washing away an army truck” the Associated Press (AP) reported.[65] The typhoon had affected more than 213,000 people, demolished houses and stranded people in two provinces and parts of the Visayas region, according to a disaster agency. More than 179,000 people were in evacuation centers. School classes were suspended in many cities, and dozens of flights were cancelled, according to the national disaster agency. Nearly 5,000 travellers had been left stranded at ports across the country as of December 5 because of disruption to ferry services.[66]
December 5
Lieutenant Colonel Lyndon Paniza of the army’s
Rank | Storm | Season | Fatalities | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yolanda (Haiyan) | 2013 | 6,300 | [71] |
2 | Uring (Thelma) | 1991 | 5,101–8,000 | [72] |
3 | Pablo (Bopha) | 2012 | 1,901 | [72] |
4 | "Angela" | 1867 | 1,800 | [73] |
5 | Winnie | 2004 | 1,593 | [73] |
6 | "October 1897" | 1897 | 1,500 | [73][74] |
7 | Nitang (Ike) | 1984 | 1,426 | [75] |
8 | Reming (Durian) | 2006 | 1,399 | [73][72] |
9 | Frank (Fengshen) | 2008 | 1,371 | [nb 1][76][77] |
10 | Washi (Sendong) | 2011 | 1,257 | [78] |
December 6
The civil defense office said that at least 326 people had been confirmed dead and another 379 remained missing. In
December 7
Due to the typhoon damage, Proclamation No. 522 signed by President Benigno Aquino III placed the Philippines under state of national calamity.[83]
December 8
Nearly 600 fatalities have been confirmed, and hundreds are still missing as the storm has made a U-turn and threatens the country's northwest.[84]
December 9
548 people are confirmed dead, and 827 are missing.[85]
December 10
Philippines disaster chief says 647 deaths have been confirmed and is likely to rise. 780 people are still missing, including hundreds of fishermen.[2] The storm has caused crop damage worth 8.5 billion pesos ($210 million).[86]
December 13
The
The NDRRMC said that 296 of the more than 300 missing tuna fishermen from General Santos have been rescued by Task Force Maritime Search and Rescue SarGen and to date, only 14 persons remain missing in General Santos. At least 80,000 people were left homeless.[87]
December 15
The death toll reached 1,067 people, with most in Mindanao, where floods and landslides caused major damage on December 4. A total of 834 people remain missing, about half of them are fishermen.[88]
Aftermath
International aid and assistance
- European Union: The European Commission provided Euro 10 million (₱543 million) for the victims of Typhoon Bopha, notably in the regions of Compostella Valley and Davao Oriental in Mindanao.[89]
- Australia: The Australian government provided A$7.3 million (₱307 million) for the victims of Typhoon Bopha which mostly affected Visayas and Mindanao earlier this month.[90]
- China: The Chinese government presented over US$200,000 in aid to the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines. The Red Cross Society of China also donated US$30,000 to the Philippine Red Cross.[91]
- Indonesia: The Indonesian government gave US$1 million and 4 tons of relief goods to help the typhoon victims, coursing the assistance through the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[92]
- Japan: The Japanese government announced that it provided an additional $4.2 million emergency grant aid to the Philippines for the victims of Typhoon Pablo (Bopha).[93]
- Laos: Laos extended US$30,000 in aid to the victims of the typhoon[94]
- Myanmar: The Myanmar government donated US$50,000 in rehabilitation aid to the Philippines.[95]
- Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka gave US$25,000 in aid to the Philippines for the rebuilding of homes destroyed by the typhoon.[96]
- Timor-Leste: The Timor-Leste government extended US$750,000 in assistance to the victims of Typhoon Bopha.[97]
Retirement
Due to its high death toll and damage, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) announced that the name Pablo was decommissioned and will no longer be used for tropical cyclones.[98][99][100] In February 2013, PAGASA selected the name Pepito to replace Pablo for the 2016 season, but due to the limited number of typhoons in the season, the name was instead first used in the 2020 season.[101]
In February 2013, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee announced that Bopha will also be retired from its naming lists and was replaced with the name Ampil.[102] The name Ampil was first used in the 2018 season.
See also
- List of Equatorial tropical cyclones
- Typhoon Kate (1970)
- Typhoon Tembin (2017)
- Typhoon Ike
- Tropical Storm Washi
- Typhoon Haiyan
- Typhoon Louise – another powerful typhoon that struck Mindanao as a Category 5.
- Typhoon Rai – a powerful typhoon that impacted similar areas as Bopha in 2021
- Tropical Storm Nalgae – a tropical storm that caused deadly flooding in that area even though the storm didn't make landfall in Mindanao.
Notes
- ^ The death and missing columns includes deaths caused by Typhoon Fengshen (Frank), in the MV Princess of the Stars disaster.
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External links
- JMA General Information of Typhoon Bopha (1224) from Digital Typhoon
- JMA Best Track Data of Typhoon Bopha (1224) (in Japanese)
- JTWC Best Track Data of Super Typhoon 26W (Bopha)
- 26W.BOPHA from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Humanitarian response information of Typhoon Bopha via ReliefWeb