Tyrant flycatcher

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Tyrannidae
)

Tyrant flycatchers
Yellowish flycatcher,
Empidonax flavescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Parvorder:
Tyrannida
Family: Tyrannidae
Vigors, 1825
Type genus
Tyrannus

Genera

Some 100, see text

Distribution of tyrant flycatchers

The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are a family of passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America.[1] They are considered the largest family of birds known to exist in the world, with more than 400 species. They are the most diverse avian family in every country in the Americas, except for the United States and Canada. The members vary greatly in shape, patterns, size and colors. Some tyrant flycatchers may superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, which they are named after but are not closely related to. They are members of suborder Tyranni (suboscines), which do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of most other songbirds.[2]

A number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (see Systematics). Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopis as a separate family Pipromorphidae,[3] but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other's closest relatives.[3]

Description

Most, but not all, species are rather plain, with various hues of brown, gray and white commonplace, often providing some degree of presumed

flies). Tyrant flycatchers are largely opportunistic feeders and often catch any flying or arboreal insect they encounter. However, food can vary greatly and some (like the large great kiskadee) will eat fruit or small vertebrates (e.g. small frogs). In North America, most species are associated with a "sallying" feeding style, where they fly up to catch an insect directly from their perch and then immediately return to the same perch. Most tropical species, however, do not feed in this fashion and several types prefer to glean insects from leaves and bark. Tropical species are sometimes found in mixed-species foraging flocks
, where various types of passerines and other smallish birds are found feeding in proximity.

The smallest family members are the closely related short-tailed pygmy tyrant and black-capped pygmy tyrant from the genus Myiornis (the first species usually being considered marginally smaller on average). These species reach a total length of 6.5–7 cm (2.6–2.8 in) and a weight of 4 to 5 g (0.14 to 0.18 oz). By length, they are the smallest passerines on earth, although some species of Old World warblers apparently rival them in their minuscule mean body masses if not in total length.[4] The minuscule size and very short tail of the Myiornis pygmy tyrants often lend them a resemblance to a tiny ball or insect. The largest tyrant flycatcher is the great shrike-tyrant at 29 cm (11 in) and 99.2 grams (0.219 pounds). A few species such as the streamer-tailed tyrant, scissor-tailed flycatcher and fork-tailed flycatcher have a larger total length — up to 41 cm (16 in) in the fork-tailed flycatcher at least — but this is mainly due to their extremely long tails; the fork-tailed flycatcher has the longest tail feathers of any known bird relative to their size (this being in reference to true tail feathers, not to be confused with elongated tail streamers as seen in some from the Phasianidae family of galliforms).[5]

Habitat and distribution

habitat, is highly variable, although most every land habitat in the Americas has at least some of these birds. The habitats of tropical lowland evergreen forest and montane evergreen forest have the highest single site species diversity while many habitats including rivers, palm forest, white sand forest, tropical deciduous forest edge, southern temperate forest, southern temperate forest edge, semi-humid/humid montane scrub, and northern temperate grassland have the lowest single species diversity. The variation between the highest and the lowest is extreme; ninety species can be found in the tropical lowland evergreen forests while the number of species that can be found in the habitats listed above typically are in the single digits. This may be due in part to the fewer niches
found in certain areas and therefore fewer places for the species to occupy.

Tyrannidae

specialization
among habitats is very strong in tropical lowland evergreen forests and montane evergreen forests. These habitat types, therefore, display the greatest specialization. The counts differ by three species (tropical lowland evergreen forests have 49 endemic species and montane evergreen forests have 46 endemic species). It can be assumed that they both have similar levels of specialization.

Regionally, the

Chocó
following closely behind.

Status and conservation

The

endangered and eighteen species vulnerable.[7]

Systematics

The family contains 447 species divided into 104

SACC
.

Image Genus Species
Piprites Cabanis, 1847
Phyllomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Tyrannulus
Vieillot, 1816
  • Yellow-crowned tyrannulet,
    Tyrannulus elatus
Myiopagis Salvin & Godman, 1888
Elaenia Sundevall, 1836
Ornithion Hartlaub, 1853
Camptostoma P.L. Sclater, 1857
Suiriri
d'Orbigny, 1840
  • Suiriri flycatcher,
    Suiriri suiriri
Mecocerculus P.L. Sclater, 1862
Anairetes Reichenbach, 1850
Uromyias Hellmayr, 1927
Serpophaga Gould, 1839
Nesotriccus Townsend, CH, 1895
Capsiempis
Cabanis & Heine, 1859
  • Yellow tyrannulet, Capsiempis flaveola
Polystictus Reichenbach, 1850
Pseudocolopteryx Lillo, 1905
Pseudotriccus Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885
Corythopis
Sundevall, 1836
Euscarthmus Wied-Neuwied, 1831
Pseudelaenia
W. Lanyon, 1988
Stigmatura
Sclater & Salvin, 1866
Zimmerius Traylor, 1977
Pogonotriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Phylloscartes Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Mionectes Cabanis, 1844
Leptopogon Cabanis, 1844
Guyramemua
Lopes et al., 2017
  • Chapada flycatcher (
    Guyramemua affine
    )
Sublegatus Sclater & Salvin, 1868
Inezia
Cherrie, 1909
Myiophobus Reichenbach, 1850
Nephelomyias (Ohlson, Fjeldsa and Ericson, 2009)
Myiotriccus
Ridgway, 1905
  • Ornate flycatcher (
    Myiotriccus ornatus
    )
Tachuris
Lafresnaye, 1836
  • Many-coloured rush tyrant (
    Tachuris rubrigastra
    )
Culicivora
Swainson, 1827
  • Sharp-tailed grass tyrant (
    Culicivora caudacuta
    )
Hemitriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Myiornis Bertoni, A.W., 1901
Oncostoma
P.L. Sclater, 1862
Lophotriccus Berlepsch, 1884
Atalotriccus
Ridgway, 1905
  • Pale-eyed pygmy tyrant (
    Atalotriccus pilaris
    )
Poecilotriccus Berlepsch, 1884
Taeniotriccus
Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902
  • Black-chested tyrant (
    Taeniotriccus andrei
    )
Todirostrum – typical tody-flycatchers Lesson, 1831
Cnipodectes
P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873
Rhynchocyclus Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Tolmomyias Hellmayr, 1927
Calyptura
Swainson, 1832
  • Kinglet calyptura (
    Calyptura cristata
    )
Platyrinchus
Desmarest, 1805
Neopipo
Sclater & Salvin, 1869
  • Cinnamon manakin-tyrant (
    Neopipo cinnamomea
    )
Pyrrhomyias
Cabanis & Heine, 1859
  • Cinnamon flycatcher (
    Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus
    )
Hirundinea
Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
  • Cliff flycatcher (
    Hirundinea ferruginea
    )
Lathrotriccus Lanyon,W & Lanyon,S, 1986
  • Euler's flycatcher, Lathrotriccus euleri
    • Grenadan Euler's flycatcher, Lathrotriccus euleri flaviventris - formerly Empidonax euleri johnstonei;
      extinct
      (early 1950s)
  • Grey-breasted flycatcher, Lathrotriccus griseipectus
Aphanotriccus Ridgway, 1905
Cnemotriccus
Hellmayr, 1927
  • Fuscous flycatcher (
    Cnemotriccus fuscatus
    )
Xenotriccus Dwight & Griscom, 1927
Sayornis
– phoebes Bonaparte, 1854
Mitrephanes Coues, 1882
Contopus
Cabanis, 1855
Empidonax Cabanis, 1855
Pyrocephalus Gould, 1839
Ochthornis
P.L. Sclater, 1888
  • Drab water tyrant (
    Ochthornis littoralis
    )
Satrapa
Strickland, 1844
  • Yellow-browed tyrant (
    Satrapa icterophrys
    )
Syrtidicola
Chesser et al, 2020
  • Little ground tyrant (
    Syrtidicola fluviatilis
    )
Muscisaxicola
– ground tyrants Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
Lessonia Swainson, 1832
Hymenops
Lesson, 1828
  • Spectacled tyrant (
    Hymenops perspicillatus
    )
Knipolegus F. Boie, 1826
Cnemarchus Ridgway, 1905
Xolmis F. Boie, 1826
Pyrope
Cabanis & Heine, 1860
  • Fire-eyed diucon (
    Pyrope pyrope
    )
Nengetus
Swainson, 1827
  • Grey monjita (
    Nengetus cinereus
    )
Neoxolmis Hellmayr, 1927
Myiotheretes Reichenbach, 1850
Agriornis
– shrike-tyrants Gould, 1839
Gubernetes
Such, 1825
  • Streamer-tailed tyrant (
    Gubernetes yetapa
    )
Muscipipra
Lesson, 1831
  • Shear-tailed grey tyrant (
    Muscipipra vetula
    )
Fluvicola Swainson, 1827
Arundinicola
d'Orbigny, 1840
  • White-headed marsh tyrant (
    Arundinicola leucocephala
    )
Heteroxolmis
Lanyon, W, 1986
  • Black-and-white monjita (
    Heteroxolmis dominicanus
    )
Alectrurus Vieillot, 1816
Tumbezia
Chapman, 1925
  • Tumbes tyrant (
    Tumbezia salvini
    )
Silvicultrix Lanyon, W, 1986
Ochthoeca Cabanis, 1847
Colorhamphus
Sundevall, 1872
  • Patagonian tyrant (
    Colorhamphus parvirostris
    )
Colonia
  • Long-tailed tyrant (
    Colonia colonus
    )
Muscigralla
Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
  • Short-tailed field tyrant (
    Muscigralla brevicauda
    )
Machetornis
G.R. Gray, 1841
  • Cattle tyrant (
    Machetornis rixosa
    )
Legatus
P.L. Sclater, 1859
  • Piratic flycatcher (
    Legatus leucophaius
    )
Phelpsia
W. Lanyon, 1984
  • White-bearded flycatcher (
    Phelpsia inornata
    )
Myiozetetes P.L. Sclater, 1859
Pitangus
Swainson, 1827
  • Great kiskadee (
    Pitangus sulphuratus
    )
Philohydor
Lanyon, W, 1984
  • Lesser kiskadee (
    Philohydor lictor
    )
Conopias Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1857
Megarynchus Thunberg, 1824
Tyrannopsis
Ridgway, 1905
  • Sulphury flycatcher (
    Tyrannopsis sulphurea
    )
Empidonomus
Cabanis & Heine, 1859
  • Variegated flycatcher (
    Empidonomus varius
    )
Griseotyrannus
W.E. Lanyon, 1984
  • Crowned slaty flycatcher (
    Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus
    )
Tyrannus
Lacépède, 1799
Rhytipterna Reichenbach, 1850
Sirystes Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Casiornis Des Murs , 1856
Myiarchus Cabanis, 1844
Ramphotrigon G.R. Gray, 1855
Attila Lesson, 1831

See also

  • List of tyrant flycatcher species

References

  1. ^ "Tyrant flycatchers « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  2. ^ (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  3. .
  4. from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
  5. ^ "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013" Archived June 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
  6. ^ BirdLife International (2007). Species factsheets. Accessed 12 December 2007 available online Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  8. ^ Adopt the Family Tityridae Archived 2008-05-08 at the Wayback Machine – South American Classification Committee (2007)

Further reading

External links