Tyrant flycatcher
Tyrant flycatchers | |
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Yellowish flycatcher, Empidonax flavescens | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Parvorder: | Tyrannida
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Family: | Tyrannidae Vigors, 1825 |
Type genus | |
Tyrannus | |
Genera | |
Some 100, see text | |
Distribution of tyrant flycatchers |
The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are a family of passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America.[1] They are considered the largest family of birds known to exist in the world, with more than 400 species. They are the most diverse avian family in every country in the Americas, except for the United States and Canada. The members vary greatly in shape, patterns, size and colors. Some tyrant flycatchers may superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, which they are named after but are not closely related to. They are members of suborder Tyranni (suboscines), which do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of most other songbirds.[2]
A number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (see Systematics). Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopis as a separate family Pipromorphidae,[3] but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other's closest relatives.[3]
Description
Most, but not all, species are rather plain, with various hues of brown, gray and white commonplace, often providing some degree of presumed
The smallest family members are the closely related short-tailed pygmy tyrant and black-capped pygmy tyrant from the genus Myiornis (the first species usually being considered marginally smaller on average). These species reach a total length of 6.5–7 cm (2.6–2.8 in) and a weight of 4 to 5 g (0.14 to 0.18 oz). By length, they are the smallest passerines on earth, although some species of Old World warblers apparently rival them in their minuscule mean body masses if not in total length.[4] The minuscule size and very short tail of the Myiornis pygmy tyrants often lend them a resemblance to a tiny ball or insect. The largest tyrant flycatcher is the great shrike-tyrant at 29 cm (11 in) and 99.2 grams (0.219 pounds). A few species such as the streamer-tailed tyrant, scissor-tailed flycatcher and fork-tailed flycatcher have a larger total length — up to 41 cm (16 in) in the fork-tailed flycatcher at least — but this is mainly due to their extremely long tails; the fork-tailed flycatcher has the longest tail feathers of any known bird relative to their size (this being in reference to true tail feathers, not to be confused with elongated tail streamers as seen in some from the Phasianidae family of galliforms).[5]
Habitat and distribution
Tyrannidae
Regionally, the
Status and conservation
The
Systematics
The family contains 447 species divided into 104
Image | Genus | Species |
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Piprites Cabanis, 1847 |
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Phyllomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Tyrannulus Vieillot, 1816 |
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Myiopagis Salvin & Godman, 1888 |
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Elaenia Sundevall, 1836 |
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Ornithion Hartlaub, 1853 |
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Camptostoma P.L. Sclater, 1857 |
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Suiriri d'Orbigny, 1840 |
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Mecocerculus P.L. Sclater, 1862 |
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Anairetes Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Uromyias Hellmayr, 1927 |
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Serpophaga Gould, 1839 |
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Nesotriccus Townsend, CH, 1895 |
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Capsiempis Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Polystictus Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Pseudocolopteryx Lillo, 1905 |
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Pseudotriccus Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 |
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Corythopis Sundevall, 1836 |
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Euscarthmus Wied-Neuwied, 1831 |
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Pseudelaenia W. Lanyon, 1988 |
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Stigmatura Sclater & Salvin, 1866 |
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Zimmerius Traylor, 1977 |
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Pogonotriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Phylloscartes Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Mionectes Cabanis, 1844 |
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Leptopogon Cabanis, 1844 |
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Guyramemua Lopes et al., 2017 |
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Sublegatus Sclater & Salvin, 1868 |
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Inezia Cherrie, 1909 |
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Myiophobus Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Nephelomyias (Ohlson, Fjeldsa and Ericson, 2009) |
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Myiotriccus Ridgway, 1905 |
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Tachuris Lafresnaye, 1836 |
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Culicivora Swainson, 1827 |
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Hemitriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Myiornis Bertoni, A.W., 1901 |
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Oncostoma P.L. Sclater, 1862 |
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Lophotriccus Berlepsch, 1884 |
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Atalotriccus Ridgway, 1905 |
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Poecilotriccus Berlepsch, 1884 |
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Taeniotriccus Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 |
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Todirostrum – typical tody-flycatchers Lesson, 1831 |
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Cnipodectes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873 |
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Rhynchocyclus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Tolmomyias Hellmayr, 1927 |
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Calyptura Swainson, 1832 |
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Platyrinchus Desmarest, 1805 |
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Neopipo Sclater & Salvin, 1869 |
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Pyrrhomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Hirundinea Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 |
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Lathrotriccus Lanyon,W & Lanyon,S, 1986 |
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Aphanotriccus Ridgway, 1905 |
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Cnemotriccus Hellmayr, 1927 |
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Xenotriccus Dwight & Griscom, 1927 |
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Sayornis – phoebes Bonaparte, 1854 |
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Mitrephanes Coues, 1882 |
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Contopus Cabanis, 1855 |
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Empidonax Cabanis, 1855 |
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Pyrocephalus Gould, 1839 |
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Ochthornis P.L. Sclater, 1888 |
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Satrapa Strickland, 1844 |
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Syrtidicola Chesser et al, 2020 |
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Muscisaxicola – ground tyrants Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 |
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Lessonia Swainson, 1832 |
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Hymenops Lesson, 1828 |
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Knipolegus F. Boie, 1826 |
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Cnemarchus Ridgway, 1905 |
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Xolmis F. Boie, 1826 |
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Pyrope Cabanis & Heine, 1860 |
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Nengetus Swainson, 1827 |
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Neoxolmis Hellmayr, 1927 |
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Myiotheretes Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Agriornis – shrike-tyrants Gould, 1839 |
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Gubernetes Such, 1825 |
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Muscipipra Lesson, 1831 |
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Fluvicola Swainson, 1827 |
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Arundinicola d'Orbigny, 1840 |
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Heteroxolmis Lanyon, W, 1986 |
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Alectrurus Vieillot, 1816 |
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Tumbezia Chapman, 1925 |
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Silvicultrix Lanyon, W, 1986 |
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Ochthoeca Cabanis, 1847 |
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Colorhamphus Sundevall, 1872 |
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Colonia |
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Muscigralla Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 |
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Machetornis G.R. Gray, 1841 |
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Legatus P.L. Sclater, 1859 |
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Phelpsia W. Lanyon, 1984 |
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Myiozetetes P.L. Sclater, 1859 |
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Pitangus Swainson, 1827 |
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Philohydor Lanyon, W, 1984 |
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Conopias Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1857 |
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Megarynchus Thunberg, 1824 |
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Tyrannopsis Ridgway, 1905 |
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Empidonomus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Griseotyrannus W.E. Lanyon, 1984 |
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Tyrannus Lacépède, 1799 |
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Rhytipterna Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Sirystes Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Casiornis Des Murs , 1856 |
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Myiarchus Cabanis, 1844 |
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Ramphotrigon G.R. Gray, 1855 |
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Attila Lesson, 1831 |
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See also
- List of tyrant flycatcher species
References
- ^ "Tyrant flycatchers « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
- ISBN 84-87334-69-5
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
- ISBN 978-1-55297-925-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
- ^ "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013" Archived June 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- ^ BirdLife International (2007). Species factsheets. Accessed 12 December 2007 available online Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ Adopt the Family Tityridae Archived 2008-05-08 at the Wayback Machine – South American Classification Committee (2007)
Further reading
- Fjeldså, J.; Ohlson, J.I.; Batalha Filho, H.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Irestedt, M. (2018). "Rapid expansion and diversification into new niche space by fluvicoline flycatchers". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (3). jav-01661. .
- Ohlson, J.I.; Irestedt, M.; Batalha Filho, H.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J. (2020). "A revised classification of the fluvicoline tyrant flycatchers (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae, Fluvicolinae)". Zootaxa. 4747 (1): 167–176. PMID 32230123.
- Tello, J.G.; Moyle, R.G.; Marchese, D.J.; Cracraft, J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides)". Cladistics. 25 (5): 429–467. S2CID 85422768.
External links
Tyrannidae.
- Tyrant flycatcher videos, photos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection
- Ingersoll, Ernest (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.