Tyrol

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Tyrol (disambiguation).

Tyrol
Tirol (
Austrian German)
Tirol (Ladin)
Tirolo (Italian)
Tirol (Lombard)
Tiroło (Venetian
)
Flag of Tyrol
Flag
Motto: Land im Gebirge (Austrian German)
Terra inter montes (Ladin)
Terra fra i monti (Italian)
"Country in the mountains"
Fodóm (Buchenstein), Col (Verseil), Valvestino, Magasa and Pedemonte
CapitalTirol (1027–1418)
Merano (1418–1848)
Innsbruck (1848–1918)
Innsbruck (1918–today)
Official languagesAustrian German, Italian, Ladin, Cimbrian and Mòcheno
Demonym(s)Tyrolean
Area
• Total
26,674 km2 (10,299 sq mi)
Population
• 2017 estimate
1,813,400
• Density
68/km2 (176.1/sq mi)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)

Tyrol (

Austrian German: Tirol [tiˈʁoːl] ⓘ; Italian: Tirolo) is a historical region in the Alps of Northern Italy and western Austria. The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, from its formation in the 12th century until 1919. In 1919, following World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, it was divided into two modern administrative parts through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
:

With the founding of the European region

European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation
.

Etymology

According to

Zirl, Tyrol.[6]
There seems to be no scholarly consensus.

Geography

Location

Inn Valley with a view of Kufstein and the prominent Pendling
mountain

Tyrol has an area of 26,673 km2. The region consists of the State of

Tyrol, the Province of South Tyrol and the Province of Trento. In addition to the region belong the municipalities Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, Colle Santa Lucia and Pedemonte from the Region of Veneto and Valvestino and Magasa from the Region of Lombardy. The largest cities in Tyrol are Innsbruck, Trento and Bolzano
.

The whole region of Tyrol is located in the

Salzburg. West of Tyrol lies the state of Vorarlberg and the canton of Grisons. On the southern side of Tyrol, the land is bordered by the regions of Veneto and Lombardy
.

Important rivers in Tyrol are the

German
-speaking areas.

Mountains

Lake Reschen

As the Tyrolean region is located in the Alps, the landscape is heavily influenced by the mountains. The highest mountains in Tyrol include:

Across Tyrol, on the border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps.[7] The main chain of the Alps geographically divides the Alps into a southern and northern half.

Biggest municipalities

Innsbruck with the Nordkette
Trento
Bolzano
Lienz

Municipalities of Tyrol with over 10,000 inhabitants:

Rank Municipality Inhabitants
1 Innsbruck 132,236
2 Trento 117,417
3 Bolzano/Bozen 106,951
4 Merano/Meran 40,047
5 Rovereto 39,482
6 Brixen/Bressanone 21,688
7 Pergine Valsugana 21,363
8 Kufstein 18,973
9 Laives 17,780
10
Arco
 17,588
11 Riva del Garda 17,190
12 Bruneck/Brunico 16,356
13 Telfs 15,582
14
Eppan/Appiano
 14,900
15 Hall in Tirol 13,801
16 Schwaz 13,606
17 Wörgl 13,537
18 Lana 12,046
19 Lienz 11,945
20 Imst 10,371

Austria: 1 January 2017
Italy: 31 December 2016

Society

Trentino-South Tyrol
.

Language distribution

Tyrol can be subdivided into 5 different language groups. In addition to the majority languages such as German and Italian, languages such as

Mócheno
are also spoken. The last three languages are recognized as minority languages. These language groups are mostly located in the Trentino-Alto Adige region and are thus promoted and protected by the region. The Ladin language is also spoken outside the region in Souramont (
Rhaeto-Romance language
. The Cimbrian language is also used in various linguistic islands (Sette Comuni) outside the region of Trentino-South Tyrol. The Cimbrian and the Mòcheno languages are considered as upper-Bavarian dialects. The majority in Trentino two romance languages are spoken: Lombard in western valleys, and is Venetian eastern ones, in central Trentino a transitional dialect between the lombard language and the venetian language is spoken.

Dialects

In the Austrian state of

Tyrol, the German language is used by a large majority. As in many other regions in German-speaking countries, Tyrol also has its own German-language dialect. The Tyrolean dialect comes from the Bavarian
language. In South Tyrol, the Tyrolean dialect was mixed with a few individual Italian words. Due to the difficult accessibility of the valleys in earlier years, many other valleys developed a slightly differentiated dialect compared to the Tyrolean. The Ladin language also has no uniform language, so every valley also has a slight difference in Ladinia.

Heraldry

See also: Coat of arms of Tyrol

Although the details of the arms of Tyrol have changed over the centuries, one feature has remained more-or-less constant:

Tyrol. The Province wanted to emphasize the historical commonality of the countries.[9] The Province of Trento received its coat of arms in 1340 and refers to the prince-bishopric of Trento. The former County of Tyrol
had a uniform coat of arms, which was slightly changed over the centuries.

  • Coat of arms of Tyrol (State)
    Coat of arms of
    Tyrol (State)
  • Coat of arms of the Province of South Tyrol
    Coat of arms of the Province of South Tyrol
  • Coat of arms of the Province of Trentino
    Coat of arms of the Province of Trentino
  • Coat of arms of the Region of Trentino–South Tyrol
    Coat of arms of the
    Trentino–South Tyrol
  • Coat of arms of the former County of Tyrol during the Austro-Hungarian Empire
    Coat of arms of the former
    Austro-Hungarian Empire

History

Main article: History of Tyrol

Prehistory

BP. The same cave has also yielded evidence of human occupation during the Bronze Age
(very roughly, 4000–3000 BP (2000–1000 BC)).

In 1991, the mummified remains of a man who had died around 3300–3100 BC were discovered in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps, in Tyrol. Researchers have called him Ötzi (and also other names, including "The Iceman"). He lived during the Chalcolithic or Copper Age, after man had learned how to exploit copper but before man had learned how to make bronze. His body and belongings were very well-preserved, and have been subjected to detailed scientific study. They are preserved in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.

There is evidence that Tyrol was a center for copper mining in the 4th millennium BC; for example, at Brixlegg. There is also evidence of the Urnfield culture (roughly 1300–750 BC).

Evidence of the

Rhaetians
; although it is not clear whether that then meant a specific tribe or confederation of tribes, or was a broader term for the inhabitants of the area. They made wine barrels (an idea which the Romans took from them), and had their own alphabet.

Roman times

In 15 BC, Tyrol was conquered by Roman forces commanded by

Drusus and Tiberius. The Romans established Raetia and Noricum as provinces of the Roman Empire. Raetia included Vinschgau, Burggrafenamt, Eisacktal, Wipptal, Oberinntal and parts of the Unterinntal. Noricum included Pustertal, Defereggen and parts of the Unterinntal to the right of the Ziller and the Inn. Bolzano and the extreme south of Tyrol belonged to the province of Venetia et Histria
.

The inhabitants adopted the Latin Language called vulgar Latin or the everyday spoken version vs. the standardized written formal form, and combined it with their own languages. The result was Romansh, which is still spoken today and is one of the official languages of Switzerland.

The Romans constructed

forts through Tyrol to connect the Italian peninsula and the lands beyond; notably the Via Claudia Augusta and the Via Raetia [de]. The Romans did not seem to find Tyrol an attractive area in which to build new towns, because there are few of them. One town they did build was Aguntum, near modern Lienz
.

In late antiquity (from AD 476), Tyrol belonged to the

Slavic peoples, who had recently taken Carinthia
from the Bajuvarians, settled in east Tyrol.

Middle Ages

Main article: County of Tyrol

Most of Tyrol came under the control of the

Leges Langobardorum.[10]

Tyrol Castle in Tirol, near Merano.

In 1027, Emperor Conrad II, in order to secure the important route through the Brenner Pass, allotted the left bank of the Adige (from Lana to Mezzocorona) to the Duchy of Bavaria. During the 12th century, the local nobility went further: they built Tyrol Castle in the modern comune of Tirol in South Tyrol, near modern Merano; and around 1140, established the County of Tyrol as a state within the Holy Roman Empire.

The Counts of Tyrol were at first

Vogt (underlords) subject to the Bishoprics of Brixen and Triento; but they had other ideas. They expanded their holdings at those bishoprics' expense. They displaced competing nobles like the House of Eppan [de], and declared their independence from the Duchy of Bavaria; though not without dispute. In 1228, they conceded the Saalforste [de] to the House of Wittelsbach
, rulers of Bavaria; as a result, that area remains part of Bavaria to this day.

In 1253, rulership of the County passed by inheritance to the

Habsburg by, in 1342, marrying Louis of Wittelsbach. Louis died in 1361. Margaret died in 1369, and bequeathed Tyrol to Rudolf of Habsburg. The various dynastic squabbles were resolved that same year by the Treaty of Schärding [de
], under which (for suitable compensation) the Wittelsbachs agreed to relinquish their claims to Tyrol in favour of the Habsburgs.

When the Habsburgs took control of Tyrol, it had roughly its modern size. However, the

Unterengadin
were Tyrolean.

Tyrol was of great strategic importance to the Habsburgs. It controlled several important Alpine passes. It connected their landholdings in

Meran to Innsbruck
, and Meran lost its earlier importance.

Modern Tyrol

See also: County of Tyrol

Tyrol's importance for the Habsburgs was underlined when the Tyrolean capital of Innsbruck became a centre of European politics and culture as

secularised
and incorporated into the county.

In the 19th century, Tyrol became an early pawn in the

Bozen and its hinterland) transferred to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy
.

Tyrol was reunified and returned to the Habsburgs following the downfall of Napoleon and decisions at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Integrated into the Austrian Empire, from 1867 onwards, it was a Kronland (crown land) of Cisleithania, the western half of Austria-Hungary.

After

Kingdom of Italy, including the territory of the former Bishopric of Trent, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino, as well as the southern part of the medieval County of Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol. Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. The remaining northern and eastern parts of Tyrol became the state of Tyrol in the new rump Austrian republic. In 1945 following World War II, Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful, but from 1972 onward, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
region.

Politics

Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion

Main article: Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion
Dreier-Landtag

The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion was founded in 1998. The aim is to strengthen cooperation between the separated countries.[11] In several areas, such as mobility, agriculture, education and culture will be tried to promote exchange and to raise the awareness of the cultural and historical heritage of the region of Tyrol in the minds of the population. Cross-border projects will be initiated to improve the relationship between the different language groups. To represent common ideas and values in Europe, the Euroregion has a joint office in Brussels since 1995.[12] The headquarters of the office is in Bolzano. Joint decisions are taken by organized three diet (in German: Dreier-Landtag), which have been held since 1991 mostly every two to three years with the state Diets of Trento (provincial council of Trentino), Bolzano (provincial council of South Tyrol) and Innsbruck (state council of Tyrol (State)). In 2011, the region was institutionalized and since then has its own legal entity.

Political parties

Political parties in the Italian part of Tyrol (provinces of Bolzano and Trento) include:

The Austrian part of Tyrol shares the Austrian party system:

The multiplicity of parties is due to the fact that Tyrol lies in two different nation states and thus are politically independent of each other. Another reason for the large number of parties is the great independence of the two Provinces of

Trentino-South Tyrol, especially in South Tyrol, were founded on the example of Austrian parties and have many similarities with the parties in Austria
.

Economy

In the economic sector statistics are shown, which are based largely on numbers and data of the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion. It lacks individual communities that are outside the Euroregion. As there are no 10,000 inhabitants living in these communities, the statistics hardly distort the territory of Tyrol and the remaining 1.8 million inhabitants.

Tyrol had a total GDP of 67.6 billion euros in 2014. Divided into individual countries, the State of

Trentino-South Tyrol is, in terms of GDP/capita, the wealthiest region in Italy with 37,813 euros/capita in 2015.[17]

Primary sector

Vineyards in Bolzano

Agriculture and forestry occupy a special position in Tyrol. The many small and medium-sized farms have shaped the landscape and culture in Tyrol for many centuries. In order to be competitive with larger farms outside Tyrol, there is a strong

Tyrolean Speck in the farms is very important. Horses also play an increasingly important role in livestock, for equestrian sports and farm holidays. The Haflinger horses are known in the Tyrolean region and originate from Hafling, near Merano.[21]

Secondary sector

The first industrialization reached Tyrol late in the 19th century. Most of these were small businesses that were important only in the local area. A second wave of industrialization took place at the beginning of the 20th century. Particularly affected at that time was the city of Bolzano with the Italianization policy under Fascism in the 1920s.[22]

In 2011, approximately 10% of the workplaces in all parts of the country were active in the manufacturing sector. Thus lies Tyrol in the EU average at 10.3% (2011).[23] Important branches of industry in Tyrol are the food industry, wood processing and mechanical engineering. The industry in Tyrol consists mostly of small and medium-sized companies. The craft still plays a special role throughout the region. A large part of these craft businesses are still partially small-structured and family businesses. From an economic point of view, the energy sector is important in the secondary sector. Much of the electricity produced is generated by hydropower.

Tertiary sector

A known city for tourism: Riva del Garda on Lake Garda

The most important sector in Tyrol is the tertiary sector. Especially tourism has a special position in this region. Due to the connection of the areas by the railway in the 19th century, many villages in Tyrol developed into popular tourism locations. The construction of the Brenner motorway in the 1960s gave the region in the 20th century a renewed upswing in the tourism branch. Today,

Euroregion counted over 80 million[24] overnight stays in the Tyrolean region (to compare, Province of Rome in 2011: 25.8 million overnight stays).[25]

Also important for Tyrol is the trade. Among other things, the Exhibition of Bolzano has been a meeting point for Italian and German economy already for centuries. As a transit route country, more than 2.25 million trucks (2017) drove over the Brenner Pass.[26] This means that two times more trucks travel on the Brenner Route than in all four Alpine crossing roads in Switzerland together.[27]

Transport

Tyrol is known as a transit route. The most important route between northern and southern Europe, the Brenner route, traverses the entire region. At 1370 m above the Adriatic, the Brenner Pass is the lowest pass crossing of the main chain of the Alps. Due to the linguistic diversity and the climatic transition from temperate climate (alpine climate) to mediterranean climate, the area is regarded as a bridge between the Italian and German speaking countries.

Airports

Innsbruck Airport

The most important airport in Tyrol is

Trento. These do not offer regular scheduled flights and the Bolzano Airport currently offers charter flights. There are other small airfields in Toblach, Kufstein, St. Johann in Tirol, Reutte and Cortina
. The airfield in Cortina was closed in 1976 due to a crash.

Road transport

Highways in Tyrol are the Brenner motorway and the Inntal motorway. The Brenner motorway runs from

Padova
. A large part of this route is dual-lane and flows into the Brenner state road (SS 12). Due to the
Arlberg Pass, Karer Pass, Mendel Pass and the Gardena Pass. The Provinces of Trento and Bolzano have been responsible for the preservation and management of the state roads in their provinces since 1998.[29]

Railways

Pustertal railway

The most important railway line in Tyrol is the Brenner Line via the

Berlin-Palermo, which connects northern Europe with southern Europe across the Alps. With the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel and its completion in 2027, transit traffic on the rail will be promoted and relocated. After completion, the Brenner Base Tunnel, together with the Innsbruck bypass, will be the longest railway tunnel in the world at 64 km and will reduce the travel time between Bolzano and Innsbruck from 2 hours to 45 minutes.[30][31]

Further important railway lines in Tyrol are the

Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino has set itself the goal of promoting and expanding cross-border connections. The aim is to shift traffic through the Alps to sustainable means of transport, thus protecting the Alpine environment.[32]

Local public transport

Many villages and communities are difficult to reach because of the large differences in altitude, so the region sets much on

Kaltern
.

Local public transport is usually offered with intercity buses or city buses. The city of

Merano and Trento
formerly had their own tram network, but these were displaced and replaced by the city buses and private transport in the 50s and 60s.

Culture

The Tyrolean culture has been cultivated for several centuries and passed on to future generations. The state border between South and North Tyrol is more a political border and is considered less as a cultural border. Many traditions are cultivated throughout the Tyrolean region and show little differences. In all cultural areas such as food, dress or customs there are many similarities. Nevertheless, the individual language groups, especially the minority languages, try to maintain and promote their own linguistic identity.

Tyrolean cuisine

Tyrolean Speck

The

bacon (in German: Speck) or grey cheese is eaten on the farms.[33]

The Tyrolean dishes show only slight differences throughout Tyrol. Due to the Mediterranean conditions in the southern part of Tyrol, a lot of wine is grown and is therefore also an important part of the Tyrolean dish, especially in

Trentino-South Tyrol. In this region also a food culture is cultivated with a mixture of Italian and Tyrolean specialties.[35][36]

Tyrolean Rifles

Trentino Rifle Company in front of Castle of Castellano

The Tyrolean Rifles were a militia organized in case of an attack on

crown land, which required Tyrol to defend its territory. The militia consisted mostly of citizens and peasants who were responsible only for the defence of their own land and were not obliged to go to war on behalf of the Habsburg monarchy. They were authorized by an order signed by Emperor Maximilian I in 1511 that remained valid until 1918. The Tyrolean Rifles became known in 1809 when Tyrolese peasants rose up and fought against the French-Bavarian occupation under Napoleon. The ensuing four Battles of Bergisel were led by Andreas Hofer. The Rifles were also used in World War I in 1915 on the Dolomite front. After the separation of Tyrol and the downfall of the monarchy, the companies also lost their task of defending their country. Nevertheless, they remained as a non-governmental organization. Today, the Rifles are responsible as an organization for the preservation of the Tyrolean culture and are always present at important political events in Tyrol.[37]

Customs

Many Tyrolean customs were created centuries ago and are passed on by the population for the next generations. Typical in the Alpine region are the many individual customs in the valleys. Due to the seclusion of the valleys, the locals developed their own customs. Many customs have been created by legends and narratives, others by the close connection to the church. There are also traditions that are cultivated everywhere in the Tyrolean region and do not differ from other valleys and villages. These customs give local people an identity and thus feel the community more connected.[38]

  • Krampus in Dobbiaco. Typical in the alpine region.
    Dobbiaco
    . Typical in the alpine region.
  • Imster Schemenlaufen in Imst
    Imster Schemenlaufen in Imst
  • Herz Jesu Fire in whole Tyrol
    Herz Jesu Fire in whole Tyrol

Sports

Tyrol is traditionally a winter sports country. Many athletes, such as Gustav Thöni, Benjamin Raich, Carolina Kostner, Gregor Schlierenzauer, Toni Sailer and Armin Zöggeler have already won overall World Cups and medals at World Championships and Olympic Games. Even in summer sports, several athletes from Tyrol were and still are among the best in the world. In water jumping Tania Cagnotto and Klaus Dibiasi won several medals. In cycling, Francesco Moser won the Giro d'Italia. Andreas Seppi played against the best tennis players in the world for many years. In bouldering Anna Stöhr was one of the best in the world. Many Tyrolean mountaineers such as

alpinism
.

Football

The

Erste Liga
" (second highest category of Austria).

In the Region of

AC Trento are the two most important clubs. Both teams participated in the Italian Serie C (third highest league in Italy) for several seasons. The AC Trento has a long history until 1921.[40] FC Südtirol was founded in 1995.[41] AC Trento are currently (2018) playing in the Italian Serie D (fourth highest league in Italy) and FC Südtirol in Serie C
. Thus, the FC Südtirol is the only professional football club in the region.

Ice hockey

EBEL
.

Ice hockey is a very popular sport in Tyrol. Important clubs are the

HC Fassa and EC Kitzbühel
).

In 2005, the

1994 Ice Hockey World Championship took place in Bolzano, Canazei
and Milan.

Volleyball

In volleyball,

PalaOnda in Bolzano.[44]

TSV Unterhaching.[45]

Sports events

Alpine Skiing World Cup in Kitzbühel

In Tyrol, the

Cortina
. Most of the big annual sporting events in Tyrol take place in winter. The
Alpine Skiing World Cup is held in Kitzbühel, Val Gardena, Cortina and Madonna di Campiglio
. These races are classics in the Ski World Cup and have a long tradition. A famous
Val di Fiemme. Part of the Four Hills Tournament is the Bergisel Ski Jump in Innsbruck. A stage of the Tour de Ski is also located in Toblach
.

Some summer sports events are also held in Tyrol. The

ATP World Series tennis tournament is organized in Kitzbühel
.

Universities and research institutions

Faculty of Economics – University of Trento
Main building of University of Innsbruck
Main building of Free University of Bozen-Bolzano

Universities

Colleges

Independent research institutions

See also

References

  1. ^ "Tyrol". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 75 (1794), p. 160, at Google Books
  3. ^ "Zeitungen aus der ganzen Welt" (in German). Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via PressReader.
  4. ^ Venice under the yoke of France and of Austria, p. PA1, at Google Books
  5. ISBN 88-7014-634-0
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  6. ISBN 3-7030-0279-4
    .
  7. ^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Tirol" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1010.
  8. ^ Fox-Davies, A. C. (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. pp. 234–235.
  9. ^ "Wappen und Banner: Symbole der Autonomie". Province of South Tyrol. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
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External links

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