Tuva
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
Republic of Tuva | |
---|---|
Республика Тыва | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Tuvan | Тыва Республика |
• Russian | Республика Тыва |
ISO 3166 code | RU-TY |
License plates | 17 |
OKTMO ID | 93000000 |
Official languages | Russian;[10] Tuvan[11] |
Website | rtyva |
People | Tuvan / Tyvans Тывалар (Tıvalar) Тувинцы (Tuvintsy) |
---|---|
Language | Tuvan / Tyvan Тыва дыл (Tyva dyl) |
Country | Tuva / Tyva Тува́ (Tuvá) Тыва (Tıva) |
Tuva | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mongolian name | |||||
Mongolian Cyrillic | Тува | ||||
| |||||
Russian name | |||||
Russian | Тыва́ | ||||
Romanization | Tyva | ||||
Tuvan name | |||||
Tuvan | Тыва Республика | ||||
Tuvan Transliteration name | |||||
Tuvan Transliteration | Tyva Respublika |
Tuva (.
Historically part of Outer Mongolia as Tannu Uriankhai during the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, Tuva broke away in 1911 as the Uryankhay Republic following the Xinhai Revolution, which created the Republic of China. It became a Russian protectorate in 1914 and was replaced by the nominally independent Tuvan People's Republic in 1921 (known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926),[14] recognized only by its neighbors the Soviet Union and Mongolia, before being annexed into the former in 1944.[15] A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. The Great Khural is the regional parliament of Tuva.
History
From 1758 to 1911, Tuva was part of China's
A Tuvan capital was established, called
From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist
In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's
Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, after the Soviet victory in World War II.[25] Salchak Toka, leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[26] The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961.[25]
In February 1990, the
Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which deals with local legislation.[29] The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993.[30] At the same time, the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва).[31]
Geography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2018) |
The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south of
- Borders:
- internal: Khakassia (NW/N), Krasnoyarsk Krai (N), Irkutsk Oblast (N/NE), Buryatia (E), Altai Republic (SW/W)
- international: Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Khövsgöl Province, Uvs Province and Zavkhan Province) (S) (border line length: 1,305 kilometers (811 mi))
- Highest point: Mount Mongun-Tayga, 3,970 meters (13,020 ft)
- Maximum N–S distance: 450 kilometers (280 mi)
- Maximum E–W distance: over 700 kilometers (430 mi)
- Area: 170,427 square kilometers (65,802 sq mi)
Rivers
There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tyvan Republic, including the upper course of the
Major rivers include:
- Yenisei River(also called Ulug-Khem)
- Kantegir River
- Khemchik River
- Maly Yenisei River(also called Ka-Khem or Kaa-Khem)
- Upper Yenisei River(also called Biy-Khem or Bii-Khem)
Lakes
There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and
Mountains
The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola mountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier.
Administrative divisions
Demographics
Population: 336,651 (
Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived 12 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine[35]
Years | Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 233 | 6,559 | 1,938 | 4,621 | 28.2 | 8.3 | 19.8 | |
1975 | 253 | 6,950 | 2,306 | 4,644 | 27.5 | 9.1 | 18.4 | |
1980 | 272 | 7,133 | 2,748 | 4,385 | 26.2 | 10.1 | 16.1 | |
1985 | 287 | 8,110 | 2,624 | 5,486 | 28.3 | 9.1 | 19.1 | |
1990 | 309 | 8,116 | 2,664 | 5,452 | 26.3 | 8.6 | 17.7 | 3.22 |
1991 | 304 | 7,271 | 2,873 | 4,398 | 23.9 | 9.5 | 14.5 | 2.97 |
1992 | 303 | 6,545 | 3,006 | 3,539 | 21.6 | 9.9 | 11.7 | 2.68 |
1993 | 302 | 6,130 | 3,480 | 2,650 | 20.3 | 11.5 | 8.8 | 2.50 |
1994 | 303 | 6,076 | 4,086 | 1,990 | 20.1 | 13.5 | 6.6 | 2.46 |
1995 | 304 | 6,172 | 4,010 | 2,162 | 20.3 | 13.2 | 7.1 | 2.47 |
1996 | 305 | 5,705 | 4,110 | 1,595 | 18.7 | 13.5 | 5.2 | 2.25 |
1997 | 305 | 4,908 | 3,954 | 954 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 3.1 | 1.91 |
1998 | 306 | 5,267 | 3,631 | 1,636 | 17.2 | 11.9 | 5.4 | 2.02 |
1999 | 306 | 4,894 | 4,142 | 752 | 16.0 | 13.5 | 2.5 | 1.86 |
2000 | 306 | 4,871 | 4,170 | 701 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 2.3 | 1.83 |
2001 | 305 | 4,992 | 4,165 | 827 | 16.3 | 13.6 | 2.7 | 1.85 |
2002 | 305 | 5,727 | 4,576 | 1,151 | 18.8 | 15.0 | 3.8 | 2.10 |
2003 | 305 | 6,276 | 4,633 | 1,643 | 20.6 | 15.2 | 5.4 | 2.28 |
2004 | 304 | 6,127 | 4,090 | 2,037 | 20.2 | 13.5 | 6.7 | 2.19 |
2005 | 303 | 5,979 | 4,326 | 1,653 | 19.8 | 14.3 | 5.5 | 2.11 |
2006 | 302 | 5,950 | 3,802 | 2,148 | 19.7 | 12.6 | 7.1 | 2.06 |
2007 | 302 | 7,568 | 3,687 | 3,881 | 25.1 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 2.60 |
2008 | 303 | 7,874 | 3,526 | 4,348 | 26.0 | 11.6 | 14.3 | 2.68 |
2009 | 305 | 8,242 | 3,666 | 4,576 | 27.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 2.97 |
2010 | 307 | 8,262 | 3,566 | 4,696 | 26.9 | 11.6 | 15.3 | 3.03 |
2011 | 308 | 8,478 | 3,403 | 5,075 | 27.5 | 11.0 | 16.5 | 3.25 |
2012 | 310 | 8,266 | 3,471 | 4,795 | 26.7 | 11.2 | 15.5 | 3.35 |
2013 | 311 | 8,111 | 3,399 | 4,728 | 26.1 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 3.42 |
2014 | 313 | 7,921 | 3,419 | 4,502 | 25.3 | 10.9 | 14.4 | 3.48 |
2015 | 315 | 7,489 | 3,258 | 4,231 | 23.8 | 10.3 | 13.5 | 3.39 |
2016 | 317 | 7,421 | 3,112 | 4,309 | 23.2 | 9.8 | 13.4 | 3.35 |
2017 | 320 | 6,977 | 2,788 | 4,189 | 21.9 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 3.19 |
2018 | 323 | 6,539 | 2,857 | 3,682 | 20.2 | 8.8 | 11.4 | 2.97 |
2019 | 326 | 6,158 | 2,718 | 3,440 | 18.6 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 2.72 |
2020 | 330 | 6,582 | 3,024 | 3,601 | 20.0 | 9.2 | 10.8 | 2.97 |
2021 | 332 | 6,629 | 3,028 | 3,558 | 20.0 | 9.1 | 10.9 | 2.94 |
2022 | 5,997 | 2,867 | 3,130 | 17.9 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 2.51 | |
2023 | 5,738 | 2,986 | 2,752 | 16.9 | 8.8 | 8.1 |
- Average life expectancy: Tuva: 56.5 (average male and female, UNDP data); Russia: (UN data) Male 59 (world rank 166); Female 73 (127)
Ethnic groups
According to the
(10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.Ethnic group |
1959 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 2002 census | 2010 census | 2021 census1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Tuvans | 97,996 | 57.0% | 135,306 | 58.6% | 161,888 | 60.5% | 198,448 | 64.3% | 235,313 | 77.0% | 249,299 | 82.0% | 279,789 | 88.7% |
Russians | 68,924 | 40.1% | 88,385 | 38.3% | 96,793 | 36.2% | 98,831 | 32.0% | 61,442 | 20.1% | 49,434 | 16.3% | 31,927 | 10.1% |
Khakas
|
1,726 | 1.0% | 2,120 | 0.9% | 2,193 | 0.8% | 2,258 | 0.7% | 1,219 | 0.4% | 877 | 0.3% | 359 | 0.1% |
Others | 3,282 | 1.9% | 5,053 | 2.2% | 6,725 | 2.5% | 9,020 | 2.9% | 7,526 | 2.5% | 4,427 | 1.4% | 3,483 | 1.1% |
121,093 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[37] |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1959 | 171,928 | — |
1970 | 230,864 | +34.3% |
1979 | 266,453 | +15.4% |
1989 | 309,129 | +16.0% |
2002 | 305,510 | −1.2% |
2010 | 307,930 | +0.8% |
2021 | 336,651 | +9.3% |
Source: Census data |
During the period from 1959–2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan (Turkic) and Russian (Slavic).
Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population of
Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of the population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly
Religion
Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people:
The Tuvan people – along with the
Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries.[46] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing.[47][48]
According to a 2012 survey,[41] 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism, 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity, 1% to Protestantism. In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.[41]
Politics
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993.
The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak. On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[49] Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007.[50] Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg.
Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural, has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term.
Economy
In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate [51] and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9% [52]
Mining
Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva,[53] which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes.[54]
Transportation
Tuva does not have a railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there.[55] The Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line was scheduled to be completed in 2026.
Tuva is served by Kyzyl Airport.
Culture
Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asian
The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone,
Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1,
Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[61]
Religion
Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future.[56]
In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence of Khambo Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[56]
Music
Sports
Bandy, a sport similar to ice hockey, is played in Tuva.[62] Mongolian-style wrestling is very popular, as are most martial arts.[clarification needed][63] Horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area.[64]
Miscellaneous
- In the 1920s and 1930s, postage stamps from Tuva were issued. Many philatelists have been fascinated with Tuva because of these stamps. The stamps were issued mainly during the brief period of Tuvan independence and were not accepted by serious collectors until recently as they were thought to be produced in Moscow and not to represent a genuine postal service.[65]
- According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to the native peoples of North and South America.[66]
- Physicist Richard Feynman details in his autobiographical works that he became fascinated with Tuva as a child and was able to make limited contact with the country despite the constraints of the Soviet period. His unsuccessful attempts to visit were detailed in Ralph Leighton's book Tuva or Bust!
- The Man vs Wild adventure TV show.[67]
Notable people
- Sainkho Namtchylak (born 1957), throat and experimental singer
- Kongar-ool Ondar (1962–2013), the Groovin' Tuvan, master throat singer and a member of the Great Khural of Tuva.
- Stepan Saryg-Ool (1908–1983), Soviet Tuvan poet, writer, folklore specialist, and politician.
- Sergei Shoygu (born 1955), current Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation
See also
- Altai-Sayan region
- List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
- List of Tuvans
- Music of Tuva
- Tuva horse
Notes
- ^ Russian: Респу́блика Тыва́; Tuvan: Тыва Республика, romanized: Tıva Respublika [tʰɯˈʋa resˈpʰuplika]
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(help)[dead link] - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
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Sources
- DONAHOE, Brian "Hey, you! Get offa my taiga!": Comparing the sense of property rights among the Tofa and Tozhu-Tyva. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology working papers, nº 38. Halle/Saale: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 2002; ISSN 1615-4568.
- 6 мая 2001 г. «Конституция Республики Тыва», в ред. Конституционного закона №748 ВХ-2 от 7 июля 2008 г. (May 6, 2001 Constitution of the Tyva Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #748 VKh-2 of July 7, 2008. ).
External links
- (in Russian) Official website of Tuva
- (in Russian) Website of Tuva Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Russian) Tuva in Russia.Travel
- (in English and Japanese) Friends of Tuva, Japan
- (in English, Russian, Japanese, and Esperanto)More complete collection of Tuvan Stamps (1926–1943) Archived 29 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- TyvaWiki:Main Page