Tzachas

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Tzachas
Çaka
Bey
Modern representation of Tzachas in the Istanbul Naval Museum
1st Bey of Smyrna
Reignc. 1081 ‒ 1093
Successorson of Tzachas (name unknown)
BornUnknown
Died1093
Sultanate of Rum
(modern-day Turkey)
IssueAyşe Hatun
ReligionIslam

Tzachas (

Asia Minor and the islands lying off shore in 1088–91. At the peak of his power, he even declared himself Byzantine emperor, and sought to assault Constantinople in conjunction with the Pechenegs. In 1092, a Byzantine naval expedition under John Doukas inflicted a heavy defeat on him and retook Lesbos, while in the next year he was slain by his son-in-law Kilij Arslan I
. Smyrna and the rest of Tzachas' former domain were recovered by the Byzantines a few years later, in c. 1097.

Life

Very little is known about his life, and that mostly from only one source, the

Danishmendname as Chavuldur Chaka (Turkish: Çavuldur Çaka),[1] but it is not a very reliable source due to the semi-legendary nature of its material.[2]

According to the Alexiad, Tzachas was originally a raider, who was taken as a prisoner by the Byzantines during the reign of

protonobilissimus and rich gifts. However, when Alexios I Komnenos deposed Botaneiates in 1081, Tzachas lost his position and fled Byzantium.[2][3]

From ca. 1088 on, he used his base at

Methymna), Samos, Chios and Rhodes. A Byzantine fleet under Niketas Kastamonites was sent against him, but Tzachas defeated it in battle.[3][4] Some modern scholars have speculated that his activities during this time may have been in conjunction, and perhaps even coordination, with two contemporary Byzantine rebels, Rhapsomates in Cyprus, and Karykes in Crete.[2]

In 1090/91, the Byzantines under Constantine Dalassenos recovered Chios.[3][5] Undeterred, Tzachas rebuilt his forces, and resumed his attacks, even proclaiming himself emperor (basileus) and seeking to conclude an alliance against Alexios I with the Pechenegs in Thrace for a joint attack on Constantinople.[2][3] In 1092, Dalassenos and the new megas doux, John Doukas, were sent against Tzachas, and attacked the fortress of Mytilene on Lesbos. Tzachas resisted for three months, but finally had to negotiate a surrender of the fortress. During his return to Smyrna, Dalassenos attacked the Turkish fleet, which was almost destroyed.[3][6]

According to the Alexiad, in spring 1093, Tzachas attacked the port of

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Kilij Arslan I (r. 1092–1107), who was married to Tzachas's daughter Ayşe Hatun and was thus his son-in-law, to attack Tzachas from the rear. The Sultan advanced to Abydos, where, at the pretext of inviting Tzachas to a banquet, he had his father-in-law murdered.[3][7] However, c. 1097 a "Tzachas"—possibly the original Tzachas' son—is reported as still holding Smyrna when the Byzantine army under John Doukas recaptured the city.[2][3][8]

Legacy

The modern Turkish Naval Forces officially consider 1081, the capture of Smyrna by Tzachas, as their founding date.[9]

See also

Footnotes

  1. modern Turkish alphabet "Çaka", prevailed especially in modern Turkey, after Akdes Nimet Kurat used it in his work Çaka: Orta Zamanda İzmir ve Yakınındaki Adaların Türk Hakimi, Istanbul, 1936, ... yüksek siyasî ve askerî görüş sahibi olarak büyük önem taşıyan bu bey'in adının gerçek söylenişi henüz tamamen kesinliğe kavuşmuş değildir. Bu hususta şimdiye kadar üç ihtimal ileri sürülmüştür: Çaka, Çağa, Çakan. AN Kurat'ın bunu "Çaka" kabûl ederek eserini de "Çaka Bey" diye adlandırması, özellikle memleketimizde Çaka şeklinin yaygınlaşmasına yol açmıştır denebilir. (Tarih Dergisi, Cilt 20, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, İbrahim Horoz Basımevi, 1983, p. 56.
    )

References

  1. ^ Alexander Daniel Beihammer, (2017), Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040-1130, p. 272
  2. ^ a b c d e Mallett 2013
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Brand 1991, p. 2134.
  4. ^ Anna Komnene. Alexiad, VII.8 (Dawes 1928, p. 183).
  5. ^ Anna Komnene. Alexiad, VII.8 (Dawes 1928, pp. 183–187).
  6. ^ Anna Komnene. Alexiad, IX.1 (Dawes 1928, pp. 214–217).
  7. ^ Anna Komnene. Alexiad, IX.3 (Dawes 1928, pp. 219–220).
  8. ^ Anna Komnene. Alexiad, XI.5 (Dawes 1928, p. 281)
  9. ^ "Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı Tarihçesi" [History of the Naval Forces Command] (in Turkish). Turkish Naval Forces Command. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

Sources

Further reading
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