Užican dialect

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Užican
угуваачча / uguvaačča
ужички говор / užički govor
Pronunciation
moribund, suppressed by the standard language
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologuzic1234
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The Užice dialect or Zlatibor dialect (

Stari Vlah) in the southwestern part of Serbia.[2][3][4]

Names

One of the earliest mentions of the local dialect of

Užicans is called the Bosnian language.[6]

Today

Muslims (who primarily dwell in the municipalities of Nova Varoš, Priboj, Prijepolje, and Sjenica in the Zlatibor District) claim to speak Bosnian. The name Serbo-Croatian was also used during the Yugoslav era.[7]

Classification

South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
  • Kajkavian
  • Timok–Lužnica
    )
    		•
    • Accents
      • Ikavian
    Eastern South Slavic
    Transitional dialects
    Alphabets
    a Includes
    Banat Bulgarian alphabet
    .

    The Užice dialect is a

    Ekavian accent (which is dominant in Serbia) in speech and writing, instead of the traditional Ijekavian.[9] Nevertheless, the original Ijekavian forms of local toponyms such as Bioska, Đetinja, Prijepolje, Bjeluša, Kosjerić, Drijetanj etc., are usually preserved, as these are the names used in official documents and other publications.[10] However, there is also a number of toponyms which were Ekavized in the written language, although their original Ijekavian forms have often survived in the spoken language. These include Donja Bela Reka / Gornja Bela Reka, Kriva Reka, Seništa and others, which can often be heard as Bijela Rijeka, Kriva Rijeka, Sjeništa etc. in conversation among the locals.[11]

    In the Central South Slavic

    Užice region and Bosnia were even stronger in the past, as parts of this region once belonged to the mediaeval Bosnian state, and the mediaeval local population were followers of the Church of Bosnia.[12]

    History

    The local population descends from the

    Tara Mountain, Negbina, Murtenica, Čigota etc.,[14] or the mediaeval Užican personal name Brajan of Celtic origin.[15]

    Mediaeval records of local toponyms show

    Ikavian characteristics of the local Slavonic vernacular, similarly to the mediaeval Bosnian language. These toponyms include Bila Rika, Siča Rika, Biluša, and others, which are today known as Bela Reka or Bijela Rijeka, Seča Reka, and Bjeluša (either Ijekavian accent or Ekavized during the 19th and 20th centuries).[15]

    The dialect’s vocabulary was later influenced by the

    Ottoman Turkish language.[16] A mention of the respectable Turkish influence on Užican language and mentality is also found in the novel Došljaci by a notable Užice writer Milutin Uskoković
    :

    The Turkish influence still remained in speech and mentality. The language ... is full with Turkish words. Older Užicans are at home still very much like the Turks

    — Milutin Uskoković, Došljaci (1919)

    During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the

    Užicans descend from these settlers.[17] The local dialect was then influenced by the Younger Ijekavian dialects of Herzegovina and Montenegro, and thus became one of the Eastern Herzegovinian dialects.[18]

    Characteristics

    Phonetics

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    Vowels
    front central back
    close i u
    mid ɛ (ə, ə̆) [1] ɔ
    open ä [2]
    1. ^ Schwa is an allophone of /i/, /u/ or /ɛ/, which are reduced in mid-word position when not stressed.
    2. ^ The open back unrounded vowel may also occur as an allophone of /a/.
    Consonants
    labial dental &
    alveolar     		post-
    alveolar         		alveolo-
    palatal         		palatal velar
    plosive
    		 p  b
    d [1]
    		 k  ɡ
    Nasal m
    n
         		ɲ (ŋ) [2]
    fricative
    		 s  z [1] ʃ  ʒ ɕ  (ʑ) [3]
    affricate
    		 ts [1] tʃ  dʒ tɕ  dʑ
    trill
    r [4]
    approximant ʋ j
    lateral approximant
    ɫ) [5]
    		 ʎ
    1. ^
      alveolar ridge, thus being more dental than truly alveolar
      .
    2. velar nasal is not a phoneme, it only occurs as an allophone
      of /n/ before velar consonants, e.g. [ˈbraːŋko].
    3. fricatives occur when /s/ or /ʃ/ and /z/ or /ʒ/ undergone iotation. The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
      is much rarer because the iotation with /z/ is usually omitted.
    4. alveolar trill
      can be syllabic in some words.
    5. velarized
      in this dialect.

    Literature

    The significant portion of the Užican

    Užicans, also spelled Era), who is portrayed as a most clever, witty, and hospitable person, although he is just a simple Zlatiborian peasant. In these short anecdotes, he always succeeds to trick the others at the end, even though they hold a higher position in the society or are often considered smarter than him (priests, Ottoman and Serbian nobility, the police, etc.).[19] Characters similar to smart and clever Ero are found in anecdotes across the Balkans: in the stories about Nasredin Hodža, of oriental origin, or Karagiozis in the Greek and Turkish literatures.[20]

    The written literature, on the other hand, usually stuck to the

    Mileševa monastery in 1544, and Evangelion and Pentecostarion printed in Mrkša’s Church in 1562 and 1566, respectively.[22] After the printing centres in Užican monasteries were demolished by the Ottoman Turks, a manuscript culture arose in the Rača monastery. The manuscripts produced in Rača were written in Church Slavonic, but they contained many elements of the Užican vernacular.[23] The first works compiled in the local dialect by literate Užicans appeared in the 19th century. They include Miladin Radović's chronicle Samouki rukopis, and the Prophecy of Kremna which was told by Zechariah Zaharić, the protopope of Kremna
    .

    References

    1. ^ Павле Ивић, „Дијалектологија српскохрватског језика – увод и штокавско наречје“, Сремски Карловци – Нови Сад 2001, p. 175
    2. ^ a b Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор“, Титово Ужице 1970, p. 74
    3. Polimlje and Podblaće
      , which comprise a region with some specific geographic, and somewhat also ethnographic characteristics within Serbia – Р. Познановић, „Традиционално усмено народно стваралаштво Ужичког краја“, Посебна издања Етнографског института САНУ 30/1, Београд 1988, pp. 24–25
    4. ^ According to 2002 population census in Serbia there were 313,396 people living in the Zlatibor District (the capital of which is Užice) and 224,772 people settled in the Moravica District (the capital of which is Čačak).
    5. ^ Evlija Čelebi, „Putopis“, Sarajevo 1973.
    6. ^ Љубомир Симовић, „Ужице са вранама“, Београд 2002, p. 39 and 43
    7. ^ cf. the population censa in Serbia and former Yugoslavia
    8. ^ Живојин Станојчић, Љубомир Поповић, „Граматика српскога језика“, Београд 2004, p. 10
    9. ^ Љубомир Симовић, „Ужице са вранама“, Београд 2002, p. 274
    10. ^ as recognized by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia Archived 2009-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
    11. ^ cf. Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор“; Љубиша Р. Ђенић, „Златиборски летопис“; Љубомир Симовић, „Ужице са вранама“ and other works that nonetheless mention them in their original Ijekavian forms.
    12. ^ Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор у прошлости“, Титово Ужице 1983, p. 11
    13. ^ Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор“, Титово Ужице 1970, p. 73
    14. ^ Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор у прошлости“, Титово Ужице 1983, p. 6
    15. ^ a b Ахмед С. Аличић, „Турски катастарски пописи неких подручја западне Србије – XV и XVI век“, Чачак 1984
    16. ^ Љубомир Симовић, „Ужице са вранама“, Београд 2002, p. 140
    17. ^ Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор у прошлости“, Титово Ужице 1983, p. 50
    18. Ijekavian. Both Dubrovnik and Lika, like Užice, were settled by migrants from Herzegovina during the Ottoman rule over the Balkans
      .
    19. ^ Bulletin of the Ethnographic Institute SASA, vol XLVI, Belgrade 1997: Десанка Николић, „Анегдота – израз ерског менталитета“
    20. ^ Р. Ангелова, „Любими геори на хумористичните приказки и анегдотите у някои славянски и неславянски народи“, Език и литература XXVIII/3, София 1973, pp. 16–17
    21. ^ Милисав Р. Ђенић, „Златибор у прошлости“, Титово Ужице 1983, p. 10
    22. ^ Љубомир Симовић, „Ужице са вранама“, Београд 2002, pp. 44–47
    23. ^ Љубомир Симовић, „Ужице са вранама“, Београд 2002, pp. 53–57

    External links

    Užican dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Užican_dialect&oldid=1159189144"