United States Capitol
United States Capitol | |
---|---|
Location of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. | |
General information | |
Architectural style | American neoclassic |
Town or city | Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. |
Country | United States |
Coordinates | 38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W |
Construction started | September 18, 1793 |
Completed | 1800 (first occupation) 1962 (last extension) |
Client | Washington administration |
Technical details | |
Floor count | 5 |
Floor area | 16.5 acres (67,000 m2)[1] |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | William Thornton, designer (see Architect of the Capitol) |
Website | |
www www | |
United States Capitol | |
Added to NRHP | December 19, 1960[2] |
The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Although no longer at the geographic center of the city of Washington, the Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well as its four quadrants.
Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the
History
Background
Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors had met at Independence Hall and Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Federal Hall in New York City, and five additional locations: York, Pennsylvania, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland, and Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey, and Trenton, New Jersey.[3] In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781.
After adopting the
The U.S. Congress was established upon
Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city.[7] L'Enfant chose Jenkin's Hill as the site for the Congress House, with a grand avenue, which is now Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. and connects it with the White House, and a public space containing a broader grand avenue (now the National Mall) stretching westward to the Potomac River.[8][9]
Name
The term "Capitol" (from Latin Capitolium) originally denoted the Capitoline Hill in Rome and the Temple of Jupiter that stood on its summit.[10] The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was the Williamsburg Capitol in Virginia.[11] Thomas Jefferson had sat here as a member of the House of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name "Capitol" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the "Congress House".[8] "Capitol" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with "capital"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city.[12]
Design competition
In early 1792, Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the "President's House", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time.[13] The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect.[14] However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.[15]
A late entry by amateur architect
The original design by Thornton was later modified by the British-American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe Sr., and then Charles Bulfinch.[23] The current cast-iron dome and the House's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas Ustick Walter and August Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,[24] and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark.[25]
Construction
L'Enfant secured the lease of
Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the "President's House" (also later known as the "Executive Mansion"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.[29] George Hadfield was hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far.[30]
The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until the
Early religious use
For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the "hall" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the "Oven", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now called
It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and of James Madison (1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after the Civil War – were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist, Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson, Vice President Aaron Burr, and a "crowded audience".[32]
War of 1812
Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812.
George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda rising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper.
The House and Senate Wings
By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and President
When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out by
Capitol dome
The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed by
Like Mansart's dome at Les Invalides in Paris (which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a large oculus in the inner dome, through which is seen The Apotheosis of Washington painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports the Statue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddesses Minerva or Athena.[36][37] The cast iron for the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).[38] The dome's cast iron frame was supplied and constructed by the iron foundry Janes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.[39] The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks of Poole & Hunt.[40]
Later expansion
When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico, built in 1828.[41]
In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings, who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings in 1904.[42]
In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.[
Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred blocks. These were first stored on site at the Capitol and then in an unused yard at the
On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared a
On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for the
A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.[54] As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,[43] but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014.[55] Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014, enclosing and obscuring the dome.[54][56] All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016.[57]
With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2001/2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network for Wi-Fi and mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was an Israeli company called Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired by Corning Incorporated.[58][59]
Interior
The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example of neoclassical architecture.
Tunnels and internal
Art
The Capitol has a long history in
Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He is responsible for the painting of
Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings include The Baptism of
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting by Francis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing.[62]
The Capitol also houses the
Crypt
On the ground floor is an area known as
Within the Crypt is
Features
At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue.
Twelve presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing, most recently George H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln.
The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were a spa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and a massage parlor.
A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.
Height
Contrary to a popular myth,
House Chamber
The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.[68] The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events.
The Chamber is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. The United States national motto "In God We Trust" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits.
In order, clockwise around the chamber:
There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber, as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster: "Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered."[69]
Senate Chamber
The current
Old Chambers
Statuary Hall (Old Hall of the House)
The National
Old Senate Chamber
The Old Senate Chamber is a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935.
Old Supreme Court Chamber
This room was originally the lower half of the Old Senate Chamber from 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructed United States Supreme Court Building across the street.
Floor plans
Exterior
Grounds
The
Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Three arches open into the hexagonal structure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificial grotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation.[72]
Flags
Up to four
Major events
The Capitol, as well as the grounds of
The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals
On September 24, 2015, Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so.[74]
Security
The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of United Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in the September 11 attacks. The plane crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers.[75][76]
Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,
After the
List of security incidents
- On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. As President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring.[80] Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including Davy Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.
- On April 23, 1844, then House-Speaker John White was involved in a physical confrontation on the House floor with Democratic Congressman George O. Rathbun of New York. White was delivering a speech in defense of Senator Henry Clay, the Whig nominee for president in that year's presidential election, and objected to a ruling from the Speaker denying him time to conclude his remarks. When Rathbun told White to be quiet, White confronted him and their disagreement lead to a fistfight between the two with dozens of their colleagues rushing to break up the fight. During the disturbance, an unknown visitor fired a pistol into the crowd, wounding a police officer. Both White and Rathbun subsequently apologized for their actions.[81]
- On July 2, 1915, prior to the United States' entry into Washington Evening Starpublished after the explosion, Muenter, writing under an assumed name, said he hoped that the detonation would "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war".
- In the 1954 United States Capitol shooting, Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors' gallery, injuring five representatives.
- On March 1, 1971, a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol, placed by the Weather Underground. They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos.
- On November 7, 1983, in the invasion of Grenada.[84]
- In the 1998 United States Capitol shooting, Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire, killing two Capitol Police officers, Officer Jacob Chestnut and Det. John Gibson.
- In 2004, the Capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then-Governor of Kentucky, Ernie Fletcher, strayed into restricted airspace above the district.
- In 2013, Miriam Carey, 34, a dental hygienist from Infiniti G37 coupe, struck a U.S. Secret Service officer, and was chased by the Secret Service to the United States Capitol where she was fatally shot by law enforcement officers.
- A shooting incident occurred in March 2016. One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested, in critical but stable condition.[85] The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as "isolated".[86]
- On January 6, 2021, during the counting of Electoral College votes for the 2020 United States presidential election, a pro-Trump rally resulted in a mob that entered the Capitol.[87] The rioters unlawfully entered the Capitol during the joint session of Congress certifying the election of President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, temporarily disrupting the proceedings. This triggered a lockdown in the building.[88] Vice President Mike Pence, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, and other staff members were evacuated, while others were instructed to barricade themselves inside offices and closets.[89] The rioters breached the Senate Chamber and multiple staff offices, including the office of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.[90][91] One person was shot by law enforcement, and later succumbed to the injury.[92] President-elect Joe Biden criticized the violence as "insurrection" and said democracy was "under unprecedented assault" as a result of the attack.[93] The attack resulted in the death of four rioters, including a woman who was shot as she attempted to breach the Capitol.[94] The events ultimately led to the second impeachment of Donald Trump.[95] It was the first time the Capitol had been violently seized since the Burning of Washington, during the War of 1812.[96]
- On April 2, 2021, a black nationalist rammed a car into barriers outside the Capitol, hitting several Capitol Police Officers before exiting his vehicle and attempting to attack others with a knife. An officer hit by the attacker's car died shortly thereafter. The attacker was shot by Capitol Police and later died of his injuries.[97][98]
Capitol Visitor Center
The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion space[clarification needed] for the US Congress.[99][100]
The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,
Gallery
-
The Capitol on a 1922 US postage stamp
-
The west front of the Capitol depicted on the reverse of the current $50 bill
-
A snowball fight on the Capitol lawn, 1923
-
House of Representatives pediment, Apotheosis of Democracy, by Paul Wayland Bartlett, 1916
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The Genius of America pediment, East Portico, carved by Bruno Mankowski 1959–60 (after Luigi Persico's 1825–1828 original)
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The Capitol appears on the reverse of the 1989 Congress Bicentennial commemorative half dollar
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The Capitol at night in 2006
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The Capitol following a blizzard in 2010
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The Capitol and reflecting pool
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The Capitol's west front during the Inauguration of Joe Biden, January 20, 2021
See also
- Apotheosis of Democracy by Paul Wayland Bartlett, a pediment on the east front of the House of Representatives Portico
- Congressional Prayer Room
- Hideaways, secret offices used by members of the Senate
- History of modern period domes
- List of capitols in the United States
- List of legislative buildings
- List of the oldest buildings in Washington, D.C.
- President's Room, an ornate office sometimes used by the President
- United States fifty-dollar bill, which pictures the Capitol on the back
- Vice President's Room
- Washington's Tomb
- Architecture of Washington, D.C.
Citations
- ^ "The United States Capitol: An Overview of the Building and Its Function". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
- ^ "List of NHLs by State". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ See List of capitals in the United States
- ^ Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb; John Wooldridge (1892). Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 66.
- ^ Allen (2001), p. 4
- ^ Allen (2001), p. 4–7
- ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9). The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General. – The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" on its website.
- ^ OCLC 45066419. Retrieved October 29, 2016..
A final legacy of Jefferson's vision of the city is found in correspondence between him and L'Enfant. Jefferson consistently called the building to house Congress, the "Capitol," whereas L'Enfant just as consistently referred to it as "Congress House."
{{cite book}}
:|work=
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(2) "Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
(3) Vlach, John Michael (Spring 2004). "The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill". Capitol History: The Capitol Dome. United States Capitol Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
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- ^ Kessler, Ronald (November 9, 1983). "Capitol Bombing: Group Hit Other Targets, FBI Believes". The Washington Post.
- ^ Seppy, Tom (February 12, 1985). "Judge Finds Four in Contempt in Bombing Probe". Associated Press.
- ^ Rowley, James (September 7, 1990). "Three Leftists Plead Guilty to Bombing the U.S. Capitol". Associated Press.
- ^ Michael S. Schmidt (March 28, 2016). "U.S. Capitol on Lockdown After Reports of Gunshots". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
- ^ "US Capitol shooting: Gunman wounds Capitol police officer". BBC News Online. March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
- ^ Dozier, Kimberly; Bergengruen, Vera (January 7, 2021). "Incited by the President, Trump Supporters Storm the Capitol". TIME. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
'If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore,' Trump had told the crowd, urging them to head to the Capitol.
- ^ Amanda Macias (January 6, 2021). "Rioters storm Capitol after Trump urges action, halting declaration of Biden victory". cnbc.com. CNBC. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Khalil, Ashraf; Balsamo, Michael; Press, Associated (January 6, 2021). "1 reportedly shot as angry pro-Trump protesters swarm Capitol, lawmakers put on gas masks | WATCH LIVE". ABC7 Los Angeles. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Swaine, Jon. "Man who posed at Pelosi desk said in Facebook post that he is prepared for violent death". Retrieved January 8, 2021 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ^ "Pelosi's office vandalized after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol". January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "1 shot dead, Congress evacuated, National Guard activated after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Capitol riots: Congress certifies Joe Biden's victory after chaotic scenes". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ "Authorities Identify Woman Killed By Police During U.S. Capitol Rioting". NPR.org. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Tim. "Donald Trump impeached for historic second time over deadly riots at US Capitol". Sky News. Sky UK. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ "Analysis: Why it's too late for Republicans to say sorry". CNN. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Cohen, Zachary; Fox, Lauren; Dean, Jessica; Shortell, David (April 2, 2021). "Capitol Police officer killed, another injured after suspect rams car into police barrier outside building". CNN. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
- ^ "Suspect in deadly US Capitol attack was Farrakhan follower, raged against gov't". The Times of Israel. April 3, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Capitol Visitor Center". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Philip Kopper "A Capitol Attraction", American Heritage, Spring 2009.
- ^ "Capitol Visitor Center: Project Information". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "Congress' Newest Member: The US Capitol Visitor Center". Washingtonian magazine. November 8, 2008.
- ^ "Capitol Visitor Center Fact Sheet" (PDF). Architect of the Capitol. Spring 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
References
- Allen, William C. (2001). History of the United States Capitol – A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Government Printing Office. OCLC 46420177. Archived from the originalon April 23, 2002. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
- Brown, Glenn (1998). Architect of the Capitol for The United States Capitol Preservation Commission (ed.). History of the United States Capitol (Annotated Edition in Commemoration of The Bicentennial of the United States Capitol ed.). Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008.
- Frary, Ihna Thayer (1969). They Built the Capitol. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-8369-5089-5.
- Guy Gugliotta (2012). Freedom's Cap: The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-8090-4681-2.
- Hazelton, George Cochrane (1907). The National Capitol. J. F. Taylor & Co.
- Fryd, Vivien Green (1987). Two Sculptures for the Capitol: Horatio Greenough's "Rescue" and Luigi Persico's "Discovery of America." In American Art Journal (Vol. 19, pp. 16–39).
Further reading
- Aikman, Lonnelle. We, the People: the Story of the United States Capitol, Its Past and Its Promise. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Capitol Historical Society, in cooperation with the National Geographic Society, 1964.
- Bordewich, Fergus M. (December 2008). "A Capitol Vision From a Self-Taught Architect". Smithsonian Magazine.
- Ovason, David, The Secret Architecture of our Nation's Capital: the Masons and the building of Washington, D.C., New York City, New York: HarperCollins, 2000. ISBN 0-06-019537-1
External links
- Geographic data related to United States Capitol at OpenStreetMap
- Official website
- Capitol Visitors Center
- United States Capitol Historical Society
- Architect of the Capitol
- Capitol History Project Archived April 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- Temple of Liberty: Building the Capitol for a New Nation, Library of Congress
- U.S. Capitol Police
- "Book Discussion on Freedom's Cap", C-SPAN, March 20, 2012
- Committee for the Preservation of the National Capitol Records, 1949–1958. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.