U.S. Route 101
Route information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Length | 1,535.27 mi[a] (2,470.78 km) | |||
Existed | November 11, 1926[4]–present | |||
Major junctions | ||||
South end | I-5 / I-10 / SR 60 in Los Angeles, CA | |||
| ||||
North end | I-5 in Tumwater, WA | |||
Location | ||||
Country | United States | |||
States | California, Oregon, Washington | |||
Highway system | ||||
|
U.S. Route 101, or U.S. Highway 101 (US 101), is a north–south
The highway's southern terminus is at a
The Oregon Coast Highway carries US 101 through the state's coastal towns and regions in the foothills of the
US 101 is a major north–south link along the Pacific coast north of San Francisco but does not serve the largest cities in Oregon and Washington; that role is instead filled by I-5, which has a more direct inland routing. The highway provides a major parallel route between Los Angeles and San Francisco, with significant freeway portions. US 101 was established in 1926 and followed several historic routes, including El Camino Real, which linked California's early Spanish missions, pueblos, and presidios. It originally terminated to the south in San Diego but was truncated to Los Angeles in 1964 after the construction of I-5. Other sections were later moved to freeway alignments that bypassed cities.
Numbering
According to the
Route description
mi | km
| |
---|---|---|
CA[1] | 806.60 | 1,298.10 |
OR[2] | 363.11 | 584.37 |
WA[3] | 365.56 | 588.31 |
Total | 1,535.27 | 2,470.78 |
US 101 is a major highway that generally follows the Pacific Ocean through the West Coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington. It spans over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) from its southern terminus in Los Angeles to its northern terminus near Olympia, Washington.[9][10] US 101 generally runs parallel to I-5, which serves most of the West Coast's largest cities and is designated for long-haul freight.[11][12] The corridor is also designated as part of U.S. Bicycle Route 95 (USBR 95) in Northern California and is proposed to be part of USBR 40 and USBR 97 in Washington.[13][14]
The highway is known by several names that vary between the states: in California, portions of US 101 are part of the
California
US 101 travels on several major freeways in the
The highway follows the Pacific Ocean northwest from
US 101 continues northwest into
The divided highway travels through the north side of the Presidio and tunnels under a portion of the park as it approaches the Golden Gate Bridge,[34] a tolled suspension bridge that carries US 101 and SR 1 across the Golden Gate at the entrance to San Francisco Bay.[35][36] The orange-colored bridge, considered an icon of the city,[36] has six lanes with a movable barrier and walkways on both sides for pedestrians and cyclists.[37] North of the bridge, US 101 is designated as the Redwood Highway.[15] It splits from SR 1 and continues as an eight-lane freeway through suburban communities in Marin County, including an elevated viaduct in downtown San Rafael.[38][39] The highway continues along the west side of San Pablo Bay into Sonoma County, where it turns northwest to head inland through Petaluma and Santa Rosa in the North Bay's Wine Country.[40][41] US 101 follows the Russian River upstream through wineries and vineyards into Mendocino County as the freeway narrows to four lanes and eventually ends.[25]
Beyond the San Francisco Bay Area, US 101 is primarily an undivided highway with some short freeway sections and serves as the primary route in the rugged
Oregon
The Oregon Coast Highway begins at the California state line near Brookings and carries US 101 north along the Pacific coast. It is generally a two-lane highway that passes through small towns and near 77 state parks on the rugged coastline, as well as some inland areas.[46][47] From Brookings, US 101 traverses the 12-mile (19 km) Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor, which includes roadside viewpoints and trailheads that face the ocean.[48] The highway remains elevated from the coastline and briefly descends to sea level near the Pistol River State Scenic Viewpoint before climbing Cape Sebastian on its way to Gold Beach. US 101 travels through Gold Beach and crosses the Rogue River to continue north along the coast.[25] The highway turns west to follow the base of Humbug Mountain, a 1,761-foot (537 m) mountain that rises from the Pacific Ocean,[49] and northwest to reach Port Orford, where it leaves the coastline.[50][51]: 22
US 101 continues north, separated from the coastline by prairies and marshes, to
The Oregon Coast Highway crosses the
US 101 passes the
Washington
US 101 enters Washington state at the north end of the Astoria–Megler Bridge and immediately turns west to follow the Columbia River. The highway traverses Fort Columbia State Park in a tunnel and passes through Chinook on the north side of the river's mouth towards Ilwaco, near Cape Disappointment.[62] From Ilwaco, US 101 briefly travels north before turning east at Seaview, the southernmost city on the Long Beach Peninsula,[63] and following Willapa Bay to a junction with State Route 4 (SR 4) on the Naselle River.[64] The highway continues along the east side of the bay through South Bend to Raymond, where it travels inland to cross the forested Willapa Hills to reach Aberdeen. US 101 enters the city by crossing the Chehalis River and turns west onto a pair of one-way streets after an intersection with US 12.[25][65]
The streets travel through western Aberdeen and neighboring
US 101 travels along the southern shore of
The highway travels south and crosses a
The section between Lake Crescent and Sequim is generally signed east–west,[3] while the section south of the intersection with SR 20 is signed north–south but turned 180 degrees.[9] The direct route between Aberdeen and Olympia is US 12 and SR 8, which complete the Olympic Loop Highway.[65]
History
Establishment and early development
US 101 was established as part of the initial United States Numbered Highway System that was developed by the
Portions of the coastal highway had already been constructed by the respective state governments and also followed foot and wagon routes developed in earlier centuries.
Construction of the Oregon Coast Highway began in 1921, two years after a state
Washington completed the final sections of the Olympic Loop Highway between 1927 and 1931 at a cost of $11 million (equivalent to $177 million in 2023 dollars).
New alignments and freeways
US 101 was split into two routes in the San Francisco Bay Area between San Jose and San Francisco in 1929:[97] US 101W followed El Camino Real on the San Francisco Peninsula for 50 miles (80 km); US 101E traversed the East Bay for 54 miles (87 km) to Oakland, where it turned west on a cross-bay ferry to San Francisco.[98][99] The branches converged in Downtown San Francisco and traveled along city streets to the Hyde Street Pier, where the highway continued on automobile ferries to Sausalito at the south end of the Redwood Highway.[100] By 1936, US 101E had been eliminated in favor of the route on the west side, which was re-designated as US 101.[101]
The Hyde Street–Sausalito ferry was removed from US 101 following the May 1937 completion of the
In the late 1940s, the California state government announced plans to convert most of US 101 between Los Angeles and San Francisco to freeways using funds from the Collier–Burns Highway Act of 1947.[114][115] Prior to the act, the Cahuenga Pass Freeway had opened in June 1940 between Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles to replace a narrow, winding mountain road. It was the city's second freeway and was later extended southeast towards Downtown and renamed the Hollywood Freeway when it was completed on April 16, 1954.[24] Several other early freeway segments were signed as US 101 Bypass or US 101 Alternate.[116] In San Luis Obispo, a freeway around the northwest side of downtown was completed by the early 1960s, alongside bypasses of nearby rural towns.[117] The San Diego–San Francisco section of US 101 was designated as El Camino Real by the California state government in 1959 as part of a program to add historic markers on the highway.[118]
The Santa Ana Freeway was planned as a Los Angeles–Irvine connector in the late 1930s and constructed in phases, beginning with a section near Downtown Los Angeles that opened in December 1947.[119][120] US 101 was later moved onto sections of the freeway, which was completed in 1958 and served as a continuation of the Hollywood Freeway.[121][122] By the time it was completed, sections of the freeway between Anaheim and Los Angeles were carrying over 113,000 vehicles per day and were planned to be widened to six lanes within a few years.[123][124] The south end of the Santa Ana Freeway merged into the San Diego Freeway, which began construction in 1954 and was completed in 1968.[125][126] Both freeways were incorporated into plans for the new Interstate Highway System in 1955 and assigned to I-5 three years later.[127][128]
US 101 was truncated to Los Angeles during a 1963 AASHO meeting at the request of the California state government, as I-5 had replaced the stretch to San Diego;[129] the changes were made ahead of a major restructuring of the state's highway system that took effect on July 1, 1964.[130] The old sections of the highway from San Diego to Los Angeles were given local names and later signed as Historic US 101 in the late 2010s by local governments.[81] The 1963 action also moved the San Jose–San Francisco section onto the Bayshore Freeway,[129] which was built to replace the Bayshore Highway on US 101 Bypass.[131] The freeway had been proposed to address congestion and frequent collisions on the highway, nicknamed "Bloody Bayshore", and opened in stages between 1947 and 1962.[108][131] The bypassed sections of El Camino Real were renumbered to SR 82 in the Bay Area and signed as business routes of US 101 in other cities.[132][133] From the north end of the Bayshore Freeway at I-80 in San Francisco, US 101 was routed west along a section of the Central Freeway, which opened in 1955 and was extended four years later to Van Ness Avenue.[134][135] Plans to extend the Central Freeway and other thoroughfares through San Francisco to the Golden Gate Bridge were later cancelled by the mid-1960s following widespread opposition and protests from city residents.[136][137]
Several sections of the Oregon Coast Highway were rebuilt in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate curves and move the highway further from the coastline in cities such as Cannon Beach.
Modern improvements
The final traffic signal on the 435-mile (700 km) section of US 101 between Los Angeles and San Francisco, located at Anacapa Street in Santa Barbara, was removed in November 1991.[148] The removal was spurred by the construction of a freeway through Santa Barbara, which was completed the following year and bypassed four signalized intersections.[149] The Central Freeway's northernmost leg in San Francisco was demolished in the early 2000s after it had sustained damage in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which required the upper deck to be removed in 1997.[150] A portion of the corridor was replaced by Octavia Boulevard, which opened in 2005, while US 101 was rerouted onto Van Ness Avenue further east.[25][151] From 2016 to 2022, Van Ness Avenue was rebuilt by the San Francisco Municipal Railway to add center bus lanes and landscaped medians as part of the Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit project.[152]
Several existing freeway sections in California were expanded to add high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) beginning in the 1980s to address increased congestion, especially in the San Francisco Bay Area.[153][154] By 1984, a section in Marin County had been opened to traffic;[155] it was followed by sections in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties that were funded by a sales tax approved in a 1984 ballot measure.[156] The HOV lanes were extended south through San Jose to Bernal Road in 1990.[157] A 16-mile (26 km) section of the existing HOV lanes from Redwood City to San Bruno was converted to high-occupancy toll lanes in 2023 with the use of electronic toll collection.[158][159]
A six-mile (9.7 km) freeway bypass of Willits, California, for the Redwood Highway opened in November 2016 at a cost of $460 million.[160] The bypass was expected to divert away tourists and cause a drop in local sales tax revenue due to lost traffic.[161] A portion of US 101 in the North Bay region near San Francisco, nicknamed the "Novato Narrows", was widened to three lanes with the addition of an HOV lane; construction on the 5-mile (8.0 km) section began in 2011 and is scheduled to be completed in 2026.[162] A similar widening east of Santa Barbara began construction in 2008 and is scheduled to be completed in the 2020s.[163][164] The world's largest urban wildlife crossing, named the Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing, is under construction over US 101 in Agoura Hills, California, and is scheduled to open in 2025.[165]
Major intersections
- California[166]
- I-5 in Los Angeles
- I-10 in Los Angeles
I-110in Los Angeles- SR 170in Los Angeles
- I-405 in Los Angeles
- I-280 / I-680 in San Jose
- I-880 in San Jose
- SR 92 in San Mateo
- I-380 on the San Bruno–South San Francisco city line
- I-280 in San Francisco
- I-80 in San Francisco
- SR 1 in San Francisco
- I-580 in San Rafael
- US 199 near Crescent City
- Oregon[166]
- OR 38 in Reedsport
- OR 126 in Florence
- US 20 in Newport
- OR 22 at Hebo
- US 26 near Cannon Beach
- US 30 in Astoria
- Washington[166]
US 101 Alt. near Ilwaco- SR 4 near Naselle
- US 12 in Aberdeen
- SR 20 at Discovery Bay
- SR 3 near Shelton
- SR 8 near Olympia
- I-5 in Tumwater
See also
- BC Highway 101, a Canadian highway numbered to match US 101
- Special routes of U.S. Route 101
Notes
References
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