U.S. Route 31 in Michigan
Route information | ||
---|---|---|
Maintained by MDOT | ||
Length | 355.179 mi[1] (571.605 km) | |
Existed | November 11, 1926[2]–present | |
Tourist routes |
| |
Major junctions | ||
South end | US 31 near Niles | |
North end | I-75 near Mackinaw City | |
Location | ||
Country | United States | |
State | Michigan | |
Counties | Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan, Ottawa, Muskegon, Oceana, Mason, Manistee, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Antrim, Charlevoix, Emmet, Cheboygan | |
Highway system | ||
|
US Highway 31 (US 31) is a part of the
The first highways along the route of the modern US 31 corridor were the West Michigan Pike, an auto trail from 1913, and later a pair of state trunklines (the original M-11 and M-58) in 1919. These state highways were redesignated US 31 on November 11, 1926, when the US Highway System was approved. Since then, the highway has been realigned in places. The highway crossed the Straits of Mackinac by ferry for about a decade in the 1920s and 1930s before the Mackinac Bridge was built, connecting to US 2 north of St. Ignace. Later, sections were converted into freeways starting in the 1950s. These segments opened through the subsequent decades with the last one opening in 2022. Future plans by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) include a bypass of Grand Haven.
Route description
Between
St. Joseph Valley Parkway and I-196
US 31 and the St. Joseph Valley Parkway crosses into Michigan from Indiana southwest of
At this
Further north, I-196/US 31 crosses into
In Allegan County, I-196/US 31 passes a pair of golf courses and continues northward through farm fields. Near the community of
On the south side of Holland, US 31 and I-196 separate as the Interstate turns northeasterly around the city to continue to
West Michigan
Northwest of Holland, the highway runs as a four-lane expressway and divided highway parallel, but inland from, the Lake Michigan shoreline. This section of US 31 runs through a mix of farm fields and forests as it runs to the community of Agnew. There, US 31 intersects the western end of M-45 (Lake Michigan Drive) before continuing into the southern end of Grand Haven. In that city, the highway follows a four-lane boulevard with a grass median. On the northern edge of the city of Grand Haven, US 31 crosses the Grand River[3][5] on a bascule bridge that opens about 450–500 times per year.[8] North of the structure, US 31 transitions into a freeway at the interchange with the western end of M-104 in Ferrysburg. This freeway continues northward through the suburban edges of the Muskegon area and meets the western end of I-96 near the Muskegon County Airport in Norton Shores.[3][5]
At this interchange with I-96, US 31 has its southernmost business loop as
As the freeway continues northward, US 31 intersects the western end of
North of Pentwater, US 31 crosses into
Northwest Michigan
US 31 runs due north through
The highway continues on a northeasterly course running inland along Chippewa Highway to the community of
Across the county line, US 31 continues eastward, passing north of the community of
At that intersection, the trunkline meets the northern end of M-22, which is running concurrently with
About nine miles (14 km) north of Acme, US 31 crosses into
North to the Straits Area
As US 31 curves around to the northeast and east in Charlevoix County, it follows a section of the Lake Michigan shoreline that is not considered to be part of any bay. The highway continues through Northern Michigan agricultural areas to the southeast of Charlevoix. Once it enters the city, the trunkline intersects the northern end of M-66 and follows a series of city streets to a drawbridge over the channel that connects Lake Charlevoix to Lake Michigan. South of the structure it is Bridge Street, and north of the bridge it is Michigan Avenue. The highway turns eastward to exit town on Petoskey Avenue and follow the Lake Michigan shoreline. Near the community of Bay Shore, US 31 crosses into Emmet County. The trunkline continues past the Bay Harbor development on Charlevoix Avenue into the city of Petoskey.[3][5]
Once in Petoskey, US 31 intersects the northern end of
North of Oden, US 31 runs through Ponshewaing before entering the village of Alanson. There the highway intersects the western end of M-68 and runs parallel to the Crooked River, part of the Inland Waterway. North of town, US 31 runs through the town of Brutus before entering Pellston. The highway runs past the Pellston Regional Airport and continues due north to Levering. From there, US 31 turns northwesterly and then northeasterly on Mackinaw Highway to round Lake Paradise in the community of Carp Lake. North of the lake, US 31 follows a limited-access highway into Cheboygan County. Less than 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) east of the county line, US 31 connects to I-75 in a partial interchange. At this interchange, northbound traffic defaults onto northbound I-75 and US 31 terminates.[3][5]
History
Predecessor highways
The first major overland transportation corridors in the future state of Michigan were the Indian trails.[11] Only one of these followed part of the path of US 31; the Mackinac Trail roughly paralleled the route of US 31 from Petoskey northward.[12]
In the age of the auto trail, the roads that later formed US 31 through Michigan were given a few different highway names. The West Michigan Lake Shore Highway Association was founded on January 10, 1912, and the group reorganized on May 30, 1913, as the West Michigan Pike Association. Their auto trail was marked by a series of concrete markers eight feet (2.4 m) tall along the 400-mile-long (640 km) roadway from the Indiana state line northward to Mackinaw City.[13]
The highway was also a part of the Western Mainline of the Dixie Highway in Michigan, another auto trail that was built starting in 1915.[14] In 1916, the northern junction between the West Michigan Pike and the East Michigan Pike, which served as the connection for the two mainlines of the Dixie Highway in Michigan in Mackinaw City, was marked with a stone monument at the junction of Central Avenue and Huron Street.[15] By the middle of 1921, the trail used about 413 miles (665 km) of roadways along its western branch parallel to Lake Michigan.[16] Michigan led all other states in the Dixie Highway Association by 1922 at improvements to its sections of the roadway.[17]
The
US Highway System era
The
By the end of 1936, the last section of US 31 in the state was paved near Charlevoix, making the entire highway in Michigan a hard-surfaced road.[27][28] Early the next year, the route of US 2 was realigned to run into St. Ignace; after the change, US 2 and US 31 ran concurrently.[28][29] Later that year, a set of curves were straightened out south of Ludington and the routes of US 31 and a US 31A between Saugatuck and Holland were switched, and US 31 was realigned to bypass downtown Ludington.[29][30]
In 1938, the southern end of US 31 was given a second designation when US 33 was extended into the state from Indiana to terminate in St. Joseph.[31] Later that year, the US 31A in the Holland area was decommissioned.[32] The next year, the US 31 concurrency was removed from US 2 in the Upper Peninsula and the former highway no longer crossed the Straits of Mackinac, terminating instead in Mackinaw City.[33][34] By the early 1940, the Muskegon Bypass was given the US 31 designation, and the route downtown was redesignated US 31A.[35]
During World War II, a bypass of downtown South Haven was built; the former route of US 31 through the heart of the city was designated Bus. US 31 at that time.[36][37] After the war, the route of US 31 north of Charlevoix was realigned to follow the shoreline; this section opened by the middle of 1949.[38][39] The route of the highway between Holland and West Olive was changed to run on a more angular course northwesterly in 1950.[40][41] A few years later, a bypass to the south and east of Holland opened and the former route through down was redesignated as a business loop in 1954.[42][43]
Freeway era
On November 1, 1957, the Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic. For the opening of the bridge, the highways coming into Mackinaw City from the south were realigned to connect to it; US 31 terminated at the southern approach to the Mackinac Bridge.[44][45] In November 1960, sections of I-75's freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches,[46] and US 31 was rerouted to follow segments of that freeway from the current northern terminus south of Mackinaw City northward. By the end of the decade, another freeway segment opened along the Muskegon Bypass as well.[47] The next year, US 33 was extended northward along US 31 from St. Joseph for about 10 miles (16 km).[48]
In 1962, a section of freeway along US 31 was opened between I-94 and the Berrien–Van Buren county line. This section was originally designated as part of I-96/US 31; the former route near the lakeshore became just US 33.[49][50] The MSHD petitioned federal highway officials to switch the Interstate designations west of Grand Rapids, reversing the I-96 and I-196 numbers to their current configurations.[51] After the designation switch was approved in 1963,[52] an additional 35 miles (56 km) was opened from the northern end of the freeway near Benton Harbor to Holland as I-196/US 31.[53] The freeway was also extended northward from Muskegon to the Muskegon–Oceana county line north of Montague in 1963.[50][54]
When I-196 was completed between Holland and Grandville in 1974,[55] the BL I-196 designation was applied along US 31 and Bus. US 31.[b][57][58] The next year, the US 31 freeway was extended northward into Oceana County to New Era.[58][59] In 1976, this freeway was lengthened further to Hart.[59][60] The section of I-196/US 31 in all but Berrien County was dedicated as the "Gerald R. Ford Freeway" in July 1978.[61] Also that year, the US 31 freeway was extended to the southern side of Pentwater.[62][63]
At the end of the 1970s and into the early 1990s, US 31 gained additional freeway segments on both ends of the highway. The first section of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway was completed in 1979 and ran from the Indiana state line north to US 12.
Starting in 1996, Traverse City-area residents and tourists requested a freeway bypass the city. These residents decided to not build the highway. In 2001, The idea was revived, but MDOT abandoned these plans in June of that year.[77]
Completion of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway
The MSHD started studies for a freeway routing of US 31 from the state line northward to I-94 in 1967. The first section northward to Niles was approved in 1972, and the remainder of the route was approved in 1981.
A revised environmental impact study to account for the butterfly's habitat in the northern area of the freeway was approved in 2004.
On December 6, 2018, MDOT announced that a $20 million discretionary grant had been received to complete the final phase of construction, building the last two miles (3.2 km) of freeway required to connect US 31 to I-94.[88] In 2020, work began on the final link of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway to connect the US 31 freeway to I-94 east of Benton Harbor. The project cost $121.5 million dollars and involved relocating the interchange with the eastern terminus of BL I-94 and reconstructing 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of I-94 in the area.[89] Work on that interchange started in September 2020.[90] US 31 was rerouted to follow its new freeway section for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from the previous end of the freeway at Napier Avenue that opened in 2003 to I-94 at BL I-94, where US 31 then followed I-94 to the I-196 interchange as before.[89] This new routing opened on November 9, 2022.[4]
Future
As of 2014[update], travelers had to use either US 31 through Grand Haven or 68th Avenue through
Memorial designations and tourist routes
The sections of the route of US 31 in Michigan has been dedicated several times to various organizations. The route of US 33 in the state, which at the time was concurrent with US 31, was dedicated as the Blue & Gray Trail in 1938 to honor veterans of the American Civil War.[97] The Blue Star Memorial Highway designation was applied to the highway to honor those serving in the military. The designation was dedicated on October 10, 1948, by the State Highway Commissioner Charles Ziegler.[98]
In 1917, the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau created a tourist route that is a predecessor of the modern Great Lakes Circle Tours (GLCT). The Great Lakes Automobile Route was a series of roads on both the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan. It included US 31 between Manistee and the Benton Harbor–St. Joseph area. The concept did not last a year; the American entry into World War I and a lack of focus on a single route consigned the idea into obscurity.[99] The idea of a tourist route around the Great Lakes was revived in 1986 as a pet project of Michigan First Lady Paula Blanchard. MDOT and its counterparts in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario created the GLCT scheme which includes the LMCT that follows US 31 from Lake Michigan Beach northward to Manistee and from Traverse City north to the terminus near Mackinaw City excluding locations where business loops run closer to the lake at South Haven, Muskegon, and Whitehall–Montague.[3][100]
A group of area residents initiated an effort to have the former West Michigan Pike designated what is now called a Pure Michigan Byway. The designation would prioritize the area for historic preservation grants.[101] A Preserve America grant funded a survey from June 2007 through September 2010, the results of which were a set of reports through the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office on the historical nature of the West Michigan Pike. In 2011, the group was in the process of securing resolutions from municipalities along the highway in support of the designation.[102] According to officials working on the byway, it can take up to seven years to complete the process.[103] The initial proposals had the byway continuing to Mackinaw City,[103] but as approved in 2016, it runs from New Buffalo on I-94 to Ludington, following US 31 except between business loops at South Haven, Muskegon, Whitehall–Montague and Pentwater.[104] The byway designation was moved out of the village of Pentwater in May 2023 when that business loop was removed from the highway system.
Historic bridges
MDOT maintains a listing of the historic bridges in the state; along US 31, the department has listed four structures.
Major intersections
County | Location | mi[1] | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indianapolis | Indiana state line | |||||
3.287 | 5.290 | 3 | US 12 – Niles, Sturgis, New Buffalo | |||
4.852 | 7.809 | 5 | Niles–Buchanan Road | |||
6.777 | 10.907 | 7 | Walton Road | Former Bus. US 31 | ||
Oronoko Township | 12.987 | 20.901 | 13 | Snow Road | ||
15.474 | 24.903 | 15 | M-139 – Benton Harbor, Berrien Springs | Signed northbound as exits 15A (south) and 15B (north) | ||
Berrien Township | 18.080 | 29.097 | 18 | Tabor Road – Eau Claire | ||
Sodus Township | 21.938 | 35.306 | 22 | Pipestone Road – Eau Claire | Indirect access to Pipestone Road via Sodus Parkway | |
Benton Township | 24.441 | 39.334 | 24 | Napier Avenue | ||
26.884 | 43.266 | 27 | BL I-94 west – Benton Harbor | Southern end of I-94 concurrency; eastern terminus of BL I-94; signed as exit 33 southbound | ||
28.654– 28.677 | 46.114– 46.151 | 34 | Northern end of I-94 concurrency; southern end of I-196 concurrency | |||
29.728 | 47.843 | 1 | Red Arrow Highway | |||
Riverside | Connects to Coloma Road | |||||
35.453 | 57.056 | 7 | LMCT – Benton Harbor, St. Joseph | Southern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of M-63; LMCT, Benton Harbor and St. Joseph not signed northbound; Hagar Shore Road not signed southbound | ||
Covert | Connects to 32nd Avenue | |||||
Northern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of M-140, southern terminus of BL I-196; northbound signage omits Watervliet; signed only as M-140 – Watervliet southbound | ||||||
LMCT (Phoenix Street) – South Haven, Bangor | Southern end of LMCT concurrency; signed only as Phoenix Street northbound; northern terminus of BL I-196; signed as exits 20A (east) and 20B (west) northbound | |||||
Allegan | Casco Township | 50.643 | 81.502 | 22 | North Shore Drive | |
54.986 | 88.491 | 26 | 109th Avenue – Pullman | |||
Ganges | Ganges signed northbound only | |||||
Ganges–Saugatuck township line | 62.599 | 100.743 | 34 | M-89 east – Fennville | Western terminus of M-89 | |
Ganges | Douglas and Saugatuck signed northbound only; Ganges signed southbound only | |||||
Laketown Township | 69.602 | 112.014 | 41 | A-2 (Blue Star Highway) – Saugatuck, Douglas | Blue Star Highway signed northbound only; Saugatuck and Douglas signed southbound only | |
73.172 | 117.759 | 44 | BL I-196 east – Holland | Northern end of I-196 concurrency; southern end of BL I-196 concurrency; northbound exit and southbound entrance | ||
Bus. US 31 ; signed as exits 47A (A-2) and 47B (Washington Avenue); northern terminus of A-2 | ||||||
76.054 | 122.397 | Northern end of freeway | ||||
76.585 | 123.252 | M-40 south – Allegan | Northern terminus of M-40 | |||
BL I-196 east (Chicago Drive) | Northern end of BL I-196 concurrency; interchange | |||||
79.973 | 128.704 | — | Lakewood Boulevard | Interchange | ||
Grand Haven Township | 92.570 | 148.977 | M-45 east (Lake Michigan Drive) – Grand Rapids | Western terminus of M-45 | ||
Ferrysburg | 100.215 | 161.280 | 104A | M-104 east – Spring Lake | Northbound entrance via unsigned Connector 104 and exit 104B; southern end of freeway; western terminus of M-104 | |
100.480 | 161.707 | 104B | Ferrysburg | Southbound entrance via exit 104A; connects to Third Street (unsigned Connector 104) | ||
Ferrysburg–Spring Lake Township line | 101.622 | 163.545 | 105 | Van Wagoner Street | ||
Muskegon | Norton Shores | 104.150 | 167.613 | 107 | Pontaluna Road – Fruitport | |
105.661 | 170.045 | 109 | Sternberg Road – Fruitport | Signed as exits 109A (east) and 109B (west) | ||
106.907– 107.021 | 172.050– 172.234 | 110 | Northern end of LMCT concurrency; signed as exits 110A (I-96 east) both directions; 110B signed as Bus. US 31 northbound and Airline Road southbound; western terminus of I-96; I-96 exit 1; exit 110A connects to Hile Road northbound | |||
Western terminus of B-72 | ||||||
Muskegon–Muskegon Township line | 110.230 | 177.398 | 113 | Laketon Avenue – Muskegon | ||
111.246 | 179.033 | 114 | M-46 – Muskegon, Cedar Springs | |||
LMCT – Muskegon | Southern end of LMCT concurrency; signed northbound as North Muskegon; northern terminus of Bus. US 31 | |||||
North Muskegon | 115.335 | 185.614 | 118 | M-120 – Fremont | ||
B-23 north (Russell Road) – Lakewood Club | Access to Michigan's Adventure, Owasippe Scout Reservation, and Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp; southern terminus of B-23 | |||||
Fruitland–Whitehall township line | 122.874 | 197.747 | 126 | White Lake Drive – Lakewood Club | ||
LMCT – Whitehall | Northern end of LMCT concurrency; southern terminus of Bus. US 31 | |||||
LMCT – Montague
B-86 eastB-15 north | Southern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of Bus. US 31, southern terminus of B-15, and western terminus of B-86 | |||||
Oceana | Grant Township | 133.365 | 214.630 | 136 | Winston Road – Rothbury | |
Grant–Shelby township line | 137.169 | 220.752 | 140 | M-20 east (Stony Lake Road) – New Era | Western terminus of M-20 | |
Shelby Township | 140.841 | 226.662 | 144 | Shelby Road – Shelby | ||
Bus. US 31 – Hart | Southern terminus of Bus. US 31 | |||||
Bus. US 31 | ||||||
Bus. US 31 | ||||||
Bus. US 31 north (Pere Marquette Highway) – Ludington | Southern terminus of Bus. US 31 | |||||
Amber Township | 166.890 | 268.583 | 170 | US 10 west – Ludington | Western end of US 10 concurrency; signed as exits 170A (east) and 170B (west); northern end of freeway | |
171.502 | 276.006 | US 10 east – Scottville, Reed City | Eastern end of US 10 concurrency | |||
Manistee | Manistee Township | 194.732 | 313.391 | M-55 east – Cadillac | Western terminus of M-55 | |
197.814 | 318.351 | Northern end of LMCT concurrency | ||||
Benzie | Joyfield Township | 221.557 | 356.561 | M-115 east – Mesick | Southern end of M-115 concurrency | |
Benzonia | 223.832 | 360.223 | M-115 west – Frankfort | Northern end of M-115 concurrency | ||
Grand Traverse | Interlochen | 242.625 | 390.467 | South Long Lake Road – Interlochen State Park | Former northern terminus of M-137 | |
Chums Corners | 248.357 | 399.692 | M-37 south – Grand Rapids | Southern end of M-37 concurrency | ||
Western end of M-72 concurrency; southern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of M-22 | ||||||
257.280 | 414.052 | M-37 north | Northern end of M-37 concurrency | |||
Acme | 262.962 | 423.196 | M-72 east – Kalkaska, Grayling | Eastern end of M-72 concurrency | ||
Antrim | Torch Lake Township | 288.289 | 463.956 | M-88 east – Mancelona | Western terminus of M-88 | |
C-48 east (Atwood Road) – Ellsworth | Western terminus of C-48 | |||||
C-65 south (Marion Center Road) – Ellsworth | Northern terminus of C-65 | |||||
304.438 | 489.945 | M-66 south – East Jordan | Northern terminus of M-66 | |||
C-56 east (Boyne City Road) | Western terminus of C-56 | |||||
Emmet | Petoskey | 321.463 | 517.345 | US 131 south – Kalkaska, Cadillac | Northern terminus of US 131 | |
322.189 | 518.513 | C-81 south | Western terminus of C-58 and northern terminus of C-81 | |||
Bear Creek Township | 324.849 | 522.794 | M-119 north (Harbor–Petoskey Road) – Harbor Springs | Southern terminus of M-119 | ||
Alanson | 333.107 | 536.084 | M-68 east – Indian River | Western terminus of M-68 | ||
C-64 east (Robinson Road) | Western terminus of C-64 | |||||
Levering | 346.235– 346.485 | 557.211– 557.614 | C-66 (Levering Road) – Cheboygan, Cross Village | Short concurrency with C-66 | ||
LMCT north – Mackinac Bridge | Northern terminus of US 31; northern end of LMCT concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 336 on I-75 | |||||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
|
See also
Notes
- ^ The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973.[19] The name was shortened to its current form in 1978.[20]
- ^ BL I-196 diverged from US 31 to follow Bus. 31 through downtown on Washington, Michigan and Pine avenues plus the one-way pairing of 8th and 9th streets and Chicago Drive until 2004.[56]
- ^ The final environmental impact study (FEIS) for the US 31 Holland to Grand Haven project only approved the M-231 highway as a two-lane limited access road because the additional lanes for a full freeway were judged to be unnecessary during the 20-year timespan covered by the FEIS. The study did consider alternatives that would have involved relocating US 31 to the new corridor without the intermediate M-231 stage.[93]
References
- ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- ^ OCLC 63377558.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Michigan Department of Transportation (2023). Michigan: Official 2023 Michigan Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ E10–N7.
- ^ a b c Springgate, Jack (November 9, 2022). "New US 31 Route Opens to Warm Receptions". 16 News Now. South Bend, Indiana: WNDU-TV. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Google (February 2, 2023). "Overview Map of US 31 in Michigan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderley, Kevin (June 26, 2013). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation. "Fascinating Facts about the Grand Haven Bascule Bridge" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
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- ^ State of Michigan. "SS City of Milwaukee (Car Ferry)". Michigan Places. State of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
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- ^ Ayala, Michael (July 8, 2010). "Dixie Highway Monument Will Soon Be Rebuilt". The St. Ignace News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
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- .
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- . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- ^ . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- ^ OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
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- OCLC 220951644. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 26, 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
- OCLC 12701177.
- ^ OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- ^ .
- . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
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- Gross Domestic Product deflatorfigures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ OCLC 34793533. Retrieved July 13, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Martin, Julie A. (August 27, 2003). "US 31 in Berrien County Opens Today!" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- .
- ^ Thayer, Kelly & Smith, Ken (August 24, 2001). "Citizens Defeat the Traverse City Bypass: Institute and Partners Plan August 25 Celebration on VASA Trail" (Press release). Michigan Land Use Institute. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
- ^ a b Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 1.0 Summary of the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement for the US 31 Freeway in Berrien County" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 1‑1. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ a b c Aiken, Scott (October 20, 2013). "When, Oh When, Will 31 Be Done? MDOT Says Linking the Freeway to I-94 East of Benton Harbor Is Years Away". The Herald-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- ^ OCLC 48803715– via Google Books.
- ^ a b c Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 4.0 Affected Environment" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 4‑1, 4‑8. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- Knight-Ridder. April 24, 1994. Archivedfrom the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 3.0 Alternatives Considered" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94 (Report). Michigan Department of Transportation. Figure 3.1, p. 3‑3. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. p. iii. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ Haroldson, Tom (September 4, 2013). "MDOT Officials Concerned Funding Issues Can Delay, Kill Needed Projects". Kalamazoo Gazette. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
- ^ Lersten, Andrew (September 5, 2013). "Don't Hold Your Breath". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
- ^ Matuzak, John (July 6, 2016). "Back from the Dead". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Swiercz, Greg (December 6, 2018). "Funding Secured to Complete US 31 Connection to I-94 in Berrien County". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ a b Swidwa, Julie (November 5, 2022). "Final Leg of US 31 Freeway in Berrien County to Open Next Week". The Herald Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- WXMI-TV. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Council, Elizabeth (November 9, 2006). "MDOT Unveils Early Plans for M-231, the New US 31 Bypass". Grand Haven Tribune. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
- from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ Project Planning Division (2010). US 31 Holland to Grand Haven Final Environmental Impact Study (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 1‑12–1‑13. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ Richard, John (January 4, 2013). "Work Progresses on the New M-231 Route in Ottawa County" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
- ^ Grand Region (2006). "2007–2011 Five-Year Transportation Program: Expanding the System" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 124–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
- ^ Brenzing, Bob & Cunningham, Darren (October 30, 2015). "M-231 Is Now Open for Traffic". Grand Rapids, Michigan: WXMI-TV. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 31–2.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 32–3.
- ^ Barnett (2004), p. 96.
- OCLC 9940134.
- The Muskegon Chronicle. Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
- ^ Kloosterman, Stephen (December 8, 2011). "Get Your Kicks ... on the West Michigan Pike". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 26, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
- ^ a b "Will Old US 31 Become a Michigan Heritage Route?". The Muskegon Chronicle. Chronicle News Service. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
- ^ Witt, Jeremy (July 22, 2016). "State's Newest Michigan Byway to be Designated on Monday". West Michigan Tourist Association. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation. "Historic Bridges". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation. "US 31–Island Lake Outlet". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- Archive.org.
- ^ Hyde (1993), p. 101.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation. "US 31–Pentwater River". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ^ Michigan State Housing Development Authority. "US 31 (Old)–Pentwater River Bridge". Historic Sites Online. Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
External links
- US 31 at Michigan Highways
- Conger, Louis H., ed. (1915). Maps, Routes and Tourist Directory of the West Michigan Pike (PDF) (2nd ed.). West Michigan Pike Association. OCLC 9939234. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 29, 2010 – via Michigan Beachtown Association.