U.S. Route 34 in Iowa
Route information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Maintained by Iowa DOT | ||||
Length | 269.111 mi[1] (433.092 km) | |||
Existed | July 1, 1926[2]–present | |||
Major junctions | ||||
West end | US 34 near Glenwood | |||
East end | US 34 at Burlington | |||
Location | ||||
Country | United States | |||
State | Iowa | |||
Counties | ||||
Highway system | ||||
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U.S. Highway 34 (US 34) is a
US 34 was one of the original U.S. Highways when the system was created in 1926, though it was preceded by the Blue Grass Route, a 310-mile-long (500 km)
Starting in the 1960s, parts of the route were expanded to four lanes; a section of
Route description
U.S. Highway 34 extends across Iowa from west to east through the southern third of the state. It enters the state by crossing the
Western Iowa
US 34 enters Iowa on a bridge over the
The highway heads due east past the towns of
East of the US 71 junction, US 34 begins another section of highway that travels due east. Several miles pass between crossings of the middle and eastern branches of the Nodaway River, the latter crossing is on the southwestern outskirts of
Central Iowa
East of Thayer, it passes
US 34 heads due east again. It passes the small towns of Russell and Melrose, both of which lie along the curving railroad to the south, so access to the towns is provided by short connector roads. Just north of the highway is the unincorporated town of Georgetown, which is home to the historic St. Patrick's Catholic Church. The railroad passes beneath the highway before both the road and rails enter Albia. It intersects Iowa 5 on the southern end of town. The highway curves through southern Iowa farmland as it heads towards Ottumwa.[6]
Eastern Iowa
As US 34 approaches Ottumwa, an intersection with Albia Road leads traffic towards the southern half of the city. This section of Albia Road is a former section of US 34 and until recently, a section of
For the rest of its trek through Iowa, US 34 is routed along a four-lane expressway. It uses the eastern leg of the Des Moines to Burlington Highway, which since 2009 has carried the Iowa 163 designation when it was extended from Oskaloosa to Burlington. Prior to 2009, Iowa 163 ran from Des Moines to Oskaloosa. The application of the 163 route number gave the Des Moines to Burlington corridor a single route number.[7] The highway bypasses Agency and Batavia to the north. Between those towns, an interchange with Iowa 16 directs traffic to Eldon and the house that served as the backdrop to Grant Wood's painting American Gothic.[6]
West of
On the northern side of Mount Pleasant, three adjacent interchanges complete all movements between US 34 / Iowa 163 and
The bypasses of New London and
History
What is now the US 34 corridor has been used, under various names, for over 100 years. The route was first organized as the
Work on modernizing Iowa's highway system began in the 1950s, mostly by straightening and widening the original highways built in the 1930s.[13][14] By the end of the 1950s and into the 1960s, sections of US 34 were identified as parts of important corridors that required expansion to four lanes.[15][16] Construction on the eastern and western sides of the state, in Burlington and Glenwood, respectively, did result in parts of the highway becoming four lanes; other highway projects were cut back during the 1970s recession.[17][18] At Glenwood, the discovery and handling of Native American remains led to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.[19] In the mid-1990s, the Iowa Department of Transportation began an ambitious project to expand seven important corridors, one of which connected Des Moines to Burlington. The portion of US 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington was finished in 2008 when the bypass of Fairfield opened.[20] At both state line crossings, modern bridges capable of handling four-lane, high-speed traffic were built to replace old and obsolete truss bridges. The Great River Bridge over the Mississippi River opened in Burlington in 1994 and the US 34 Missouri River Bridge replaced the Plattsmouth Bridge in 2014.[21][22]
Blue Grass Route
Location | Council Bluffs–Burlington |
---|---|
Length | 310 mi[23] (500 km) |
Existed | 1910–1925 |
The 310-mile-long (500 km) Blue Grass Route, also called the Blue Grass Road, connected Council Bluffs and Burlington. The road closely followed the mainline of the
In 1913, shortly after the
Primary highway
Location | Council Bluffs–Burlington |
---|---|
Length | 310 mi (500 km) |
Existed | 1920–1926 |
In 1919, the Iowa General Assembly passed a bill that created a fund for improving and hard-surfacing nearly 6,300 miles (10,100 km) of primary roads in the state. The primary road system was to connect every city and town with at least 1000 inhabitants.[27] The bill gave Iowa's 99 counties the responsibility for maintaining the roads, which had previously fallen upon road associations that sponsored their respective highways.[28] The new primary roads were assigned route numbers, a trend seen in other Midwestern states. Route numbers were painted onto telegraph and telephone poles in order to guide travelers without the need for maps.[11] The Blue Grass Route was designated Primary Road No. 8 for the entirety of its route.[9]
No. 8 followed a path through southern Iowa that resembles the path of US 34 today.
U.S. Highway origins
In the mid-1920s, automobile associations continued to sponsor their named routes—of which there were 64 in Iowa—on top of the route numbers given by the state highway commission. This was more confusing than helpful to the casual traveler, so in 1924, the
Originally, US 34's national western end was the corner of Main Street and Broadway in Council Bluffs, the same as Primary Road No. 8. Just a few blocks away was the national western end of
Paving of the highway was completed in 1930 and US 34 was recognized as the first highway to be completed across the state. A celebration marking the occasion was held at the Iowana Hotel in Creston attended by over 5,000 guests, including Governor John Hammill.[12] The Glenwood-to-Plattsmouth section, which became part of US 34 in 1935, was paved in 1946 and 1947.[36] The original pavement was 18 feet (5.5 m) wide, which was sufficient for the automobiles and traffic levels of the 1930s. By the 1950s, increased traffic and wider vehicles took their toll on highways. In some parts of the state, highways were widened to withstand modern vehicles. In 1951, road widening cost around $100,000 per mile or $62,000 per kilometer (equivalent to $900,000/mi or $560,000/km in 2023[24]). A statewide project began in 1955 to widen roads three feet (91 cm) on each side to a total width of 22 feet (6.7 m).[13] In some instances, it was more cost effective to build a new road than to improve the older road. Between Emerson and Corning, a new road was going to be $2 million cheaper (equivalent to $16 million in 2023[24]) than rebuilding the existing road.[14] Between Albia and Ottumwa, an 18-mile-long (29 km) section of new highway to the south of the older road cost just over $1.8 million (equivalent to $13.9 million in 2023[24]).[37]
After two floods inundated Ottumwa in 1947, the city created an ambitious public works project beginning in 1955. The main part of the project was the straightening and widening of the
Four-lane upgrades
As early as 1958, an 11-member road study committee recommended the construction of a state freeway system not to exceed 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in length. This freeway system included sections of US 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington.[15] Ten years later, the Iowa State Highway Commission approved a freeway-expressway system that would complement the Interstate Highway System under construction. Most of US 34 fell under the plan; from I-29 to Ottumwa, the road would be built to expressway standards and from Ottumwa to Burlington, it would be built up to freeway standards. Access to and from the freeway portion would come from grade-separated interchanges while expressway portion would have both interchanges and at-grade intersections.[16] In the early 1980s, following the recommendations of a 27-member task force organized by Governor Robert D. Ray, the Iowa Department of Transportation shifted its priorities from expansion of the primary highway system to maintenance of existing highways.[42]
US 534 freeway
First announced in late 1965 and approved the next year, the Burlington freeway project was slated to be completed in 1972 at a cost of $13.3 million (equivalent to $84.8 million in 2023[24]). The ISHC named the freeway project "US 534" in order to differentiate it from the existing US 34.[43] The new highway was going to run from the MacArthur Bridge west to meet up with US 34 west of West Burlington. The highway's path was planned to run through the North Hill neighborhood, whose residents were against the freeway forcing their relocations. Ultimately, land through North Hill was acquired, but at a cost of $2.6 million (equivalent to $15 million in 2023[24]). The first section of freeway to open, six-tenths mile (970 m) between Third Street and Central Avenue, opened in 1971 to little fanfare. The seven blocks of new road cost $6.65 million (equivalent to $38.3 million in 2023[24]), just under the original proposed cost of the entire project.[44]
Ramps connecting the freeway to the MacArthur Bridge would not open until 1974. For most traffic, the new access to the bridge was seen as an improvement, but not for wide loads. Traffic wider than 12 feet (3.7 m) could not pass between the westbound tollbooth and railing. A temporary solution was for wide loads to block eastbound traffic and pass through the eastbound tollbooth lane, immediately exit the freeway via the eastbound entrance ramp, and perform an end-around on city streets to come back to the westbound entrance ramp.[45]
Work progressed to the west toward Roosevelt Avenue (US 61). Curran Street was closed in late 1972 for the construction of an overpass above the freeway.[46] By mid-1974, grading work was completed and crews were working on laying road base and paving.[47] A ribbon cutting ceremony on June 13, 1975, along with the removal of barricades, marked the opening of the freeway between Central and Roosevelt Avenues.[48]
West of Roosevelt Avenue, construction lagged behind. Work was scheduled to begin in 1976 after the freeway opened up to Roosevelt Avenue, but financial problems at the Iowa Highway Commission, including a 42-percent increase in construction costs, led to delays. The commission had asked that US 534 project be delayed until at least 1978, which meant completion would not occur until 1980. They also asked that the plans to widen US 61 from West to Sunnyside Avenues in western Burlington, which included the connection between the 534 freeway and US 34, be scrapped entirely. City leaders pressed the commission to include US 61 in their plans as its need was more urgent than the completion of the 534 freeway.[49]
In February 1975, President Gerald Ford released $2 billion (equivalent to $8.8 billion in 2023[24]) of impounded highway funds, of which, at least $40 million (equivalent to $176 million in 2023[24]) was allocated for Iowa projects.[50] With the new federal funding, the highway commission resumed the US 534 project, among other "ready to go" projects. Prior to the new funding, the commission was only going to build an interchange at Gear Avenue in West Burlington.[51] Work was completed on the final section within two years. It opened officially with a ceremony on November 10, 1976, eleven years after it was first announced. Total cost for the project was $26 million (equivalent to $108 million in 2023[24]), an amount considerably larger than the proposed $7.6 million.[17] The next year, the Iowa Department of Transportation received approval from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to move US 34 onto the 534 freeway.[52]
Glenwood expressway
On the other side of the state, a US 34 project near Glenwood was tied to construction of I-29. In late 1969, the Iowa Highway Commission announced its intention to relocate US 34 from the eastern junction of US 275 to an interchange along the new I-29.[53] Once work on I-29 in the area was completed, the commission sought to work on the US 34 expressway.[54] The exact routing, which was an approximately six-and-a-half-mile-long (10.5 km) southern bypass of Glenwood that connected to I-29 west of the city, was announced in mid-1970.[55]
In 1971, during the grading phase of the project, highway workers found about twenty gravesites along with the skeleton of a Native American teenage girl. Archaeologists determined that the site was indicative of a white family cemetery from the 1850s. A district court judge ordered the highway commission to pay for the costs of moving the remains to the cemetery in Glenwood, while the native skeleton was taken to the state archaeology lab in Iowa City for analysis.[56] Archaeologists and anthropology students were allowed to dig at the site for two months, which produced earthlodge sites and artifacts from the Glenwood culture.[57]
Work along the expressway progressed and by the end of 1972, most of the grading was completed and paving was scheduled for the next year.[61] By mid-September, approximately half the cement-laying was finished. There was a possibility for the highway to be open to traffic by the end of 1973.[62] However, when winter weather hit, there were about ten days of work remaining, which delayed the official opening of the road to early 1974.[63] The expressway was dedicated on June 7, 1974, two weeks after it opened.[18] US 34's relocation onto the new highway was made official when AASHTO gave consent later in the month.[64]
Des Moines to Burlington highway
The road study organized in 1958 identified roads that should be expanded to four lanes by 1980. In addition to the segments of US 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington, a road connecting Ottumwa to Des Moines was listed.[15] An updated report in 1968 extended the four-lane road to Burlington and called for the highway to be built to freeway standards.[16]
Budget constraints in the early part of the 2000s caused the Iowa DOT to table some highway projects, but they were still committed to completing the six high-priority corridors.[65] Part of the budget issues were caused by a change in federal earmark philosophy. Prior to this change, the United States Congress would fund projects individually, but now funding was being given to states in the form of a block grant and discretion on how the funds would be used was now up to the states.[66] The DOT was able to achieve some savings by extending the timeline for completing the priority projects.[67]
Construction continued on the Des Moines-to-Burlington route, though at a slower pace. Grading along the bypasses of Danville and Middletown was well underway in 2003, three years behind the original schedule.[68] Paving of the bypass of Mount Pleasant was set to begin in 2004.[69] Ottumwa's bypass opened to traffic on November 19, 2007, also behind schedule.[66][70] The new road shifted US 63 traffic out of downtown and onto US 34 heading east from the intersection of the two highways near the city's John Deere plant. The final section of the 165-mile-long (266 km) Des Moines to Burlington route was completed in November 2008. Governor Chet Culver presided over the ribbon cutting ceremony that celebrated the opening of the Fairfield bypass and the completion of the 1996 highway plan.[20] The next year, the Des Moines to Burlington route was given a single route number, Iowa 163, which had previously extended from Des Moines to Oskaloosa. Between Oskaloosa and Burlington, the Iowa 163 number was overlaid atop the existing route numbers, US 63 and US 34.[7]
River crossings
Upon entering and exiting the state, US 34 crosses a major river—the Missouri River in the west and the Mississippi River in the east. Historically, the highway crossed each river on narrow, two-lane truss bridges. Since the 1990s, both river crossings have been replaced with modern four-lane bridges capable of handling high-speed traffic.[21][22]
The MacArthur Bridge was a
An environmental assessment completed in 1986 suggested that the costs of rehabilitating the MacArthur Bridge far outweighed the construction of a new bridge and recommended a cable-stayed bridge design in order to provide a 660-foot-wide (200 m) navigation channel.[75] Workers began building the new bridge, the Great River Bridge, in 1988. The Great Flood of 1993 delayed opening of the bridge. The first two lanes opened to traffic on October 4, 1993, and opened fully on August 25, 1994. The new bridge cost $53 million (equivalent to $98.8 million in 2023[24]). The MacArthur Bridge was dismantled shortly after the Great River Bridge opened.[21]
On the other side of the state, the Plattsmouth Bridge was also showing its age. The 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) steel bridge was built in 1929 at a cost of $750,000 (equivalent to $10.5 million in 2023
In 2007, the bridge was sold to the City of Plattsmouth for $1. The city created a commission to operate and maintain the bridge.[79] The move from private to public ownership allowed money from the Iowa DOT and NDOR to be used to restore the bridge.[80] The bridge closed for $3.2 million (equivalent to $4.45 million in 2023[24]) of rehabilitation work on April 21, 2008. Work included repairing the bridge deck and piers and installing new guardrails and lighting.[81] The bridge reopened on November 9, 2008. At the time, it was hoped that the repairs would allow 20 to 25 years of continued use,[82] though a new US 34 bridge would mean that heavy truck traffic could be moved off of the Plattsmouth Bridge.[79]
Officials from the Iowa DOT and NDOR agreed that once a new bridge between Bellevue and Plattsmouth was built, the US 34 designation would be pulled from the Plattsmouth Bridge and applied to the new bridge.[77] Construction of the new bridge began in 2010. While earthwork farther inland could take place, no work at the river could take place between February and June because the crossing was located in the spawning zone of the rare pallid sturgeon. Any vibrations from construction could disrupt breeding. Crews were also halted between June and September 2011 because major flooding inundated the work zone. When construction resumed, it was estimated that only five percent of work had been completed. The delays pushed back the projected opening of the bridge from late 2013 to late 2014.[83] The US 34 designation was applied to the new bridge in May 2014, before construction was completed.[84] The bridge was dedicated on October 22, 2014. Governors Terry Branstad of Iowa and Dave Heineman of Nebraska, both of whom spoke at the opening ceremony, felt the bridge would be a boon to the local economy and attract jobs.[22] After the new bridge opened, the state highway designation (N-370 and Iowa 370) was pulled from the Bellevue Bridge. An agreement was reached in 2010 to transfer jurisdiction of Iowa 370 on the Iowa side from the state to Mills County. The transfer was to take place upon completion of the new US 34 bridge.[85] At the Plattsmouth Bridge, a 3-short-ton (2.7-long-ton; 2.7 t) weight limit was posted on the bridge after rusted gusset plates were found.[86]
Major intersections
County | Location | mi[1] | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Missouri River | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 34 west – South Bellevue | Continuation into Nebraska | ||
US 34 Missouri River Bridge; Nebraska–Iowa state line | ||||||
Mills | Plattville Township | 4.004 | 6.444 | I-29 / US 275 north – Council Bluffs, Kansas City | Western end of US 275 overlap | |
Deacon Road / Loess Hills Scenic Byway | ||||||
Iowa 385 | ||||||
Center Township | 10.600 | 17.059 | CR H30 – Glenwood | Former US 34 | ||
12.165 | 19.578 | US 275 south / Loess Hills Scenic Byway – Sidney | Eastern end of US 275 overlap | |||
13.660 | 21.984 | CR L55 – Iowa 242 | ||||
Iowa 41 | ||||||
Iowa 166 | ||||||
23.167 | 37.284 | CR H34 – Emerson | Former US 34 | |||
26.155 | 42.092 | — | To US 59 – Emerson, Oakland | One-quadrant interchange | ||
Montgomery | Red Oak | 35.109 | 56.502 | Iowa 48 – Red Oak, Elliott | ||
Red Oak Township | 38.483 | 61.932 | CR H34 | Former US 34 | ||
Iowa 120 | ||||||
Interchange | ||||||
Iowa 155 | ||||||
Corning | 62.016 | 99.805 | Iowa 148 (Quincy Street) – Corning, Bedford | |||
Iowa 186 | ||||||
Iowa 49 | ||||||
Adams–Union county line | Grant–Platte township line | 75.740 | 121.892 | Iowa 25 south – Clearfield | Western end of Iowa 25 overlap | |
Union | Creston | 83.388 | 134.200 | Iowa 25 north (Summer Street) / Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail – Greenfield | Eastern end of Iowa 25 overlap | |
US 169 south (Douglas Street) – Mount Ayr | Western end of US 169 overlap | |||||
US 169 north – Winterset | Eastern end of US 169 overlap | |||||
Iowa 152 | ||||||
Osceola | 114.131 | 183.676 | I-35 – Des Moines, Kansas City | |||
115.674 | 186.159 | |||||
Iowa 104 | ||||||
US 65 north – Indianola | Western end of US 65 overlap | |||||
131.672 | 211.906 | US 65 south – Humeston | Eastern end of US 65 overlap | |||
US 34 Bus. east (Court Avenue) | ||||||
140.288 | 225.772 | — | Iowa 14 – Chariton, Corydon | Interchange | ||
141.505 | 227.730 | US 34 Bus. west (Albia Road) | ||||
Iowa 97 | ||||||
Iowa 68 | ||||||
Troy Township | 164.109 | 264.108 | CR H35 – Albia | Former US 34 | ||
Albia | 166.738 | 268.339 | Iowa 5 – Centerville, Knoxville | |||
Iowa 213 | ||||||
Wapello | Center Township | 184.819 | 297.437 | Albia Road | Former US 34 | |
US 34 Bus. east (Quincy Street) | ||||||
187.241 | 301.335 | US 63 Bus. north / Iowa 149 north (Wapello Street) | Western end of US 63 Business overlap | |||
187.686– 187.746 | 302.051– 302.148 | — | Church Street, Jefferson Street ( US 34 Bus.) – Amtrak station | |||
188.117 | 302.745 | — | Vine Street | |||
188.670 | 303.635 | US 63 Bus. ends – Bloomfield | Roundabout; eastern end of US 63 Bus overlap; western end of US 63 overlap | |||
190.038 | 305.837 | US 34 Bus. west (Roemer Avenue) | ||||
190.753– 191.037 | 306.987– 307.444 | 191 | US 63 north / Iowa 163 west – Oskaloosa | Eastern end of US 63 overlap; western end of Iowa 163 overlap | ||
Agency | 194.962 | 313.761 | 195 | CR V37 – Agency, Hedrick | ||
Pleasant Township | 198.578 | 319.580 | 199 | Iowa 16 east / CR V43 north – Eldon | ||
Jefferson | Batavia | 202.688 | 326.195 | 203 | CR H43 – Batavia | |
Locust Grove Township | 207.987 | 334.723 | Old Highway 34 | Former US 34 | ||
US 34 Bus. (Burlington Avenue) | ||||||
Fairfield | 214.608 | 345.378 | 212 | Iowa 1 – Fairfield, Keosauqua | ||
US 34 Bus. (Burlington Avenue) | ||||||
Iowa 123 | ||||||
232.385 | 373.987 | 229 | US 34 Bus. – Mount Pleasant, Westwood | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance only | ||
234.322 | 377.105 | 231 | CR W55 – Mount Pleasant, Westwood | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance only | ||
US 218 Business) – Mount Pleasant, Iowa City | ||||||
238.577– 238.911 | 383.952– 384.490 | 45 | US 218 north / Iowa 27 north | Western end of US 218 / Iowa 27 overlap; westbound exit and eastbound entrance only | ||
241.026– 241.486 | 387.894– 388.634 | 42 | US 34 Bus. (US 218 Business) – Keokuk, Mount Pleasant | Eastern end of US 218 / Iowa 27 overlap | ||
New London Township | 246.309 | 396.396 | 260th Street | Former US 34 | ||
New London | 247.924 | 398.995 | 244 | CR X22 – New London, Mount Union | ||
Henry–Des Moines county line | New London–Pleasant Grove township line | 250.342 | 402.886 | 267th Street | Former US 34 | |
Des Moines | Middletown | 259.401 | 417.465 | 255 | Danville, Middletown | Former US 34 |
West Burlington | 262.564 | 422.556 | 258 | CR X40 (Beaverdale Road) / to Agency Road | ||
263.827 | 424.588 | 259 | Mount Pleasant Street | Former US 34 | ||
265.097 | 426.632 | 260 | Gear Avenue – Bus Depot | |||
Burlington | 266.701 | 429.214 | 261 | US 61 (Roosevelt Street) – Fort Madison | ||
267.493 | 430.488 | 262A | Curran Street | |||
268.351 | 431.869 | 262B | Central Avenue, Snake Alley | |||
268.894 | 432.743 | 263 | CR X99 (Main Street) – Amtrak terminal | Former Iowa 99 | ||
Mississippi River | 269.111 | 433.092 | Great River Bridge; Iowa–Illinois state line; Iowa 163 ends | |||
US 34 east – Monmouth, Galesburg | Continuation into Illinois | |||||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
|
See also
References
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- ^ "Top 2008 Iowa transportation stories". Iowa Department of Transportation. December 30, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
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- ^
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- ^ a b c Thompson (1989), pp. 218, 220
- ^ a b c Thompson (1989), pp. 249–250
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- ^ a b "Highway 34 now open: Dedication on June 7". Opinion Tribune. Glenwood, Iowa. May 29, 1974. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
- ^ a b Gradwohl, D. M.; J.B. Thomson; M.J. Perry (2005). Still Running: A Tribute to Maria Pearson, Yankton Sioux. Special issue of the Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society. Vol. 52. Iowa City: Iowa Archeological Society.
- ^ Quincy Herald-Whig. Quincy, Illinois. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
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- ^ Gross Domestic Product deflatorfigures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
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- ^ "Orthographic Map of Ottumwa". Iowa Geographic Map Server. Iowa State University Geographic Information Systems Support & Research Facility. 1950s. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ^ a b "Looking at the future Ottumwa". Ottumwa Daily Courier. Ottumwa, Iowa. April 26, 1955. pp. 6–7.
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- ^ "Official Description Change". Iowa Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ^ Thompson (1989), pp. 304–305
- ^ Peck, Les (December 17, 1969). "$20 Million in Highway Spending Scheduled". The Hawk Eye. Burlington, Iowa. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
- ^ "No official fanfare for freeway opening". The Hawk Eye. Burlington, Iowa. November 10, 1971. p. 3. Retrieved April 30, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
- ^ Mertens, Bill (February 12, 1974). "Ten years, a leg open". The Hawk Eye. Burlington, Iowa. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
- ^ "City to close Curran St". The Hawk Eye. Burlington, Iowa. December 1, 1972. p. 9. Retrieved April 30, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
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