U.S. Route 41 in Michigan
Route information | ||
---|---|---|
Maintained by MDOT | ||
Length | 278.769 mi[1] (448.635 km) | |
Existed | November 11, 1926[2]–present | |
Tourist routes |
| |
Major junctions | ||
South end | US 41 at Wisconsin state line south of Menominee | |
North end | Cul-de-sac near Fort Wilkins Historic State Park in Copper Harbor | |
Location | ||
Country | United States | |
State | Michigan | |
Counties | Menominee, Delta, Alger, Marquette, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw | |
Highway system | ||
|
US Highway 41 (US 41) is a part of the
US 41 passes through farm fields and forest lands, and along the
US 41 was first designated as a US Highway in 1926. A section of the highway originally served as part of Military Road, a connection between
Route description
US 41 is a major highway for Michigan traffic in the Upper Peninsula.
Menominee to Rapid River
US 41 enters Michigan on the
Just west of downtown Escanaba, US 2/US 41 joins M-35 at the intersection of Ludington Street and Lincoln Road, the center of the Escanaba street grid.[9] The trunkline enters Escanaba from the west on Ludington Street, turns north on Lincoln Road, and joins M-35. The combined highway then runs north adjacent to Little Bay de Noc using a four-lane divided highway to the city of Gladstone, where M-35 turns west along 4th Avenue North. US 2/US 41 continues on a four-lane expressway north to Rapid River at the end of Little Bay de Noc. There, US 2 turns east, and US 41 turns north and inland to cross the Upper Peninsula.[5]
The section of US 41 between Menominee and Escanaba illustrates an anomaly in the highway routing: between these two cities M-35 is the shortest state trunkline highway. Under
Rapid River to Covington
This stretch of US 41 runs north through the western edge of the
US 41/M-28 runs north along the
US 41/M-28 continues west through rural Marquette County and passes along the north shore of Lake Michigamme between Champion and Michigamme, crossing the Peshekee River. In eastern Baraga County, the highway runs along an isthmus between Lake George and Lake Ruth in the community of Three Lakes. Further west, US 41 meets the northern terminus of US 141, which marks the western junction with M-28 near Covington, and the end of the M-28 concurrency.[5]
Covington to Copper Harbor
US 41 turns north solo from Covington, crossing the Sturgeon River, on the way to the historic sawmill town of
Continuing north from Alberta, US 41 enters the town of
US 41 enters Houghton along Townsend Drive on the campus of MTU. After crossing the campus, it uses College Avenue into downtown. There, US 41 is split along the one-way pairing of Sheldon Avenue for northbound and Montezuma Avenue for southbound traffic. The two streets merge west of downtown at the southern end of the Portage Lake Lift Bridge.[17] Downtown Houghton marks the start of the Copper Country Trail National Scenic Byway.[18]
North of the lift bridge, US 41 turns west through the downtown of
History
There are two major eras of the history of US 41. The first dates back to the
Military Road
The northernmost section of the modern US 41 between Houghton and Copper Harbor originated in the 19th century as the Military Road. The road was one of 13 roads built between 1817 and 1864 by the federal government. Construction of the road was proposed as early as two years after the US acquired the last tracts of land in the Upper Peninsula.
The Civil War refocused discussions about the road. There were fears that Great Britain would enter on the side of the Confederacy during the early days of the war. British troops were as close to Michigan as Ontario, and more than half of the copper used in the US came from mines along the proposed roadway. Control of the area could have been established by seizing the Soo Locks at Sault Ste. Marie, severing communication lines through the Great Lakes. If the locks fell to an enemy force, no troops or supplies could be moved to the Copper Country except by land. The road was also needed during the five or six months of the year that transportation on the Great Lakes was barred by ice or stormy weather.[24]
Congress passed a law to build a military wagon road on March 3, 1863, from Fort Wilkins to Houghton and then south to the state line. The road was laid out in 1864 following what is today
The laws setting up the construction of the Military Road established a five-year deadline for construction. The war removed laborers in mining, lumbering and shipping as well as soldiers from the available workforce, and Congress extended the deadline an additional 21 months in June 1868. A second extension was granted in May 1870. The Wisconsin section of the highway was completed on June 20, 1870. The Houghton County segment was finished in January 1871. The Keweenaw County section was completed by August 1871. A third and final extension on the deadline was needed in April 1872, and the roadway was completed south to the state line in September 1873, shifting the southern segment in the Upper Peninsula west to the modern US 45 corridor in place of the FFH-16 alignment.[24]
In payment for the completion of the road, close to 221,000 acres (89,000 ha) were awarded by the federal government to the corporation, including some 174,000 acres (70,000 ha) to Dr James Ayer of Lowell, Massachusetts, for his investments in the company. Most of the remaining land grants went to the company behind the Portage Lake Canal near Houghton and Hancock. Ayer's holdings were controlled by the trustees of his estate after his death in July 1878. A few thousand acres were sold over time, and the trustees benefitted from the sale of timber and the mineral rights. The profits had been exhausted by 1921, and the remaining tracts were sold to a lumberman from Grand Rapids for $2.3 million (equivalent to $31.1 million in 2023[23]).[24]
Railroads built near the Military Road attracted more traffic than the road. The road was not well built; except in the winter when the weather froze the ground or covered it in snow, the road was barely passable. Most of the 140-mile (225 km) highway was converted into a state trunkline between 1913 and 1920, mostly as M-15 or M-26. Remnants of the original Military Road can be found as backwoods trails labeled "Old Military Road" on maps, or as a street in Ripley near Hancock called "Military Road".[24]
State trunkline
The first state trunkline highway designated along the path of the modern US 41 was M-15, in use as far back as 1919.
The 1927 edition of the official Michigan highway service map was the first to show M-28 extended along US 41 into Marquette County and east over the former M-25 through Munising and Newberry, before ending in downtown Sault Ste. Marie. At Negaunee, M-28 was shown along the previous routing of M-15 between Negaunee and Marquette for 10 miles (16 km), while US 41 ran along a portion of M-35.[27] This southern loop routing of M-28 lasted until approximately 1936, when M-28 was displayed as concurrent with US 41.[28] The former route is now Marquette County Road 492 (CR 492).[29] Around 1930, the northern terminus of US 41 was extended east from Copper Harbor to Fort Wilkins State Park.[30] Another realignment shown in 1937 marked the transfer of US 41/M-28 out of downtown Ishpeming and Negaunee. This former routing later became Bus. M-28.[31] The highway was realigned due north between Rapid River and Trenary according to the 1938 service map.[32][33] US 41 was completely paved in 1951. The final two sections to be paved were in Baraga County and Keweenaw County.[34]
M-35 was routed concurrently with US 41 between Negaunee and Baraga by 1953. This extra concurrency connected the two previously disconnected segments of M-35.[35][36] The Portage Lake Bridge opened in 1959 at a cost of $13 million (equivalent to $104 million in 2023[23]).[37]
The Marquette Bypass was opened in November 1963 as a four-lane expressway south of downtown Marquette at a cost of $1.7 million (equivalent to $130 million in 2023[23]). Washington and Front streets in Marquette were redesignated as Bus. US 41 at this time. While the expressway was being built, a large vein of jasper exposed, and gifts fashioned from the mineral were presented to local and state politicians. A set of cufflinks to be given to President John F. Kennedy was never presented because he was killed in Dallas just hours after the Marquette Bypass opened to traffic.[38]
The concurrency with M-35 through Marquette and Baraga counties was removed in January 1969. M-35 west of Baraga was designated as a new
US 41 in the Copper Country was recognized on September 26, 1995, as the state's first scenic heritage route (now a
Construction started on November 1, 2004, to replace the Interstate Bridge carrying US 41 between Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee.[48] The project wrapped up on November 22, 2005, when the new bridge opened to traffic.[49] A ribbon-cutting ceremony was held on December 3, 2005, to celebrate the replacement of the 1929 structure.[50] In 2011, MDOT raised the speed limit along the expressway section in Delta County to 65 mph (105 km/h),[51] although truck traffic remained set at 55 mph (89 km/h) until 2017.[52]
Marquette roundabout
MDOT unveiled plans on March 31, 2009, to rebuild the intersection between Front Street and the eastern end of the Marquette Bypass during 2010 as a roundabout, replacing several intersecting roadways that connect the north and south sections of Front Street with US 41/M-28 through the existing intersection.[53] The previous intersection configuration dated back to November 1963.[54] It had been labeled as "dangerous and [causing] significant traffic delays" by the designers of the replacement.[55] A traffic study concluded in 2007 that the intersection would need either the roundabout or a traffic signal with several turning lanes to accommodate the traffic needs in the area. MDOT decided in favor of a two-lane, 150-foot-wide (46 m) roundabout retaining the right-turn lanes from the previous intersection layout. These lanes will be used by right-turning traffic to bypass the circle at the center of the intersection.[55]
MDOT engineers touted the constant-flowing nature of the design as a benefit to the new intersection, and city planners promoted the enhanced safety aspects of the project. Both parties stated the planned intersection was less expensive than a conventional stop light.[53] Residents have expressed concerns about snow plowing and truck traffic in the intersection. The designers consulted officials of Avon, Colorado, where several roundabouts are situated in a location that averages over 300 inches (760 cm) of annual snowfall. Designers planned the size of the new intersection to accommodate truck traffic.[55] MDOT has stated that many of the concerns expressed are due to misconceptions and unfounded assumptions about the design.[56] The department held an informational meeting with the residents on April 15, 2010, before construction began. Topics ranged from emergency vehicles, plowing, trucks, accidents and detour plans.[57]
Construction started on the project in May. One lane of traffic in each direction was maintained for US 41/M-28. Motorists seeking access to downtown were detoured via Grove Street or Lakeshore Boulevard.[58] The Downtown Development Authority had plans to purchase billboards helping to direct customers to the downtown shopping district.[59] A section of the intersection was opened in July to traffic from the south that turns west.[60] The lanes northbound into downtown were opened in the beginning of August,[61] and the city held a ribbon cutting ceremony on August 19, 2010. The remaining lanes were opened the next day. To address residents' concerns about truck traffic through the intersection, the mayor noted that a large lumber truck successfully navigated the roundabout after the ribbon was cut. "It just cruised right around and through. All of these people who are wondering is it big enough, can you get a firetruck on it? Yes, you can," stated Mayor John Kivela.[62]
Keweenaw Bay relocation
In 2010, officials from MDOT announced a $2.3 million project to move a 1.6-mile-long (2.6 km) section of US 41 about 100 feet (30 m) inland along a set of cliffs five miles (8.0 km) north of Baraga. The sandstone cliffs were eroding next to Keweenaw Bay, and a 2007 study from
Historic bridges
Seven bridges along the US 41 corridor have been recognized for their historic character by various organizations. Six of the seven are listed on MDOT's Historic Bridge Inventory;[66] the seventh not listed by MDOT is on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and Michigan's State Register of Historic Sites (SRHS) along with four of the others.[67][68]
Portage Lake Lift Bridge
The Portage Lake Lift Bridge connects the cities of Hancock and Houghton by crossing over the Portage Waterway, an arm of
This
The lift bridge is the last of several previous crossings over the waterway. A wooden swing bridge was built in 1875.[70] A newer, iron swing bridge was built in 1897; this structure was partially destroyed in 1905 when it was struck by a ship.[70] This second crossing was rebuilt in 1906 and remained in service until the lift bridge was opened in December 1959.[70][71] The current bridge was last used for railroad traffic in the summer of 1982,[71] after the Soo Line rail lines north of Houghton were abandoned starting in 1976.[72] The middle section is left in an intermediate position for the warmer nine months of the year so that vehicle traffic can use the lower deck of the lift span and pleasure craft can pass under the bridge. In the winter, the lift span is lowered so snowmobiles and skiers can use the lower deck while cars and trucks use the upper deck.[71]
Interstate Bridge
The Interstate Bridge was built in 1929 for $700,000 (equivalent to $5.6 million in 2023[23]) to carry US 41 over the Menominee River at the state line.[73] This span replaced a series of bridges built to connect Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee, Michigan, across the river. The first bridge was built in 1865 with a second built in 1872 that was replaced in 1929 with the third bridge. This third crossing was 850 feet (259 m) in length, consisting of eleven 80-foot (24 m) spans.[73] The bridge was rehabilitated in 1970 in a project that included widening the deck and replacing the guard rails. Another construction project in 1999 repaired the Michigan side and the slough bridge portion of the Wisconsin side of the structure; the project closed the bridge for six months.[74]
The Interstate Bridge was completely replaced starting on November 1, 2004, in a joint project between the MDOT and the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. The 13-month project was budgeted to cost $6.45 million (equivalent to $10 million in 2023[23]).[75] Demolition started in the center of the crossing, sawing the deck into pieces for disposal.[48] This reconstruction was completed ahead of schedule, and the span reopened on November 22, 2005. The project completely replaced the bridge above the water line with wider traffic lanes, a new bicycle lane and wider sidewalks. Images of wild rice were sculpted into the concrete because "Menominee" in the local Menominee language means "wild rice". These sculptures were added to the other decorative elements placed on the new bridge including the railings and light poles.[49] The new Interstate Bridge was dedicated on December 3, 2005, in a ribbon-cutting ceremony that replicated the 1930 ceremony on the previous crossing.[50]
NRHP-listed bridges
Five other bridges are listed on the NRHP and the Michigan SRHS as well as on the MDOT Historic Bridge Inventory.[66][68] The first is in Limestone Township in Alger County. Designated Trunk Line Bridge No. 264, it carries King Road across the Whitefish River along a former alignment of US 41 built in 1919. Constructed of two 35-foot (11 m) through girders, the span continues to carry traffic although it is no longer on a state trunkline highway.[76]
Drivers cannot use the Peshekee River Bridge south of US 41/M-28 in western Marquette County's Michigamme Township. The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 for its engineering and architectural significance.[67] MDOT has listed it on their Historic Bridge Inventory as "one of Michigan's most important vehicular bridges".[3] It was the first bridge designed by the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD), the forerunner to MDOT, in 1914. As the first crossing, it was designated "Trunk Line Bridge No. 1" and served as the prototype for hundreds of similar concrete through-girder bridges built in the state before the design fell out of favor in 1930. It was bypassed by a new structure built over the Peshekee River for US 41/M-28 and subsequently abandoned as a roadway, deteriorating in a county park.[3]
Another abandoned bridge is now privately owned and in use at the mouth of the Backwater Creek on the Keweenaw Bay near L'Anse. The span was constructed in 1918 for $4,536 (equivalent to $61,014 in 2023[23]).[77] It is an 80-foot (24 m) Warren truss design now situated on private property.[77] This abandoned bridge was listed on the National Register in 1999.[67]
One bridge still in use crosses the Sturgeon River in Baraga County, known locally as the
The last historic bridge on US 41 is located near the northern terminus east of Copper Harbor.[79] The Fanny Hooe Creek crossing was listed on the NRHP in 1999,[67] but as of 2012[update], MDOT has not included the structure on its inventory of historic bridges online.[66] The creek crossing is just west of the Fort Wilkins State Park entrance. MSHD and the Keweenaw County Road Commission designed and built the span in 1927–28 for $8,132 (equivalent to $114,025 in 2023[23]).[79] The bridge is unique for its stonework decoration on the 25-foot (8 m) span over the creek. This stonework includes fieldstones not usually associated with Michigan highway bridges. The crossing has remained in service since construction without alteration.[79]
Memorial designations
Seven memorial designations have been applied to sections of US 41. Some of these designations follow other highways that run concurrently with US 41. Most of the designations are no longer in use, but the Jacobetti and Veterans memorial highways still have signage posted on the side of the road.
The Great Lakes Automobile Route was established in 1917 by the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau. A predecessor of the Great Lakes Circle Tours years later, the route followed "... a circular journey along the banks of lakes Michigan and Superior and Green Bay ..."[80] This route followed the modern US 41 from the M-28 junction in Harvey to Copper Harbor. A branch of the route followed US 2/US 41 between Powers and Rapid River. The name fell out of use before its first anniversary because of World War I. The route was originally intended to entice motorists to drive around Lake Michigan; the side trips to Lake Superior distracted from this mission.[80]
Sheridan Road was created in the early 20th century connecting
The Townsend National Highway was named for Charles E. Townsend, a former congressman and senator from Michigan. As a senator, he introduced the federal highway aid bill in 1919. The Michigan Good Roads Association promoted a highway in his name between Mobile, Alabama, and Michigan. The Michigan segment followed a number of highways through the two peninsulas, including the modern US 41 between Harvey and Calumet.[82] Only Townsend Drive in Houghton retains the name in part.[17]
Memory Lane was created in 1947 along US 41 in Baraga. The local
The Amvets Memorial Drive designation was created for the section of US 2/US 41/M-35 between the northern Escanaba city limits and CR 426 in Delta County. The American Veterans (AMVETS) organization in Michigan petitioned the Michigan Legislature to grant this designation which was granted under Public Act 144 in 1959.[84]
The D. J. Jacobetti Memorial Highway follows the segment of US 41 concurrent with M-28 between Harvey and the Ishpeming–Negaunee city limits in Marquette County. The designation was created in 1986 and continues east along M-28 to honor the longest serving member of the Michigan Legislature, elected to a record 21 terms before his death in 1994.[85]
A section of US 41 is one of six unrelated Veterans Memorial Highway designations in Michigan. The Upper Peninsula designation follows the western end of M-28, including the section of US 41 between Ishpeming and Covington. This memorial was created in Public Act 10 of 2003 and dedicated on Memorial Day in 2004.[86]
Major intersections
County | Location | mi[1] | km | Destinations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuation into Wisconsin | |||||
Interstate Bridge | |||||
LMCT north – Escanaba | Northern end of LMCT concurrency; southern terminus of M-35 | ||||
G-08 west – Wausaukee | Eastern terminus of G-08 | ||||
Cedar River | |||||
Eastern terminus of G-18 | |||||
Powers | 42.277 | 68.038 | US 2 west – Iron Mountain | Western end of US 2 concurrency | |
Sagola | Eastern terminus of M-69 | ||||
LMCT south – Menominee | Southern end of M-35 concurrency; southern end of LMCT concurrency | ||||
Arnold | |||||
72.681 | 116.969 | M-35 north – Gwinn | Northern end of M-35 concurrency | ||
Masonville Township | 78.594 | 126.485 | CR 186 west – Brampton | Former M-186 | |
LMCT – Manistique | Eastern end of US 2 concurrency; northern end of LMCT concurrency | ||||
Trenary | 97.647 | 157.148 | M-67 north – Chatham | Southern terminus of M-67 | |
Skandia | 113.426 | 182.541 | M-94 east – Munising | Southern end of M-94 concurrency | |
114.492 | 184.257 | K.I. Sawyer | Northern end of M-94 concurrency | ||
LSCT east – Munising | Eastern end of M-28 concurrency; eastern end of LSCT concurrency | ||||
Marquette | 129.555 | 208.499 | Front Street – Downtown Marquette | Eastern terminus of former Bus. US 41 | |
130.917 | 210.690 | M-553 south (McClellan Avenue) – Gwinn | Northern terminus of M-553 | ||
131.299 | 211.305 | Washington Street – Downtown Marquette | Western terminus of former Bus. US 41; no access from westbound Washington Street to eastbound US 41/M-28 | ||
Marquette Township | 132.743 | 213.629 | CR 492 west | ||
Negaunee Township | 137.389 | 221.106 | M-35 south – Palmer | Northern terminus of M-35 | |
Negaunee | 140.272 | 225.746 | CR 492 east (Maas Street) – Marquette | Former routing of M-28 along Marquette–Negaunee Road | |
141.014 | 226.940 | Bus. M-28 – Negaunee | Eastern terminus of Bus. M-28 | ||
Ishpeming | 144.615 | 232.735 | Bus. M-28 (Lakeshore Drive) – Ishpeming | Western terminus of Bus. M-28 | |
Humboldt Township | 156.302 | 251.544 | M-95 south – Republic, Iron Mountain | Northern terminus of M-95 | |
Baraga | Covington | 184.745 | 297.318 | US 141 south / M-28 west – Crystal Falls, Wakefield, Duluth, MN | Western end of M-28 concurrency; northern terminus of US 141 |
Baraga | 201.689 | 324.587 | M-38 west – Ontonagon | Eastern terminus of M-38 | |
LSCT – Ontonagon | Southern end of M-26 concurrency across Portage Lake Lift Bridge; LSCT follows M-26 westward and US 41 northward; southern end of Copper Country Trail National Scenic Byway | ||||
LSCT – Lake Linden | Northern end of M-26 concurrency | ||||
228.732 | 368.108 | LSCT – McLain State Park, Calumet | Southern terminus of M-203; a loop route of the LSCT branches off along M-203 | ||
LSCT – Lake Linden | Southern end of M-26 concurrency | ||||
242.829 | 390.795 | LSCT – McLain State Park, Hancock | Northern terminus of M-203; LSCT loop rejoins the main tour | ||
LSCT – Eagle River | Northern end of M-26 concurrency; loop route of the LSCT branches off | ||||
LSCT – Eagle Harbor | Northern terminus of M-26; LSCT loop rejoins; northern end of Copper Country Trail National Scenic Byway | ||||
278.769 | 448.635 | Cul-de-sac | East of Fort Wilkins Historic State Park | ||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
|
Business loops
There have been three
Bus. US 41 in Marquette was first shown on a map in 1964 after the construction of the Marquette Bypass.
Location | Baraga, Michigan |
---|---|
Length | 4.256 mi[1] (6.849 km) |
Existed | by April 15, 1940[95][96]–by June 15, 1942[97] |
The third business loop was in Baraga in the early 1940s. As shown on the maps of the time, US 41 was relocated in Baraga between the publication of the December 1, 1939, and the April 15, 1940, MSHD maps.[95][96] A business loop followed the old routing through downtown. The last map that shows the loop was published on July 1, 1941.[98] Bus. US 41 is shown under local control on the June 15, 1942, map.[97]
See also
- Michigan Highways portal
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- OCLC 37544389.
- OCLC 37544389.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (May 8, 2002). "Old 41–Whitefish River". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (May 9, 2002). "US 41–Backwater Creek". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (May 9, 2002). "US 41–Sturgeon River". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c Michigan State Historic Preservation Office. "US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge". State Register of Historic Sites. Michigan State Historic Preservation Office. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ OCLC 57425393.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 199–200.
- ^ Barnett (2004), p. 214.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 148–149.
- ^ Barnett (2004), p. 24.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 115–116.
- ^ Barnett (2004), p. 226.
- OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
- OCLC 85834636. Retrieved January 1, 2023 – via Library of Michigan Digital Repository.
- OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- ^ OCLC 9729223.
- ^ Garner, Dawn (November 9, 2005). "MDOT and City of Marquette Complete Jurisdictional Transfer" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- OCLC 42778335.
- ^ OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
- ^ OCLC 12701143.
- ^ OCLC 12701143.
- OCLC 12701143. Archived from the originalon April 22, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017 – via Archives of Michigan.
External links
- US 41 at Michigan Highways
- Copper Country Trail at America's Byways (Federal Highway Administration)
- Copper Country Trail (official website)