UFO conspiracy theories
UFOs and ufology |
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Notable sightings and hoaxes |
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Conspiracy theories |
Religions |
Lists of organizations, sightings, studies, etc. |
UFO conspiracy theories are a subset of
Individuals who have suggested that UFO evidence is being suppressed include
Background
Personnel in the mid-1940s reported unidentified objects under various names.
Roswell balloon and 'recovered disc' hoaxes
On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release stating that they had recovered a "flying disc". The Army quickly retracted the statement and clarified that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.[13] The Roswell incident did not surface again until the late 1970s, when it was incorporated into conspiracy literature.
The Roswell balloon was far from the only misidentified "disc".[14] One potential disc, recovered from the yard of a priest in Grafton, Wisconsin, was identified as an ordinary circular saw-blade.[14] More elaborate hoax saucers were found in Shreveport, Louisiana; in Black River Falls, Wisconsin; and in Clearwater, Florida.[14] On July 9, press reported the recovery of a thirty-inch disc from a Hollywood back yard; the hoaxer was never identified.[14]
On July 11, press reported the recovery of a 30-inch disc from the yard of a Twin Falls, Idaho home.[15][14] On July 12, it was reported nationally that the Twin Falls disc was a hoax. Photos of the object were publicly released. The object was described as containing radio tubes, electric coils, and wires underneath a plexiglass dome. Press reported that four teenagers had confessed to creating the disc.[16]
Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories
1949
Winchell and the Soviets
On April 3, 1949, radio personality Walter Winchell broadcast the claim that it had been definitively established that the flying saucers were guided missiles fired from Russia.[17][18][19] In response, the Air Force denied any such conclusion.[20][17] The Air Force reportedly requested an FBI investigation into Winchell's claims, a request that was denied.[21]
Keyhoe and the Air Force knowledge of UFOs
On December 26, 1949, True magazine published an article by Donald Keyhoe titled "The Flying Saucers Are Real".[22] Keyhoe, a former Major in the US Marines, claimed that elements within the Air Force knew that saucers existed and had concluded they were likely 'inter-planetary'.[22]
The article examined the
The True article caused a sensation.
In March 1950, the Air Force denied "flying saucers" exist and further denied that they were US technology being covered-up.[23][24][25]
Scully and alien bodies
In October and November 1949, journalist Frank Scully published two columns in Variety, claiming that dead extraterrestrial beings were recovered from a flying saucer crash, based on what he said was reported to him by a scientist involved.[26][27][28] His 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers expanded on the theme, adding that there had been two such incidents in Arizona and one in New Mexico, a 1948 incident that involved a saucer that was nearly 100 feet (30 m) in diameter.[note 1][29] In January 1950, Time Magazine skeptically repeated stories of crashed saucers with humanoid occupants.[30]
It was later revealed that Scully had been the victim of "two veteran
1950s
The 1950s saw an increase in both governmental and civilian investigative efforts and reports of public disinformation and suppression of evidence.
The UK Ministry of Defence's UFO Project has its roots in a study commissioned in 1950 by the MOD's then Chief Scientific Adviser, radar scientist Henry Tizard. As a result of his insistence that UFO sightings should not be dismissed without some form of proper scientific study, the department set up the Flying Saucer Working Party (or FSWP).[35]
In August 1950, Montanan baseball manager
In April 1952, Life Magazine published
Canadian radio engineer Wilbert B. Smith, who worked for the Canadian Department of Transport, was interested in flying saucer propulsion technology and wondered if the assertions in the just-published Scully and Keyhoe books were factual. In September 1950, he had the Canadian embassy in Washington D.C. arrange contact with U.S. officials to try to discover the truth of the matter. Smith was briefed by Robert Sarbacher, a physicist and consultant to the Defense Department's Research and Development Board. Other correspondence, having to do with Keyhoe needing to get clearance to publish another article on Smith's theories of UFO propulsion, indicated that Bush and his group were operating out of the Research and Development Board.[37] Smith then briefed superiors in the Canadian government, leading to the establishment of Project Magnet, a small Canadian government UFO research effort. Canadian documents and Smith's private papers were uncovered in the late 1970s, and by 1984, other alleged documents emerged claiming the existence of a highly secret UFO oversight committee of scientists and military people called Majestic 12, again naming Vannevar Bush. Sarbacher was also interviewed in the 1980s and corroborated the information in Smith's memos and correspondence. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Smith granted public interviews, and among other things stated that he had been lent crashed UFO material for analysis by a highly secret U.S. government group which he wouldn't name.[38]
A few weeks after the
Keyhoe and The Flying Saucer Conspiracy
In 1955, Donald Keyhoe authored a new book that pointedly accused elements of the United States government of engaging in a conspiracy to cover up knowledge of flying saucers.[40] Keyhoe claims the existence of a "silence group" of orchestrating this conspiracy.[41] Historian of Folklore Curtis Peebles argues: "The Flying Saucer Conspiracy marked a shift in Keyhoe's belief system. No longer were flying saucers the central theme; that now belonged to the silence group and its coverup. For the next two decades Keyhoe's beliefs about this would dominate the flying saucer myth."[41]
The book features claims of a possible discovery of an "orbiting space base" or a "moon base", knowledge of which might trigger a public panic.[42] The Flying Saucer Conspiracy also incorporated legends of the Bermuda Triangle disappearances.[41] Keyhoe sensationalized claims, ultimately stemming from optical illusions, of unusual structures on the moon.[43]
Carl Allen and the Philadelphia Experiment
In 1955, Morris K. Jessup achieved some notoriety with his book The Case for the UFO, in which he argued that UFOs represented a mysterious subject worthy of further study. Jessup speculated that UFOs were "exploratory craft of 'solid' and 'nebulous' character."[44] Jessup also "linked ancient monuments with prehistoric superscience".[45]
In January 1956, Jessup began receiving a series of letters from "Carlos Miguel Allende", later identified as Carl Meredith Allen.[46][47][48] "Allende" warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of UFOs and spun a tale of a dangerous experiment in which Navy Ship was successfully made invisible, only to inexplicably teleport from Philadelphia to Norfolk, Virginia, before reappearing back in Philadelphia. The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place.[47] By 1975, the Philadelphia Experiment was being promoted by paranormal author Charles Berlitz[49] and in 1984, the legend was adapted into a fictional film.
In 1957,
The Jessup book with Allen's scribbled commentaries gained a life of its own when the Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, who did contract work for ONR, began producing mimeographed copies of the book with Allen's annotations and Allen's letters to Jessup.[52]: 9 These copies came to be known as the "Varo edition."[54]: 6 This became the heart of many "Philadelphia Experiment" books, documentaries, and movies to come. Over the years various writers and researchers who tried to get more information from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or could not find him at all.[55]
Edward Ruppelt and The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects
Ruppelt was a captain in the US Air Force who served as director of official investigations into UFOs: Project Grudge and Project Bluebook.[56]
In 1956, Ruppelt authored
Al Chop and The True Story of Flying Saucers
In 1956, a film titled
Gray Barker and the 'Men in Black'
1956 saw the publication of Gray Barker's They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers, the book which publicized the idea of Men in Black who appear to UFO witnesses and warn them to keep quiet. There has been continued speculation that the men in black are government agents who harass and threaten UFO witnesses.
According to the Skeptical Inquirer article "Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker", there may have been "a grain of truth" to Barker's writings on the Men in Black, in that government agencies did attempt to discourage public interest in UFOs during the 1950s. However, Barker is thought to have greatly embellished the facts of the situation. In the same Skeptical Inquirer article, Sherwood revealed that, in the late 1960s, he and Barker collaborated on a brief fictional notice alluding to the Men in Black, which was published as fact first in Raymond A. Palmer's Flying Saucers magazine and some of Barker's own publications. In the story, Sherwood (writing as "Dr. Richard H. Pratt") claimed he was ordered to silence by the "blackmen" after learning that UFOs were time-travelling vehicles. Barker later wrote to Sherwood, "Evidently the fans swallowed this one with a gulp."[58]
1960s
Throughout much of the 1960s, atmospheric physicist
Jacques Vallee and the "Pentacle Memorandum"
In June 1967, researcher
The memo referred to a previously unknown analysis of several thousand UFO reports, along with calls for agreements about "what can and what cannot be discussed" with the 1953 Roberson Panel.[60] Writing in his 1967 journal, Vallee expressed the opinion that the memo, if it were published, "would cause an even bigger uproar among foreign scientists than among Americans: it would prove the devious nature of the statements made by the Pentagon all these years about the non-existence of UFOs".[60]
1970s
Emenegger documentary and the landing at Holloman Air Force Base
Clark cites a 1973 encounter as perhaps the earliest suggestion that the U.S. government was involved with ETs. That year, Robert Emenegger and Allan Sandler of
In 1988, Shartle said that the film in question was genuine, and that he had seen it several times.
In 1976 a televised documentary report
Emenegger's 1973 depiction of a landing at Holloman is widely noted for its "striking" similarities to
J. Allen Hynek and "Cosmic Watergate"
By 1974, the former skeptic was publicly charging that Bluebook was "a Cosmic Watergate".[68] Hynek claimed 20% of Bluebook cases were unexplained. Fellow Ufologist like Stanton Friedman echoed Hynek's "Cosmic Watergate" accusations.[69]
Alternative 3 and a secret space program
Jerome Clark comments that many UFO conspiracy theory tales "can be traced to a mock documentary Alternative 3, broadcast on British television on June 20, 1977 (but intended for April Fools' Day), and subsequently turned into a paperback book."[70]
According to the fictional research presented in the episode, it was claimed that missing scientists were involved in a secret American/Soviet plan in
It was claimed that scientists had determined that the Earth's surface would be unable to support life for much longer, due to pollution leading to catastrophic climate change. Physicist "Dr Carl Gerstein" (played by Richard Marner) claimed to have proposed in 1957 that there were three alternatives to this problem. The first alternative was the drastic reduction of the human population on Earth. The second alternative was the construction of vast underground shelters to house government officials and a cross section of the population until the climate had stabilized. The third alternative, the so-called "Alternative 3", was to populate Mars via a way station on the Moon.[71] The final moments of the film feature the discovery of animal life on the surface of Mars.
Paul Bennewitz
The late 1970s also saw the beginning of controversy centered on
1980s
Jesse Marcel and Roswell conspiracy theories
In February 1978, UFO researcher
In November 1979, Marcel's first filmed interview was featured in a documentary titled "UFO's Are Real", co-written by Friedman.[75] The film had a limited release but was later syndicated for broadcasting. On February 28, 1980,
- "They wanted some comments from me, but I wasn't at liberty to do that. So, all I could do is keep my mouth shut. And General Ramey is the one who discussed – told the newspapers, I mean the newsman, what it was, and to forget about it. It is nothing more than a weather observation balloon. Of course, we both knew differently."[75][77]
Marcel gave a final interview to HBO's America Undercover which aired in August 1985.[78] In all his statements, Marcel consistently denied the presence of bodies.[79] Between 1978 and the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Stanton T. Friedman, William Moore, Karl T. Pflock, and the team of Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt interviewed several dozen people who claimed to have had a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947.[80]
In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed aircraft: a surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest to the media, and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist. Roswell has been described as "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".[81]
Gordon Cooper
By 1981,
Majestic 12
The so-called Majestic 12 documents surfaced in 1982, suggesting that there was secret, high-level U.S. government interest in UFOs dating to the 1940s. Upon examination, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate hoax.[84][85]
The term "Extraterrestrial Biological Entities" (or EBEs) was used in the MJ-12 documents.[86]
Linda Moulton Howe and cattle mutilations
George C. Andrews and Milton William Cooper
In 1986, conspiracy theorist George C. Andrews authored Extra-Terrestrials Among Us, accusing the CIA of the Kennedy assassination.[91][92] Scholar of extremism Michael Barkun notes that "Andrew's political views are almost indistinguishable from those associated with militias, only his placement of extraterrestrials at the pinnacle of conspiracies identifies him as a ufologist." [91] According to Barkun, "the publication of Extra-Terrestrials Among Us marked the beginning of a feverish period of UFO conspiracism, from 1986 to 1989.[91]
Citing Andrews as a source, in 1991 the UFO conspiracy author Bill Cooper published the influential conspiracy work Behold a Pale Horse which claimed that Kennedy was killed after he "informed Majestic 12 that he intended to reveal the presence of aliens to the American people".[93][94] Behold a Pale Horse became 'wildly popular' with conspiracy theorists and went on to be one of the most-read books in the US prison system.[95] According to Michael Barkun, the theories of Andrews and Cooper helped create "a conspiracist form of UFO speculation, which Jerome Clark refers to as ufology's 'dark side'."[91]
Bob Lazar and Area 51
In 1980, the term "Area 51" was used in the popular press after Delta Force trained there for Operation Eagle Claw, the failed attempt to rescue American hostages in Iran.[96] Press again discussed the site in 1984 after the government seized adjacent land.[97]
In November 1989, Bob Lazar appeared in a special interview with investigative reporter George Knapp on Las Vegas TV station KLAS to discuss his alleged employment at S-4.[98] In his interview with Knapp, Lazar said he first thought the saucers were secret, terrestrial aircraft, whose test flights must have been responsible for many UFO reports. Gradually, on closer examination and from having been shown multiple briefing documents, Lazar came to the conclusion that the discs must have been of extraterrestrial origin. He claims that they use moscovium, an element that decays in a fraction of a second, to warp space, and that "Grey" aliens are from the Zeta Reticuli star system. According to the Los Angeles Times, he never obtained the degrees he claims to hold from MIT and Caltech.[99][100] By 1991, Nevada press reported tourists traveling to the Groom Lake region in hopes of glimpsing UFOs.[101]
UFO Cover-Up?: Live!
On October 14, 1988, actor Mike Farrell hosted U.S. UFO Cover-Up: Live!, a two-hour television special "focusing on the government's handling of information regarding UFOs" and "whether there has been any suppression of evidence supporting the existence of UFOs".[102][103][104][105][106][107]
1990s
The Branton Files are a series of documents espousing various conspiracy theories circulated on the internet since at least the mid-1990s. They are most often attributed to Bruce Alan Walton who claims to have been a victim of alien abduction and had contact through "altered states of consciousness" with humans "living in the inner earth". The files have been characterized as "high fantasy" filled with "complex and convoluted conspiracism".[108][109][110]
Phil Schneider and Dulce Base
In 1995, a man calling himself Philip Schneider made a few appearances at UFO conventions, espousing essentially a new version of the theories mentioned above. Schneider claimed to be the son of U-boat commander who was captured by the allies and switched sides. According to Schneider, his father has been part of the Philadelphia Experiment. Schneider claimed to have played a role in the construction of Deep Underground Military Bases (DUMBs) across the United States, and as a result he said that he had been exposed to classified information of various sorts as well as having personal experiences with EBEs. He claimed to have survived the Dulce Base catastrophe and decided to tell his tale.[111]
According to folklore,[
2000s
2003 saw the publication of Alien Encounters (
MoD secret files
Eight files from 1978 to 1987 on UFO sightings were first released on May 14, 2008, to the National Archives' website by the British Ministry of Defence. Two hundred files were set to be made public by 2012. The files are correspondence from the public sent to government officials, such as the MoD and Margaret Thatcher. The information can be downloaded.[113] Copies of Lt. Col. Halt's letter regarding the sighting at RAF Woodbridge (see above[where?]) to the U.K. Ministry of Defence were routinely released (without additional comment) by the USA's base public affairs staff throughout the 1980s until the base closed. The MoD released the files due to requests under the Freedom of Information Act.[114] The files included reports of "lights in the sky" from Britons.[115]
Disclosure
In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups.
In 1993,
In 2013, the production company CHD2, LLC[122] held a "Citizen Hearing on Disclosure" at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. from 29 April to 3 May 2013. The group paid former U.S. Senator Mike Gravel and former Representatives Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, Roscoe Bartlett, Merrill Cook, Darlene Hooley, and Lynn Woolsey $20,000 each to participate, and to preside over panels of academics and former government and military officials discussing UFOs and extraterrestrials.[123]
Other such groups include Citizens Against UFO Secrecy, founded in 1977.
The name of the German website Disclose.tv, which was initially a conspiracy forum focused on UFOs, ghosts and paranormal phenomena, references the concept.[124]
Allegations of evidence suppression
Allegations of suppression of UFO related evidence have persisted for many decades. Some conspiracy theories also claim that some governments might have removed and/or destroyed/suppressed physical evidence; some examples follow.
On July 7, 1947, William Rhodes photographed an unusual object over Phoenix, Arizona.[125] The photos appeared in a Phoenix newspaper and a few other papers. An Army Air Force intelligence officer and an FBI agent interviewed Rhodes on August 29 and convinced him to surrender the negatives, which he did the next day. He was informed he would not get them back, but later he tried, unsuccessfully, to retrieve them.[126][127] The photos were analyzed and subsequently appeared in some classified Air Force UFO intelligence reports. (Randle, 34–45, full account)[128]
A June 27, 1950, movie of a "flying disk" over
In another 1950 movie incident from Montana, Nicholas Mariana filmed some unusual aerial objects and eventually turned the film over to the U.S. Air Force, but insisted that the first part of the film, clearly showing the objects as spinning discs, had been removed when it was returned to him.[130]
On January 22, 1958, when
A March 1, 1967 memo directed to all USAF divisions, from USAF Lt. General Hewitt Wheless, Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, stated that unverified information indicated that unknown individuals, impersonating USAF officers and other military personnel, had been harassing civilian UFO witnesses, warning them not to talk, and also confiscating film, referring specifically to the Heflin incident. AFOSI was to be notified if any personnel were to become aware of any other incidents. (Document in Fawcett & Greenwood, 236.)[133]
According to one theory related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the CIA killed Kennedy in order to prevent him from leaking information to the Soviet Union about a covert program to reverse-engineer alien technology (i.e., Majestic 12).[134]
In 2013, Sen. Mike Gravel claimed that the government was suppressing evidence of extraterrestrials.[137]
Benjamin Radford has pointed out how unlikely such suppression of evidence is given that "[t]he UFO coverup conspiracy would have to span decades, cross international borders, and transcend political administrations" and that "all of the world's governments, in perpetuity, regardless of which political party is in power and even among enemies, [would] have colluded to continue the coverup."[138]
In popular fiction
Works of popular fiction have included premises and scenes in which a government intentionally prevents disclosure to its populace of the discovery of non-human, extraterrestrial intelligence. Motion picture examples include
In March 2001, former astronaut and United States Senator John Glenn appeared on an episode of the TV series Frasier playing a fictional version of himself who confesses to a UFO coverup.[143]
See also
- Alien abduction
- Area 51
- Brookings Report
- Cattle mutilation
- Crop circle
- Flying saucer
- List of alleged extraterrestrial beings
- List of major UFO sightings
- Men in black
- Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience
- Project Blue Book
- Rendlesham Forest incident
- Roswell incident
- Storm Area 51
Notes and references
- Footnotes
- ^ 99.99 feet (30.47695 m) to be exact.
- Citations
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The most recent [whistle-blowing incident that] happened was just last weekend, and it created quite a hornet's nest in Washington.
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There are experts working on reverse engineering unknown crashed crafts.
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- ISBN 978-1-845-11451-0.
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- ISBN 978-1-573-92200-5.
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- ^ a b c Peebles, p. 111-113
- ^ Keyhoe, p. 37
- ^ "A Natural Land Bridge on The Moon". www.amusingplanet.com.
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- ^ "Philadelphia Experiment: Office of Naval Research Information Sheet". Naval History and Heritage Command. 1996-09-08. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
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- ^ Steiger, Brad (1968). "The Mysterious Allende Letters". The Allende Letters. New York: Universal Publishing. pp. 4–9. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ "Carlos Allende and his Philadelphia Experiment". windmill-slayer.tripod.com.
- ^ a b c Peebles, p. 113
- ^ ISBN 978-1-57607-375-9.
- ^ John C. Sherwood. "Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker" Archived 2011-05-12 at the Wayback Machine. Skeptical Inquirer. May/June 1998. Retrieved on June 19, 2008.
- ^ see James E. McDonald: External links.
- ^ a b c d e Jacques Vallee, Forbidden Science
- ^ The Phenomenon (2020)
- ^ Clark The UFO Book, p. 144
- ^ UFOS: It Has Begun, Producer Allan F. Sandler, Director Ray Rivas, Writer Robert Emenegger, 1976, Featuring Rod Serling, Special Appearances by José Ferrer and Burgess Meredith – VCI Sci-Fi DVD Double Feature: UFOs: It Has Begun / UFO Syndrome, Distributed by VCI Entertainment http://www.vcient.com Archived 2019-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Terence Dickinson (22 January 1974). "UFO Center Set UP to End 'Buffoonery'". Florida Today. pp. 4A.
- ^ Bob Matyi (18 October 1977). "Anyone there? UFOs are real, says physicist". Evansville Courier and Press. p. 1.
- ^ Clark The UFO Book, p. 213–14
- ^ "Richard's Room 101". binnallofamerica.com. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ see Paul Bennewitz: References and External Links.
- ^ see Mirage Men by Mark Pilkington & Project Beta by Greg Bishop
- ^ "New Mexico Rancher's 'Flying Disk' Proves to Be Weather Balloon-Kite". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, TX. 1947-07-09. pp. 1, 4.
- ^ a b "UFO's Are Real" – via IMDb.
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- ^ Korff, Kal (August 1997). "What Really Happened at Roswell". Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4). Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
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- Bibliography
- Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–204. )
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-520-23805-3.
- ISBN 1-56098-343-4.
External links
- CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90 Archived 2019-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
- National Security Agency UFO Documents Index Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
- 20th Century UFO Conspiracies, a lecture by Emory University Professor Felix Harcourt