United States Forces Korea

United States Forces Korea 주한 미군
Paul J. LaCamera, USA
Deputy Commander	Lt Gen David R. Iverson, USAF
Command Sergeant Major	CSM Jack H. Love, USA
Notable commanders	GEN Vincent K. Brooks, USA GEN George Decker, USA Hamilton H. Howze, USA John W. Vessey Jr., USA GEN John A. Wickham Jr., USA
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia
Flag

United States Forces Korea
Hangul	주한미군
Hanja	駐韓美軍
Revised Romanization	Juhanmigun
McCune–Reischauer	Chuhanmigun

The United States Forces Korea (USFK) is a

(SOCKOR). It was established on July 1, 1957.

Its mission is to support the United Nations Command (UNC) and Combined Forces Command by coordinating and planning among U.S. component commands, and exercise operational control of U.S. forces as directed by United States Indo-Pacific Command.

USFK has Title 10 authority, which means that USFK is responsible for organizing, training and equipping U.S. forces on the Korean Peninsula so that forces are agile, adaptable and ready.

With 28,500 U.S. soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines in South Korea,^[1] U.S. forces in South Korea are a major presence in the region and a key manifestation of the U.S. government's aim to rebalance toward the Asia-Pacific. The USFK mission also includes planning non-combatant evacuation operations to ensure that if the need arises, U.S. and other previously agreed-upon countries' citizens are removed from harm's way. To this end, USFK conducts routine exercises to ensure that this process is effective, efficient, and orderly.

With the relocation of the new USFK and UNC headquarters to Camp Humphreys (in Pyeongtaek) on 29 June 2018, the USFK command and the majority of its subordinate units have officially moved out of the city of Seoul; headquarters are now 35 km (22 mi) further south.^[2]

Components

• Eighth United States Army; Headquarters: Camp Humphreys, South Korea; authorized about 20,000 Soldiers^[3]
• Commander Naval Forces Korea (CNFK); Headquarters: Busan Naval Base, South Korea; authorized about 300 Sailors^[4]
• Marine Forces Korea (MARFORK); Headquarters: Camp Humphreys, South Korea; authorized about 100 Marines^[5]
• Special Operations Command Korea (SOCKOR): Headquarters: Camp Humphreys, South Korea; authorized about 100 operators^[6]
• Seventh Air Force; Headquarters: Osan Air Base, South Korea; authorized about 8,000 Airmen^[7]
• United States Space Forces Korea; Headquarters: Osan Air Base, South Korea; authorized about 20 Guardians^[8]

United Nations Command and Combined Forces Command

While USFK is a separate organization from United Nations Command (UNC) and ROK/US Combined Forces Command (CFC), its mission is to support both UNC and CFC by coordinating and planning among US component commands and providing US supporting forces to the CFC. As such, USFK continues to support the ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty.

In response to the North Korean attack against South Korea on 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) established the UNC as a unified command under the US in UNSC Resolution 84 on 7 July 1950. The UNC mission was to assist South Korea to repel the attack and restore international peace and security in Korea. Throughout the war, 53 nations provided support to the UNC; 16 nations provided combat forces and five sent medical and hospital units. After three years of hostilities, the commanders of both sides signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.

Hostilities today are also deterred by this bi-national defense team that evolved from the multi-national UNC. Established on 7 November 1978, the ROK/US Combined Forces Command (CFC) is the warfighting headquarters. Its role is to deter, or defeat if necessary, outside aggression against the ROK.

Commanders, U.S. Forces Korea

No.	Commander		Term			Service branch
	Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Term length
1		Decker, GeorgeGeneral George Decker (1902–1980)	1 July 1957	30 June 1959	1 year, 364 days	U.S. Army
2		Magruder, Carter B.General Carter B. Magruder (1900–1988)	1 July 1959	30 June 1961	1 year, 364 days	U.S. Army
3	Guy S. Meloy (1903–1968)	1 July 1961	31 July 1963	2 years, 30 days	U.S. Army
4	Hamilton H. Howze (1908–1998)	1 August 1963	15 June 1965	1 year, 318 days	U.S. Army
5		Beach, Dwight E.General Dwight E. Beach (1908–2000)	16 June 1965	31 August 1966	1 year, 76 days	U.S. Army
6		Bonesteel, Charles H. IIIGeneral Charles H. Bonesteel III (1909–1977)	1 September 1966	30 September 1969	3 years, 29 days	U.S. Army
7		Michaelis, John H.General John H. Michaelis (1912–1985)	1 October 1969	31 August 1972	2 years, 335 days	U.S. Army
8		Bennett, Donald V.General Donald V. Bennett (1915–2005)	1 September 1972	31 July 1973	333 days	U.S. Army
9		Stilwell, Richard G.General Richard G. Stilwell (1917–1991)	1 August 1973	8 October 1976	3 years, 68 days	U.S. Army
10	John W. Vessey Jr. (1922–2016)	8 October 1976	10 July 1979	2 years, 275 days	U.S. Army
11	John A. Wickham Jr. (born 1928)	10 July 1979	4 June 1982	2 years, 329 days	U.S. Army
12		Sennewald, Robert W.General Robert W. Sennewald (born 1929)	4 June 1982	1 June 1984	1 year, 363 days	U.S. Army
13		Livsey, William J.General William J. Livsey (1931–2016)	1 June 1984	25 June 1987	3 years, 24 days	U.S. Army
14		Menetrey, Louis C. Jr.General Louis C. Menetrey Jr. (1929–2009)	25 June 1987	26 June 1990	3 years, 1 day	U.S. Army
15		RisCassi, Robert W.General Robert W. RisCassi (born 1936)	26 June 1990	15 June 1993	2 years, 354 days	U.S. Army
16		Luck, Gary E.General Gary E. Luck (born 1937)	15 June 1993	9 July 1996	3 years, 24 days	U.S. Army
17	John H. Tilelli Jr. (born 1941)	9 July 1996	9 December 1999	3 years, 153 days	U.S. Army
18		Schwartz, Thomas A.General Thomas A. Schwartz (born 1945)	9 December 1999	1 May 2002	2 years, 143 days	U.S. Army
19		LaPorte, Leon J.General Leon J. LaPorte (born 1946)	1 May 2002	3 February 2006	3 years, 278 days	U.S. Army
20	B.B. Bell (born 1947)	3 February 2006	3 June 2008	2 years, 121 days	U.S. Army
21		Sharp, Walter L.General Walter L. Sharp (born 1952)	3 June 2008	14 July 2011	3 years, 41 days	U.S. Army
22		Thurman, James D.General James D. Thurman (born 1953)	14 July 2011	12 October 2013	2 years, 80 days	U.S. Army
23		Scaparrotti, Curtis M.General Curtis M. Scaparrotti (born 1956)	2 October 2013	30 April 2016	2 years, 211 days	U.S. Army
24		Brooks, Vincent K.General Vincent K. Brooks (born 1958)	30 April 2016	8 November 2018	2 years, 192 days	U.S. Army
25		Abrams, Robert B.General Robert B. Abrams (born 1960)	8 November 2018	2 July 2021	2 years, 236 days	U.S. Army
26		LaCamera, Paul J.General Paul LaCamera (born 1963)	2 July 2021	Incumbent	2 years, 294 days	U.S. Army

History

The following is a partial list of border incidents involving North Korea since the Armistice Agreement of 27 July 1953, ended large scale military action of the Korean War. Most of these incidents took place near either the Korean Demilitarized Zone or the Northern Limit Line. This list includes engagements on land, air and sea but does not include alleged incursions and terrorist incidents that occurred away from the border.

Many of the incidents occurring at sea are due to border disputes. The North claims jurisdiction over a large area south of the disputed western maritime border, the Northern Limit Line in the

1950s

• 16 February 1958: North Korean agents hijack a South Korean airliner to Pyongyang en route from Pusan to Seoul; one American pilot, one American passenger, two West German passengers and 24 other passengers were released in early March, but eight other passengers remained in the North.[10]

1960s

• May 1962: Pvt.
  Jerry Parrish crossed the DMZ into North Korea. His reasons for defecting, according to Jenkins' autobiography The Reluctant Communist, were "personal, and [Parrish] didn't elaborate about them much except to say that if he ever went home, his father-in-law would kill him."^[11]
• Aug 1962:
  minefield in broad daylight into North Korean territory, where he was quickly apprehended by North Korean soldiers. Dresnok was taken by train to Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, and interrogated.^[13]
• 1964: North Korea creates an underground group: Revolution Party for Reunification. This group is ground down and eliminated by South Korean authorities by 1969[14]
• Jan 1965:
  defector, reportedly in stilted English. The U.S. Army claimed Jenkins wrote four letters stating his intention to defect (an allegation Jenkins denies); however, the original letters are reportedly lost. His relatives maintained throughout his absence that he was abducted.^[15]
• 27 April 1965: Two North Korean
  EC-121 Warning Star reconnaissance plane in the waters east of the Korean Peninsula, 80 km (50 mi) from the North Korean shore. The aircraft was damaged, but managed to land at Yokota Air Base, Japan.^[16][17]
• 17 January 1968: In an incident known as the
  Blue House (the official residence of the President of South Korea). They are confronted by South Korean police and a firefight ensued. The North Koreans fled Seoul and individually attempted to cross the DMZ back to North Korea. Of the original group of 31 North Koreans, 28 were killed, one was captured and two are unaccounted for. Additionally, 68 South Koreans were killed and 66 were wounded, the majority of whom were soldiers and police officers. Three American soldiers were also killed and three were wounded.^[18]
• 23 January 1968: The United States Naval ship the USS Pueblo is boarded and captured, along with its crew, by North Korean forces in the waters east of the Korean Peninsula. The entire crew of 83 is captured, with the exception of one sailor killed in the initial attack on the vessel, and the vessel was taken to a North Korean port. All the captives were released on 23 December of the same year via the Bridge of No Return at the DMZ. The USS Pueblo is still in North Korean possession and is docked in Pyongyang and is on display as a museum ship.^[19]
• 30 October 1968: From 30 October-2 November 120–130 North Korean commandos land on the northeast shore of South Korea, allegedly to establish a base in order to wage a guerrilla war against the South Korean government. A total of 110–113 were killed, seven were captured and 13 escaped. Around 20 South Korean civilians, law enforcement officers and soldiers were killed.^[17][20]
• March 1969: Six North Korean commandos kill a South Korean police officer near
  Gangwon-do. Seven American soldiers are killed in a North Korean attack along the DMZ.^[21]
• April 1969: An
  EC-121
  , U.S. reconnaissance plane is shot down 90 miles (140 km) east of the North Korean coast, leaving 31 dead.
• November 1969: Four U.S. soldiers are killed by North Koreans in the Demilitarized Zone.

1970s

Axe murder incident

on 18 August 1976.

• April 1970: In Geumchon, a region of Paju south of the DMZ, a clash leaves three North Korean soldiers dead and five South Korean soldiers wounded.
• June 1970: The North Korean navy seizes a broadcast vessel from the South near the Northern Limit Line. Twenty crewmen are captured.
• February 1974: Two South Korean fishing vessels are sunk and 30 crew detained by the North.
• 1974: The first tunnel into ROK is discovered (the three following tunnels were found in 1975, 1978, 1990)^[14]
• June 1976: An incursion south of the DMZ in Gangwon-do leaves three dead from the North and six from the South.
• 18 August 1976: The Korean axe murder incident—an attempt to clear brush in the Demilitarized Zone near Panmunjom ends with two U.S. soldiers dead.
• October 1979: Three North Koreans enter the eastern DMZ. One is killed.
• December 1979: One U.S. Army soldier killed, three U.S. soldiers wounded after stumbling into a North Korean minefield in a heavy fog while patrolling DMZ. One body is recovered from the North Koreans five days later.

1980s

• March 1980: Three North Koreans are killed while trying to cross the Han River estuary.
• May 1980: North Koreans engage OP Ouillette on DMZ in firefight. One North Korean WIA.
• March 1981: Three North Koreans try to enter the South in Geumhwa-eup, Cheorwon, Gangwon-do; one is killed.
• July 1981: Three North Koreans are killed trying to cross the Imjin River to the South.
• November 1984: Nine North Korean soldiers and one South Korean soldier die, and one American soldier is wounded, during a firefight that erupted when a North Korean security detail chased a defecting Soviet citizen (Vasily Matusak) across the MDL into the southern-controlled sector of the Joint Security Area.
• November 1987: One South Korean killed on DMZ central sector by North Korean sniper fire.

1990s

• May 1992: Three North Korean soldiers in South Korean uniforms are killed in Cheolwon, Gangwon-do; three South Korean soldiers are wounded.
• December 1994: North Koreans shoot down US Army helicopter. One US KIA and one US POW for 13 days.
• May 1995: North Korean forces fire on a South Korean fishing boat, killing three crewmen.
• October 1995: Two armed North Koreans are discovered at the Imjin River; one is killed.
• April 1996: Several hundred armed North Korean troops cross repeatedly into the Demilitarized Zone.
• May 1996: Seven Northern soldiers cross south of the Demilitarized Zone, but withdraw after warning shots are fired.
• May & June 1996: North Korean vessels twice cross the Northern Limit Line and have a several-hour standoff with the South Korean navy.
• April 1997: Five North Korean soldiers cross the Demilitarized Zone in Cheolwon, Gangwon-do, and fire on South Korean positions.
• June 1997: Three North Korean vessels cross the Northern Limit Line and attack South Korean vessels two miles (3.2 km) south of the line. On land, 14 North Korean soldiers cross 70m south of the center of the DMZ, leading to a 23-minute exchange of fire.
• June 1999:
  A series of clashes between North and South Korean vessels takes place in the waters west of the Korean Peninsula
  near the Northern Limit Line.

2000s

• 2001: On 12 separate occasions, North Korean vessels cross the Northern Limit Line and then withdraw.
• 27 November 2001: North and South Korean forces exchange fire without injuries.
• 29 June 2002:
  Renewed naval clashes near the Northern Limit Line
  lead to the deaths of four South Korean sailors and the sinking of a South Korean vessel. The number of North Koreans killed is unknown.
• 16 November 2002: South Korean forces fire warning shots at a Northern boat crossing the Northern Limit Line. The boat withdraws. A similar incident is repeated on 20 November.
• 19 February 2003: A North Korean fighter plane crosses seven miles (11 km) south of the Northern Limit Line, and returns north after being intercepted by six South Korean planes.
• 2 March 2003: Four North Korean fighter jets intercept a US reconnaissance plane over the waters east of the Korean Peninsula.
• 17 July 2003: North and South Korean forces exchange fire at the DMZ around 6:00 am. The South Korean army reports four rounds fired from the North and 17 from the South. No injuries are reported.^[22]
• 1 November 2004: North Korean vessels, claiming to be in pursuit of
  illegal fishing
  craft, cross the Northern Limit Line and are fired upon by the South. The vessels withdraw three hours later.
• 30 July 2006: Several rounds are exchanged near a South Korean post in
  Gangwon
  .
• 10 November 2009: Naval vessels from the two Koreas exchanged fire in the area of the NLL, reportedly causing serious damage to a North Korean patrol ship.
  Battle of Daecheong
  .

2010s

• 26 March 2010: A South Korean naval vessel, the
  Baengnyeong Island in the waters west of the Korean Peninsula. A rescue operation recovered 58 survivors but 46 sailors died. On 20 May 2010 a South Korean-led international investigation group concluded that the sinking of the warship was in fact the result of a North Korean torpedo attack.^[24][25] North Korea denied involvement.^[26] The United Nations Security Council made a Presidential Statement condemning the attack but without identifying the attacker.^[27]
• 23 November 2010:
  North Korea fired artillery at South Korea's Greater Yeonpyeong island in the waters west of the Korean Peninsula and South Korea returned fire. Two South Korean marines and two South Korean civilians were killed, six were seriously wounded and ten were treated for minor injuries. Approximately 70 South Korean houses were destroyed.^[28][29][30] North Korean casualties were unknown, but Lee Hong-gi, the Director of Operations of the South Korean Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), claimed that as a result of the South Korean retaliation "there may be a considerable number of North Korean casualties".^[31]
• 2014: Some of the American forces that had withdrawn from South Korea to take part in the Iraq invasion have been replaced by the nine-month-long deployment of a battalion from the 1st Cavalry Division.[32]
• 2019:
  President Trump sought an increased South Korean contribution toward USFK costs from $830 million to about $5 billion annually.^[33] This was not agreed, and resulted in the furlough without pay of about 4,500 South Korean civilian staff in April 2020.^[34]

Number of U.S. soldiers stationed in South Korea by year

Year	Number
1950	510
1951	42,069
1952	326,863
1953	326,863
1954	225,590
1955	75,328
1956	68,813
1957	71,045
1958	46,024
1959	49,827
1960	55,864
1961	57,694
1962	60,947
1963	56,910
1964	62,596
1965	58,636
1966	47,076
1967	55,057
1968	62,263
1969	66,531
1970	52,197
1971	40,740
1972	41,600
1973	41,864
1974	40,387
1975	40,204
1976	39,133
1977	40,705
1978	41,565
1979	39,018
1980	38,780
1981	38,254
1982	39,194
1983	38,705
1984	40,785
1985	41,718
1986	43,133
1987	44,674
1988	45,501
1989	44,461
1990	41,344
1991	40,062
1992	35,743
1993	34,830
1994	36,796
1995	36,016
1996	36,539
1997	35,663
1998	36,890
1999	35,913
2000	36,565
2001	37,605
2002	37,743
2003	41,145
2004	40,840
2005	30,983
2020	28,500
Sources:[35][1]

Exercises

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Each year the ROK, the US and a selection of Sending States from the United Nations Command participate in multiple defense-oriented, combined and joint training events designed to defend the Republic of Korea, protect the region, and maintain and increase stability on the Korean peninsula.

Ulchi-Freedom Guardian, Key Resolve, and Foal Eagle, in addition to multiple Rehearsal of Concept (ROC) Drills, are the three theater level exercises.

• Ulchi-Freedom Guardian (UFG) is an annual simulation driven, command transformation-oriented Command Post Exercise (CPX). Elements of the ROK and US governments participate, as well as ROK and US forces from on and off the Korean peninsula. UFG integrates the annual ROK government exercise "Ulchi", which focuses on procedures for transitioning to war, government support. Ulchi also emphasizes ROK procedures for coordination between government and military organizations from the national to local level. UFG typically incorporates the following components: a Crisis Management Exercise focused on strategic and operational decisions needed to defuse a crisis, or posture the command for successful execution of the appropriate OPLAN if the enemy actions dictate; a Senior Leader Seminar (SLS) designed to foster senior-level discussion on a variety of topics related to crisis management and war-fighting; and a two-week Computer Assisted Exercise that exercises the transition to war, defense, and counteroffensive phases of the war-fight. The exercise culminates in detailed senior leader level After-Action Reviews (AARs).
• Key Resolve (KR) is over the course of a two-week-long CFC and ROK crisis management and war-fighting exercise. It provides invaluable opportunities to evaluate, train, and improves combined and joint coordination, procedures, plans and systems necessary for the conduct of contingency operations by ROK and US forces. It is a simulation driven Command Post exercise that exercises the defense of the ROK and the ability of the US to bring forces into the Theater of Operations to participate in that defense. The exercise culminates in detailed senior leader level AARs.
• Foal Eagle (FE) is a series of component-sponsored joint and combined Field Training Exercises (FTX) that support training of OPLAN related tasks via participation of selected off-peninsula units. FE demonstrates US power projection and rapid deployment capabilities and is conducted concurrently, but not linked to, the KR CPX. Tactical units are the primary FE FTX training audience exercising all aspects of CFC's mission; rear area security, support operations, RSOI, special operations, ground maneuver, expeditionary operations, air combat operations, and maritime operations.

In June 2018 the South Korea and the US claimed they are ready to stop the conducting of military drills in order to create significant opportunities for the negotiations with DPRK.^[36]

Shoulder sleeve insignia

Description

A shield-shaped embroidered device 3+1⁄8 inches (7.9 cm) in height and 2+1⁄2 inches (6.4 cm) in width overall blazoned: azure, in chief four mullets bendwise argent, all above a stylized

, issuant from sinister base volant to dexter chief; the eagle's body gules surmounted by two bendlets, wider at base, of the second throughout; head of the second, eyed of the field, leg and talons of the second grasping a laurel branch and seven arrows or. The entire shield shape is edged with a 1⁄16-inch (0.16 cm) white border. Attached above the device is a designation band in scarlet inscribed "USFK" in white letters. The entire device is edged with a 1⁄8-inch (0.32 cm) blue border.

Symbolism

The shield shape reflects the United States Forces Korea's steadfast commitment to defend the sovereignty of South Korea. The abbreviation "USFK" stands for United States Forces Korea which activated on 1 July 1957. The four stars symbolize the service and contributions of the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Air Force, and the United States Marine Corps. The stylized American bald eagle represents cohesion and unity among the services. The laurel sprigs and arrows depict the mission of the United States Forces Korea to defeat aggression if necessary. Red, white, and blue are the colors of the flag of the United States of America. Red symbolizes hard work and honor, white represents innocence and purity, and blue refers to justice and perseverance. Yellow signifies wisdom and intuition.

Background

The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 18 June 2012. (TIOH Dwg. No. A-1-1077).^[37]

Controversy

hire prostitutes or get involved in human trafficking

.

Gwangju Uprising

The 1980s marked a surge in anti-Americanism in Korea, widely traced to the events of May 1980.^[38]

Gwangju convinced a new generation of young [Koreans] that the democratic movement had developed not with the support of Washington, as an older generation of more conservative Koreans thought, but in the face of daily American support for any dictator who could quell the democratic aspirations of the Korean people. The result was an anti-American movement in the 1980s that threatened to bring down the whole structure of American support for the ROK. American cultural centers were burned to the ground (more than once in Gwangju); students immolated themselves in protest of Reagan's support for Chun [Doo-hwan].^[39]

Fundamental to this movement was a perception of U.S. complicity in Chun's rise to power, and, more particularly, in the

by then-Ambassador Gleysteen.

[General Wickham], with my concurrence, permitted transfer of well-trained troops of the twentieth R.O.K.A. Division from martial-law duty in Seoul to Gwangju because law and order had to be restored in a situation that had run amok following the outrageous behavior of the Korean Special Forces, which had never been under General Wickham's command.^[40]

However, as Gwangju Uprising editors Scott-Stokes and Lee note, whether the expulsion of government troops left the situation lawless or "amok" is very much open to dispute.

21st century

In 2002,

An expansion of Camp Humphreys later in the decade served as a catalyst for the Daechuri Protests, drawing thousands of South Korean citizens,^[42] resulting in occasional violent clashes and arrests.^[43] Following a series of large protests against the U.S. and Republic of Korea governments' plan to expand Camp Humphreys and make it the main base for most U.S. troops in South Korea, residents of Daechuri and other small villages near Pyeongtaek agreed to a government settlement to leave their homes in 2006 and allow the base's expansion.^[44][45] Compensation for the land averaged 600 million won (about US$600,000) per resident.^[46]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, members of USFK, and other foreign nationals were reported to have no-mask parties at Haeundae Beach in Busan for the Independence Day of 2020,^[47] and the Memorial Day of 2021, despite local social distancing restrictions.^[48] They engaged in unruly behavior, which included playing loud music, heavy drinking, and the shooting of firecrackers at locals.^[49]

Relationships between U.S. soldiers and South Korean women

See also

• 38th parallel north
• Aftermath of the Korean War
• Division of Korea
• Korean Augmentation To the United States Army
• Korean People's Army
• List of United States Army installations in South Korea
• Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea
• OPLAN 5027 and OPLAN 5029
• Republic of Korea Armed Forces
• U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement
• United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948)
• United States Forces Japan (USFJ)
• United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Forces Korea.

• United States Forces Korea (USFK) official website
• U.S. Forces, Korea / ROK-US Combined Forces Command (globalsecurity.org)
• U.S. Naval Forces Korea official website
• 8th Fighter Wing, Kunsan Air Base official website
• 51st Fighter Wing, Osan Air Base official website
• "Northern Limit Line (NLL) West Sea Naval Engagements". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
• Nanto, D.K. (18 March 2003). "North Korea: A Chronology of Provocations, 1950-2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2006.