Ukraine during World War I

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Upon the outbreak of

Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the border between them dating to the Congress of Vienna
in 1815.

Ukraine's role in the prelude to the war

Towards the latter 19th century, both the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires attempted to exert their influence on the adjacent territory on the tide of rising national awareness of the period as borders did not undermine the ethnic composition of Europe. The Russian Empire viewed Ukrainians as

Ukrainian Nationalism.[citation needed] Western Ukraine was a major standoff for the Balkans and the Slavic Orthodox population it harboured.[citation needed
]

A

warm water port also motivated St. Petersburg.[1]

Religion also played a key role in the standoff. When Russia and Austria

The final factor was that by 1914,

Ivan Rudnytsky
.

Outbreak

Eastern Front on the verge of conflict in 1914

The Russian advance into Galicia began in August 1914. During the offensive, the Russian army successfully pushed the Austrians right up to the Carpathian ridge effectively capturing all of the lowland territory, and fulfilling their long aspirations of annexing the territory.

Imperial Russian Army, while 250,000 fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army.[4] Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting each other. Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered as armies shot and killed them after accusing them of collaborating with opposing armies (see Thalerhof internment camp).[5]

Ukraine after the Russian Revolution of 1917

February 1918 article from The New York Times showing a map of the Russian Imperial territories claimed by Ukraine People’s Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the West Ukrainian People's Republic
Special edition of the Lübeckischen Anzeigen,
Headline: Peace with the Ukraine (February 9, 1918)

During World War I the western

Talerhof, Styria and in Terezín fortress (now in the Czech Republic
).

The brutality did not end with the end of the First World War for Ukrainians. Fighting actually escalated with the beginning of the

Russian Revolution of 1917. The revolution began a civil war within the Russian Empire and much of the fighting took place in the Ukrainian provinces. Many atrocities occurred during the civil war as the Red, White, Polish, Ukrainian, and allied armies marched throughout the country.[5]

There were a couple of attempts during this period when the Ukrainians successfully established their own state. One was with the capital in

Lemberg, but neither one of them gained enough support in the international community and they both failed.[5]

The 1919

Galicia and western Volhynia were left to Poland. The Kingdom of Romania gained the province of Bukovina. Czechoslovakia secured the former lands of Austria-Hungary, Uzhhorod and Mukachevo. The remaining central and eastern Ukrainian provinces were left to the brotherly Soviet Union. As a result of World War I and the Russian Civil War, Ukrainian nationalists looked on as their attempt to attain statehood crumbled in favor of other countries' territorial expansion when 1.5 million had died in the recent fighting.[5]

With the end of World War I the Ukrainian national movement went underground.

See also

References

  1. .
  2. ^ Himka, John Paul. (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine. McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal and Kingston. pp. 32-33.
  3. .
  4. .
  5. ^ .

6^ Velychenko Stephen, "The Versailles Treaty and the Ukrainian National Republic. The American Refusal to recognize Ukrainian Independence in 1919." https://uamoderna.com/history/the-versailles-treaty-and-the-ukrainian-national-republic-the-american-refusal-to-recognize-ukrainian-independence-in-1919/.

Further reading

External links