Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
Ukrainische Hilfspolizei Ukrainian Auxiliary Police | |
---|---|
Active | 27 July 1941 |
Countries | German-occupied Europe including Reichskommissariat Ukraine and District of Galicia |
Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
Role | Auxiliary police |
The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police (German: Ukrainische Hilfspolizei; Ukrainian: Українська допоміжна поліція, romanized: Ukrainska dopomizhna politsiia) was the official title of the local police formation (a type of hilfspolizei) set up by Nazi Germany during World War II in Eastern Galicia and Reichskommissariat Ukraine, shortly after the German occupation of the Western Ukrainian SSR in Operation Barbarossa.[1]
The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police was created by
The second category was the local police force (approximately, a constabulary), called simply the Ukrainian Police (UP) by the German administration, which the SS raised most successfully in the District of Galicia (formed 1 August 1941) extending south-east from the General Government. Notably, the District of Galicia was a separate administrative unit from the actual Reichskommissariat Ukraine. They were not connected with each other politically.[4]
The UP formations appeared as well further east in German-occupied Soviet Ukraine in significant towns and cities such as Kyiv. The urban based forces were subordinated to the city's German Commander of State protection police (Schutzpolizei or Schupo); the rural police posts were subordinated to the area German Commander of Gendarmerie. The Schupo and Gendarmerie structures were themselves subordinated to the area Commander of Order Police.[5]
History
The local municipal police force (UP) in the occupied Ukrainian SSR came into existence right after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa. It was the result of an order issued on 27 July 1941 by the German commander in chief of the Order Police in occupied Kraków. The Ukrainian auxiliary police in the new District of Galicia fell under the command of the German office for the General Government.[6]
An actual ethnic Ukrainian command centre did not exist. The top Ukrainian police officer, Vladimir Pitulay, rose to the rank of major and became the district commandant (Major der Ukrainische Polizei und Kommandeur) in
In the newly formed
In some cases, the personnel of the Ukrainian auxiliary police depended on the institution to which it subordinated. For example, in Kyiv, superior posts in the Ukrainian guard police (Schutzmannschaft-Einzeldienst) hierarchy were frequently held by
The auxiliary police were directly under the command of the Germanic SS, the Einsatzgruppen, and military administration.[22]
Participation in the Holocaust
The Ukrainian auxiliary police played a vital role in the execution of the Holocaust.
Persecution of Poles
Defining nationality of Ukrainian policemen using present-day classifications is problematic[citation needed], because in German-occupied eastern Poland (see: District of Galicia) there was no perception of de jure Ukrainian independent statehood. Some Ukrainian Hilfspolizei who harbored a pathological hatred for Poles and Jews – resulting in acts of mass murder – remained formally and legally Polish from the time before the invasion until much later. Thirty years after the war ended, one former Ukrainian policeman, Jan Masłowski (a.k.a. Iwan Maslij), was recognized in Rakłowice near Wrocław by Polish survivors of massacres committed by Ukrainische Hilfspolizei in the towns of Szczepiatyn, Dyniska, Tarnoszyn, Niemstów, and Korczów. He was sentenced to death in Poland in 1978. After being denied clemency, Maslij was hanged at Mokotów Prison on 20 August 1979.[26][27]
On 13 November 1942, members of the Ukrainische Hilfspolizei robbed and executed 32 Poles and 1 Jew in the village of Obórki (pl), located in prewar Wołyń Voivodeship. After the crime the village was burned down.[28] On 16 December 1942, the Ukrainian policemen, led by Germans, killed 360 Poles in Jezierce (former powiat Rivne).[28][29]
In
Role in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army formation
For many who joined the police force, enlistment served as an opportunity to receive military training and direct access to weapons.
Battalions
By 1942, after the military administration was replaced with the regular Gendarmerie in occupied East, the strength of the Schutzmannschaft had increased tenfold. However, the new recruits were mostly not in the battalions. Instead, they took up the individual post duty as militias in place of former local Ordnungsdienst. The actual Security Battalions (or Schumas, German: Schutzmannschaft Bataillone) comprised only one-third of the overall strength of the formation.[32] As a matter of course, the static police wore black uniforms from the pre-war German stock which was no longer used and kept in storage. The black uniforms of the former Allgemeine-SS including their characteristic field caps were simply stripped of German insignia and given to Schutzmannschaft to use with the new patches. Gradually, the mobile units were issued field-grey uniforms (pictured).[33] The desired size of each battalion was about 500 soldiers divided into three companies of 140-150 men each, with 50 staff members.[34][35] The logistical problems with securing enough uniforms for all of them continued until late 1942. For the weapons, the most widely used were captured Russian military rifles and pistols. Machine guns remained scarce until the latter stages of the war.[36]
Most battalions were assigned block numbers based on ethnic and national makeup for ease of recognition. Those in Russia South and the heart of Ukraine were numbered from 101 to 200. The ones operating in Russia Center and in Byelorussia were numbered from 51 to 100.
- Russia Center and Byelorussia
Bn. № | Formation | Disbandment | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
51 | May 1943 | ||
53 | August 1942 | ||
54 | September 1942 | ||
55 | August 1942 | ||
57 | Since July 1944, part of Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling;
in August, as 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS.[34][38] |
||
61 | |||
62 | |||
63 |
- Russia South and Ukraine[34]
Bn. № | Formation | Disbandment | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
101 | July 1942 | ||
102 | July 1942 | ||
103 | July 1942 | ||
104 | July 1942 | ||
105 | November 1942 | ||
106 | November 1942 | ||
108 | July 1942 | ||
109 | July 1942 | ||
110 | July 1942 | ||
111 | July 1942 | ||
113 | July 1942 | ||
114 | July 1942 | ||
115 | July 1942 | Transferred to Belarus right away.[39] | |
116 | July 1942 | July 1942 | |
117 | July 1942 | July 1942 | |
118 | July 1942 | Formed with former Soviet officers at the helm who were soon dispatched in Kyiv to form other battalions. In December 1942, transferred to Minsk.[39] | |
119 | November 1942 | ||
120 | November 1942 | ||
121 | November 1942 | ||
122 | July 1942 | ||
123 | July 1942 | ||
124 | July 1942 | ||
125 | November 1942 | ||
129 | July 1942 | ||
130 | July 1942 | ||
131 | July 1942 | ||
134 | November 1942 | ||
136 | November 1942 | ||
137 | October 1942 | ||
138 | October 1942 | ||
139 | October 1942 | ||
140 | October 1942 | ||
143 | August 1942 | ||
144 | August 1942 | ||
145 | August 1942 | ||
146 | August 1942 | ||
155 | November 1942 | ||
156 | November 1942 | ||
157 | November 1942 | ||
158 | November 1942 |
See also
- 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)
- Bohdan Koziy
- Belarusian Auxiliary Police
- Collaboration with the Axis Powers
- Estonian Auxiliary Police
- Foreign relations of the Axis powers
- Latvian Auxiliary Police
- Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
- Responsibility for the Holocaust
- Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
- The Holocaust in Poland
- The Holocaust in Ukraine
- Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
References
- ^ a b c Symposium Presentations (September 2005). "The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study" (PDF). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 1.63 MB) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Jürgen Matthäus, Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1941–1942. AltaMira Press, p. 524.
- )
- ^ a b Arne Bewersdorf. "Hans-Adolf Asbach. Eine Nachkriegskarriere" (PDF). Band 19 Essay 5 (in German). Demokratische Geschichte. pp. 1–42. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- ^ See the treatment in Dieter Pohl, Nationalsocialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1997), Section II.2: "Der Besatzungsapparat im Distrikt Galizien"
- ^ ISBN 9780802078209.
- ^ a b Василь Офіцинський, Дистрикт Галичина (1941—1944). Історико-політичний нарис. — Ужгород, 2001 (Vasil Oficinskiy, "District Galicia 1941–1944." The historical and political essay. Uzhgorod, 2001.) Citation: Комендантом Львівської поліції був Володимир Пітулай (Vladimir Pitulay), його заступником Лев Огоновський (Leo Ohonovskyi). Особовий склад Української допоміжної поліції формувався з молодих людей, які закінчили курси Поліційної школи у Львові. У кінці січня такі курси закінчили 186 українських поліцаїв. А 15 травня 1942 р. закінчився другий вишкільний курс, який підготував 192 поліцаїв... Українську міліцію 15 серпня 1941 р. було переорганізовано в Українську допоміжну поліцію, яка на осінь 1941 р. нараховувала 6000 чол.
- ^ ]
- ISBN 83-210-0335-4, Vol.2, p. 359.
- ^ Schutzmannschaft battalions were formed by orders of Reichsführer-SS between 25 July and 31 August 1941.
- ^ В. Дзьобак, Порівняльна характеристика колаборації населення Росії й України в роки радянсько-німецької війни (PDF file, direct download 242 KB) Сторінки воєнної історії України Випуск 11. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2009; №11. (V. Dzobak Comparison of collaboration population of Russia and Ukraine during the Soviet-German War in Military History of Ukraine Vol 11. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine, 2009. № 11, page 267 (252–276).)
- ^ Prof. Wendy Lower, Towson University. Local Participation in the Crimes of the Holocaust in Ukraine: Forms and Consequences LMU Muenchen / Towson Univ MD.
- ^ Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations, pg. 159.
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947, 1997, page 221.
- ^ John‐Paul Himka (20 October 2011), The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Police, and the Holocaust. Danyliw Research Seminar on Contemporary Ukraine.
- ^ Andrew Gregorovich (Spring 1995). "World War II in Ukraine". FORUM Ukrainian Review (Reprint) (92). Infoukes.com p. 25. Retrieved 28 June 2016. Chapter: Jewish Holocaust in Ukraine.
- ISSN 1522-5658. Archived from the original(PDF file, direct download 3.4 MB complete) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Browning, Christopher R. (1992–1998). "Arrival in Poland" (PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Penguin Books. pp. 135–142. Retrieved 24 April 2014.)
Also: PDF cache archived by WebCite.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help|quote=
- ^ Александр Прусин (Aleksandr Prusin), "Украинская полиция и Холокост в генеральном округе Киев, 1941–1943: действия и мотивации" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ГОЛОКОСТ І СУЧАСНІСТЬ *№ 1, 2007. Національна бібліотека України. Retrieved from the Internet Archive on 11 June 2013. (in Russian) - ^ Sytnyk, Daniil (11 August 2023). "The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in Kyiv. Part 1. The Formation and Activities". Ukraїna Moderna. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023.
- . Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ISBN 9780761829638.
- ^ Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz. "Holocaust Amnesia: The Ukrainian Diaspora and the Genocide of the Jews". German Yearbook of Contemporary History 1 (2016).
The Ukrainian police played a very important role in the third phase of the Holocaust, during which most of the Jews in eastern Galicia and Volhynia were killed.
- ^ The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Statiev Alexander Cambridge University Press 2010 page 69
- ^ )
- ^ Robert Horbaczewski (16 February 2005). "Ostatnia kara śmierci (The last case of capital punishment)". Region – Gospodarka i polityka. Kronika Tygodnia (reprint: Roztocze.net). Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ "Museum of Independence" (PDF). 23 June 2019.
- ^ a b Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960[page needed]
- ^ Czesław Partacz, Krzysztof Łada, Polska wobec ukraińskich dążeń niepodległościowych w czasie II wojny światowej, (Toruń: Centrum Edukacji Europejskiej, 2003)
- Grzegorz Motyka, Rafał Wnuk, Pany i rezuny, 1997, p. 63
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. ""Двофронтова" боротьба УПА, p.165" (PDF). Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ISBN 1403963711.
- ]
- ^ a b c Marcus Wendel (19 January 2014). "Schutzmannschaft Bataillone" (Internet Archive 6 January 1914 capture). Axis History. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|format=
- ^ ]
- ISBN 1403963711.
- ^ Per Anders Rudling (2015). "Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201 and Hauptmann Roman Shukhevych in Belarus 1942" (Available in RTF). Schooling in Murder. Academia.edu; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ GFN (1992). "Organizational History of the German SS Formations 1939–1945" (PDF). Command and General Staff College (CGSC), US Army Combined Arms Center. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download) on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ a b Natalia Petrouchkevitch (2015). Wartime experiences of the Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118. Wilfrid Laurier University. pp. 71–78. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)