Ulises Heureaux

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In this
Spanish name, the first or paternal surname
is Heureaux and the second or maternal family name is Leibert.
Ulises Heureaux
President of the Dominican Republic
In office
April 30, 1889 – July 26, 1899
Vice PresidentManuel María Gautier
Wenceslao Figuereo
Preceded byManuel María Gautier
Succeeded byWenceslao Figuereo
Personal details
BornOctober 21, 1845
San Felipe de Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
DiedJuly 26, 1899 (aged 53)
Dominican Republic Moca, Dominican Republic
Political partyBlue Party
SpouseCatalina Flan

Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Leibert (Spanish:

president of the Dominican Republic from September 1, 1882 to September 1, 1884, from January 6, 1887 to February 27, 1889 and again from April 30, 1889 maintaining power between his terms until his assassination by Ramón Cáceres
.

Early life

Heureaux, known by the nickname of Lilís, was born in

Saint Thomas. His father was mulatto and his mother was African.[4]
Due to his cultural background, he was able to speak French and English in addition to Spanish fluently.

Ulises Hereaux

Following the annexation of the Dominican Republic by Spain in 1861 he joined the

Ulises Espaillat. When the nation’s leading caudillo Buenaventura Báez
, returned to power for his fifth term and fell after less than a year, he helped overthrow the two subsequent regimes.

Rise to power

Heureaux in 1880

When Luperón became President in 1879, he chose to remain in his hometown of

Puerto Plata where he had established himself as a prosperous tobacco merchant, delegating authority in Santo Domingo
to Heureaux.

A Catholic priest named Fernando Meriño became President in September 1880, Heureaux served as his Interior Minister and his behind-the-scenes influence on the rest of the cabinet apparently exceeded that of the president. Although Meriño briefly suspended constitutional procedures in response to unrest fomented by some remaining supporters of Buenaventura Báez, he abided by the two-year term established under Luperón, handing the reins of government over to Heureaux on September 1, 1882. The administrations of Luperón and Meriño succeeded in bringing relative economic stability to the republic, and in Heureaux's first two-year term he faced only one major uprising. By 1884, however, no single potential successor, among the various local caciques who constituted the republic's ruling group, enjoyed widespread support. Luperón, still the leader of the ruling Azul Party, backed General Segundo Imbert, while Heureaux supported the candidacy of General Francisco Gregorio Billini. Heureaux assured Luperón that he would support Imbert should he win the election, but he had ballot boxes in critical precincts stuffed in order to assure Billini's election.

After being inaugurated on September 1, 1884, Billini resisted Heureaux's efforts to manipulate him and Heureaux responded by spreading rumors to the effect that Billini had decreed a political amnesty so that he could conspire with ex-president Cesáreo Guillermo against Luperón's leadership of the Azules. This precipitated a governmental crisis that forced in Billini's resignation on May 16, 1885. He was succeeded by Vice President Alejandro Woss y Gil, and Heureaux assumed an expanded role under the new government, with a number of his adherents included in the cabinet and the general himself assuming command of the national army to stem a rebellion led by Guillermo, who committed suicide when faced with capture. This further endeared Heureaux to Luperón, a longtime enemy of Guillermo.

Cibao Valley. Benefiting from Luperón's support in this struggle, he brutally suppressed this uprising, putting an end to the cycle of civil strife that had plagued the republic. Having again achieved power, Heureaux maintained his grip on it for the rest of his life. In 1888, he exiled Gregorio Luperón, and the following year forced Congress to pass constitutional amendments abolishing the barrier against Presidential re-election and eliminating direct elections. To expand his power base, he incorporated members of both of the rival political factions, the Rojos and Azules, into his government. He also developed an extensive network of secret police and informants to avert rebellions, assassinating or forcing into exile the politicians who he could not co-opt. Heureaux enriched himself and his followers through extensive private investments in the emerging export economy, in which “the separation between the president’s private means and state finances was vague, fluid and almost non-existent.” [7] He had his own secret telegraph code, publicly documented comparatively recently, that he used to control his troops and police.[8]

During the last two decades of the 19th century, sugar surpassed tobacco as the country's main export, as a result of an influx of Cuban sugar planters following the

Puerto Plata.[9]

Political demise and assassination

In order to enrich himself and his supporters, strengthen the bribe system, pay for the army, help set up sugar mills and finance infrastructural development, Lilís borrowed heavily from European and American banks, even as sugar prices underwent a steep decline. In 1888, he took out a loan of three-quarters of a million pounds sterling from the Amsterdam banking house Westendorp.[10] The Westendorp Company went bankrupt in 1892, after its agent revealed fraud in the Customs Service, where Heureaux arranged preferential tariff treatment for some of his domestic creditors. A consortium of New York businessmen calling themselves the San Domingo Improvement Co. bought out Westendorp, taking over the claims of its European bondholders, in exchange for two loans, one of $1.2 million and the other of £2 million, to fund the countries external debt, to be secured with a lien over the nations customs fees.[11] As the mounting public debt made it impossible to maintain his political machine, Heureaux increasingly relied on secret loans from the San Domingo Improvement Co., sugar planters and local merchants.

In 1897, with the country on the brink of bankruptcy, Lilís was reduced to printing five million dollars worth of unsecured paper money, known as papaletas de Lilís, ruining many of the countries merchants.[12] This helped trigger a new revolt among the Cibaeño tobacco planters and merchants, leading to his assassination in Moca in July 1899. By the time of his death, the national debt exceeded $35 million, fifteen times the annual budget.

During his time in office, the country's economy came largely under the control of the United States. Upon his death, it was revealed that he had taken many secret loans from foreign banks for personal enrichment. The government declared bankruptcy, the economy crumbled and the American military intervened.

See also

Bibliography

  • Martínez-Vergne, Teresita Nation and Citizenship in the Dominican Republic (University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005)
  • Moya-Pons, Frank Dominican Republic: A National History (Hispaniola Books: New Rochelle, NY, 1995)
  • Rodman, Selden Quisqueya: A History of the Dominican Republic (University of Washington Press: Seattle, 1964)

Notes

  1. ^ D'assas Heureaux’s father, Pierre Alejandro (Pierre-Alexandre) Heureaux, was a Frenchman[4][5] and his mother, Roselia Jean-Louis, an African-born slave

References

  1. ^ Sang, Mu-Kien Adriana. Ulises Heureaux: biography of a dictator. p. 9. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  2. ISBN 9789993420200
    . Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  3. ISBN 9781403973801
    . Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  4. ^
    OCLC 51220478
    . Retrieved 9 May 2014. Su madre, Josefa Leibert, era nativa de Saint Thomas, y su padre, D'Assas Heureaux, hijo de un francés, fue uno de los tantos haitianos que prefirió hacerse dominicano cuando se declaró la independencia en 1844. Padre y madre eran mulatos, aunque de piel oscura.
  5. ^ "Descendants of Doyen Heureaux". Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  6. ^
    Franco Pichardo, Franklin J. (2009). Historia del Pueblo Dominicano
    (in Spanish) (8th ed.). Santo Domingo: Ediciones Taller. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  7. ^ H. Hoetink, The Dominican Republic: 1859-1900, Pg. 80
  8. ^ C. Dobal, Habla Lilis (Un Documento Secreto), 1986
  9. ^ Teresita Martinez-Vergne, Nation & Citizen in the Dominican Republic Pg. 28
  10. ^ Eric Paul Roorda, The Dictator Next Door, Pg. 34
  11. ^ Ian Bell, The Dominican Republic, Pg. 59
  12. ^ Frank Moya Pons, The Dominican Republic: A National History, Pg. 271, 275
Political offices
Preceded by
President of the Dominican Republic

September 1, 1882 – September 1, 1884 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
President of the Dominican Republic

January 6, 1887 – February 27, 1889 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
President of the Dominican Republic

April 30, 1889 – July 26, 1899 		Succeeded by
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