Ultimate reality
Ultimate reality is "the supreme, final, and fundamental power in all reality".[1] This may overlap with the concept of the Absolute in certain philosophies.
Greek philosophy
Buddhism
In
Hinduism
In Hinduism, Brahman connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality in the universe.[8][9][10] In major schools of Hindu philosophy, it is the material, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists.[9][11][12] It is the pervasive, genderless, infinite, eternal truth and bliss which does not change, yet is the cause of all changes.[8][10][13] Brahman as a metaphysical concept is the single binding unity behind diversity in all that exists in the universe.[8][14]
Taoism
In Taoism, the Tao is the impersonal principle that underlies reality. It is a metaphysical principle and process that refers to how nature develops, being an enigmatic process of transformation. It is described as the source of existence, an ineffable mystery, and something that can be individually harnessed for the good.[15] It is thought of as being "the flow of the universe" and the source of its order and its qi, but it is not considered a deity to be worshipped, even if some interpretations believed it had the power to bless or illuminate.
Representation
According to Dadosky, the concept of "ultimate reality" is difficult to express in words, poetry, mythology, and art. Paradox or contradiction is often used as a medium of expression because of the "contradictory aspect of the ultimate reality".[16]
According to
the sacred is equivalent to a power, and, in the last analysis, to reality. The sacred is saturated with being. Sacred power means reality and at the same time enduringness and efficacy. The polarity sacred-profane is often expressed as opposition between real and unreal or pseudoreal. [...] Thus it is easy to understand that religious man deeply desires to be, to participate in reality, to be saturated with power.
Common symbols of ultimate reality include
Paul Tillich held that God is the ground of being and is something that precedes the subject-object dichotomy. He considered God to be what people are ultimately concerned with, existentially, and that religious symbols can be recovered as meaningful even without faith in the personal God of traditional Christianity.[20]
See also
- Absolute (philosophy)
- Ein Sof
- I Am that I Am
- Nondualism
- Tao
- The One
- Wuji
References
- ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Ultimate reality
- ISSN 0021-1753.
- ^ Hicks, Robert Drew (1911). "Stoics". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 944.
- ^ Harvey 2001, p. 95, 97.
- ^ Harvey 2001, p. 97-98.
- ^ Harvey 2001, p. 109.
- ^ Wedemeyer 2012, p. 52.
- ^ ISBN 978-0823931798.
- ^ ISBN 978-1406732627, page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII
- ^ a b Fowler 2002, pp. 49–55 (in Upanishads), 318–319 (in Vishistadvaita), 246–248 and 252–255 (in Advaita), 342–343 (in Dvaita), 175–176 (in Samkhya-Yoga).
- ISBN 978-9042015104, pages 43–44
- ISBN 978-0199738724, pages 51–58, 111–115;
For monist school of Hinduism, see: B. Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis – Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18–35 - ISBN 978-0884899976.
- ^ Fowler 2002, pp. 50–53.
- ISBN 978-1-4411-5795-9.
- ^ Dadosky, 2004. p. 86
- ^ a b Dadosky, 2004. p. 85
- ^ Dadosky, 2004. p. 100
- ^ See George MacDonald's The Golden Key
- ^ Tillich, Paul. Theology of Culture. pp. 127–132.
Sources
- John Daniel Dadosky. The Structure of Religious Knowing: Encountering the Sacred in Eliade and Lonergan. State University of New York Press, 2004. ISBN 0791460614.
- Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-93-6
- Harvey, Peter, Buddhism, Bloomsbury Publishing
- Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2012), Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions, Columbia University Press
Further reading
- Neville, Robert C. (2001), Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project, SUNY Press