Ultrafine particle

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Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are

There are two main divisions that categorize types of UFPs. UFPs can either be carbon-based or metallic, and then can be further subdivided by their magnetic properties.

The main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation. Owing to their size, UFPs are considered to be respirable particles. Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs,[13] where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo interstitialization, or to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream—and therefore are not easily removed from the body and may have immediate effect.^[2] Exposure to UFPs, even if components are not very toxic, may cause oxidative stress,^[14] inflammatory mediator release, and could induce heart disease, lung disease, and other systemic effects.^{[15] [16][17][18]} The exact mechanism through which UFP exposure leads to health effects remains to be elucidated, but effects on Blood pressure may play a role. It has recently been reported that UFP is associated with an increase in blood pressure in schoolchildren with the smallest particles inducing the largest effect.^[19] According to research, infants whose mothers were exposed to higher levels of UFPs during pregnancy are much more likely to develop asthma.^[20]

There is a range of potential human exposures that include occupational, due to the direct manufacturing process or a byproduct from an industrial or office environment,^[2][21] as well as incidental, from contaminated outdoor air and other byproduct emissions.^[22] In order to quantify exposure and risk, both in vivo and in vitro studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse, rat, and fish.^[23] These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment, risk management, and potential regulation and legislation.^{[24][25] [26]}

Some sizes of UFPs may be filtered from the air using

Regulation and legislation

As the nanotechnology industry has grown, nanoparticles have brought UFPs more public and regulatory attention.^[27] UFP risk assessment research is still in the very early stages. There are continuing debates^[28] about whether to regulate UFPs and how to research and manage the health risks they may pose.^{[29][30][31][32]} As of March 19, 2008, the EPA does not yet regulate or research ultrafine particles,^[33] but has drafted a Nanomaterial Research Strategy, open for independent, external peer review beginning February 7, 2008 (Panel review on April 11, 2008).^[34] There is also debate about how the European Union (EU) should regulate UFPs.^[35]

Political disputes

There is political dispute between China and South Korea on ultrafine dust. South Korea claims that about 80% of ultrafine dust comes from China, and China and South Korea should cooperate to reduce the level of fine dust. China, however, argues that the Chinese government have already implemented its policy regarding ecological environment. According to China's government, its quality of air has been improved more than 40% since 2013. However, the air pollution in South Korea got worse. Therefore, the dispute between China and South Korea has become political.^[36] In March 2019, Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment said that 50% to 70% of the fine dust is from China, therefore China is responsible for the air pollution in South Korea. This dispute provokes dispute among citizens as well.^[37] In July 2014,

• Diesel particulate matter
• Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
• Metal fume fever
• Metal working
• Nanostructures
• Open burning of waste | Open burning
• Power tool
• Renovation
• Welding
• Wildfire

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