Ted Kaczynski

Page semi-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Unabomber
)

Ted Kaczynski
life sentences
without the possibility of parole
Details
Span of crimes
1978–1995
Killed3
Injured23
Date apprehended
April 3, 1996
Scientific career
FieldsComplex analysis
Institutions
ThesisBoundary Functions (1967)
Doctoral advisorAllen Shields
Other academic advisorsGeorge Piranian
Signature

Theodore John Kaczynski (/kəˈzɪnski/ kə-ZIN-skee; May 22, 1942 – June 10, 2023), also known as the Unabomber (University and Airline Bomber) (/ˈjnəbɒmər/ YOO-nə-bom-ər), was an American mathematician and domestic terrorist.[1][2] He was a mathematics prodigy, but abandoned his academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle.

Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski murdered three individuals and injured 23 others in a nationwide

leftism, and advocating for a nature-centered form of anarchism.[3]

In 1971, Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water near Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills to become self-sufficient. After witnessing the destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin, he concluded that living in nature was becoming impossible and resolved to fight industrialization and its destruction of nature through terrorism. In 1979, Kaczynski became the subject of what was, by the time of his arrest in 1996, the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI used the case identifier UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) before his identity was known, resulting in the media naming him the "Unabomber".

In 1995, Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times promising to "desist from terrorism" if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto, in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary in attracting attention to the erosion of human freedom and dignity by modern technologies.[4] The FBI and U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of the essay, which appeared in The Washington Post in September 1995. Upon reading it, Kaczynski's brother, David, recognized the prose style and reported his suspicions to the FBI. After his arrest in 1996, Kaczynski—maintaining that he was sane—tried and failed to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wished him to plead insanity to avoid the death penalty. He pleaded guilty to all charges in 1998 and was sentenced to eight consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of parole. In June 2023, Kaczynski committed suicide in prison.[5][6]

Early life

Childhood

Photograph of Kaczynski's birth certificates and drivers licenses
Kaczynski's birth certificate and several of his driver's licenses

Theodore John Kaczynski was born in Chicago on May 22, 1942, to working-class parents Wanda Theresa (née Dombek) and Theodore Richard Kaczynski, a sausage maker.

atheists.[8] They married on April 11, 1939.[8]

From first to fourth grade (ages six to nine), Kaczynski attended Sherman Elementary School in Chicago, where administrators described him as healthy and well-adjusted.[9] In 1952, three years after his brother David was born, the family moved to suburban Evergreen Park, Illinois, and Ted transferred to Evergreen Park Central Junior High School. After testing scored his IQ at 167,[10] he skipped the sixth grade. Kaczynski later described this as a pivotal event: previously he had socialized with his peers and was even a leader, but after skipping ahead of them he felt he did not fit in with the older children, who bullied him.[11]

Neighbors in Evergreen Park later described the Kaczynski family as "civic-minded folks", one recalling the parents "sacrificed everything they had for their children".[8] Both Ted and David were intelligent, but Ted was exceptionally bright. Neighbors described him as a smart but lonely individual.[8][12]

High school

Kaczynski attended Evergreen Park Community High School, where he excelled academically. He played the trombone in the marching band and was a member of the mathematics, biology, coin, and German clubs.[13][14] In 1996, a former classmate said: "He was never really seen as a person, as an individual personality ... He was always regarded as a walking brain, so to speak."[8] During this period, Kaczynski became intensely interested in mathematics, spending hours studying and solving advanced problems. He became associated with a group of like-minded boys interested in science and mathematics, known as the "briefcase boys" for their penchant of carrying briefcases.[14]

Throughout high school, Kaczynski was ahead of his classmates academically. Placed in a more advanced mathematics class, he soon mastered the material. He skipped the eleventh grade, and, by attending summer school, he graduated at age 15. Kaczynski was one of his school's five National Merit finalists and was encouraged to apply to Harvard University.[13] While still at age 15, he was accepted to Harvard and entered the university on a scholarship in 1958 at age 16.[15] A classmate later said Kaczynski was emotionally unprepared: "They packed him up and sent him to Harvard before he was ready ... He didn't even have a driver's license."[8]

Harvard University

Photograph of Kaczynski in high school with three boys and a girl
Kaczynski (bottom right) with other merit scholarship finalists from his high school

Kaczynski matriculated at Harvard as a mathematics prodigy. During his first year at the university, Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott Street, which was intended to provide a small, intimate living space for the youngest, most precocious incoming students. For the following three years, he lived at Eliot House. His housemates and other students at Harvard described Kaczynski as a very intelligent but socially reserved person.[16] He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1962, finishing with a GPA of 3.12.[17][18][19]

Psychological study

In his second year at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in a study described by author Alston Chase as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment" led by Harvard psychologist

Electrodes monitored the subject's physiological reactions. These encounters were filmed, and subjects' expressions of anger and rage were later played back to them repeatedly.[20] The experiment lasted three years, with someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week.[21][22] Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study.[23]

Kaczynski's lawyers later attributed his hostility towards

Project MKUltra, the CIA's program of research into mind control.[25][26] Chase and others have also suggested that this experience may have motivated Kaczynski's criminal activities.[27][28] Kaczynski stated he resented Murray and his co-workers, primarily because of the invasion of his privacy he perceived as a result of their experiments. Nevertheless, he said he was "quite confident that [his] experiences with Professor Murray had no significant effect on the course of [his] life".[29]

Mathematics career

Kaczynski's diplomas from Harvard University and the University of Michigan

In 1962, Kaczynski enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he earned his master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics in 1964 and 1967, respectively. Michigan was not his first choice for postgraduate education; he had applied to the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Chicago, both of which accepted him but offered him no teaching position or financial aid. Michigan offered him an annual grant of $2,310 (equivalent to $22,348 in 2022) and a teaching post.[19]

At Michigan, Kaczynski specialized in complex analysis, specifically geometric function theory. Professor Peter Duren said of Kaczynski, "He was an unusual person. He was not like the other graduate students. He was much more focused about his work. He had a drive to discover mathematical truth." George Piranian, another of his Michigan mathematics professors, said, "It is not enough to say he was smart."[30] Professor Allen Shields wrote about Kaczynski in a grade evaluation that he was the "best man I have seen".[31] Kaczynski received one F, five B's and twelve A's in his eighteen courses at the university. In 2006, he said he had unpleasant memories of Michigan and felt the university had low standards for grading, considering his relatively high grades.[19]

For a period of several weeks in 1966, Kaczynski experienced intense sexual fantasies of being female and decided to undergo gender transition. He arranged to meet with a psychiatrist but changed his mind in the waiting room and discussed other things instead, without disclosing his original reason for making the appointment. Afterwards, enraged, he considered killing the psychiatrist and other people whom he hated. Kaczynski described this episode as a "major turning point" in his life.[32][33] He recalled: "I felt disgusted about what my uncontrolled sexual cravings had almost led me to do. And I felt humiliated, and I violently hated the psychiatrist. Just then there came a major turning point in my life. Like a Phoenix, I burst from the ashes of my despair to a glorious new hope."[34]

In 1967, Kaczynski's dissertation, Boundary Functions,

tenure.[8] His teaching evaluations suggested he was not well-liked by his students—he seemed uncomfortable teaching, taught straight from the textbook and refused to answer questions.[8]

Without any explanation, Kaczynski resigned on June 30, 1969.[35] In a 1970 letter written by John W. Addison Jr., the chairman of the mathematics department, to Kaczynski's doctoral advisor Shields, Addison referred to the resignation as "quite out of the blue".[37][38] He added that "Kaczynski seemed almost pathologically shy", and that, as far as he knew, Kaczynski made no close friends in the department, noting that efforts to bring him more into the "swing of things" had failed.[39][40]

In 1996, reporters for the Los Angeles Times interviewed mathematicians about Kaczynski's work and concluded that Kaczynski's subfield effectively ceased to exist after the 1960s, as most of its conjectures had been proven. According to mathematician Donald Rung, if Kaczynski had continued to work in mathematics, he "probably would have gone on to some other area".[35]

Life in Montana

Photograph of Kaczynski's Bible
Bible belonging to Kaczynski, found in his cabin

After resigning from Berkeley, Kaczynski moved to his parents' home in Lombard, Illinois. Two years later, in 1971, he moved to a remote cabin he had built outside Lincoln, Montana, where he could live a simple life with little money and without electricity or running water,[41] working odd jobs and receiving significant financial support from his family.[8]

Kaczynski's cabin, photographed in 1996

Kaczynski's original goal was to become self-sufficient so he could live autonomously. He used an old bicycle to get to town, and a volunteer at the local library said he visited frequently to read classic works in their original languages. Other Lincoln residents said later that such a lifestyle was typical in the area.[42] Kaczynski's cabin was described by a census taker in the 1990 census as containing a bed, two chairs, storage trunks, a gas stove, and lots of books.[13]

Starting in 1975, Kaczynski performed acts of sabotage including arson and booby trapping against developments near his cabin.[43] He also dedicated himself to reading about sociology and political philosophy, including the works of Jacques Ellul.[20] Kaczynski's brother David later stated that Ellul's book The Technological Society "became Ted's Bible".[44] Kaczynski recounted in 1998, "When I read the book for the first time, I was delighted, because I thought, 'Here is someone who is saying what I have already been thinking.'"[20]

In an interview after his arrest, Kaczynski recalled being shocked on a hike to one of his favorite wild spots:[45]

It's kind of rolling country, not flat, and when you get to the edge of it you find these

ravines
that cut very steeply in to cliff-like drop-offs and there was even a waterfall there. It was about a two days' hike from my cabin. That was the best spot until the summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my cabin so I decided I needed some peace. I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it ... You just can't imagine how upset I was. It was from that point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge.

Kaczynski was visited multiple times in Montana by his father, who was impressed by Ted's wilderness skills. Kaczynski's father was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 1990 and held a family meeting without Kaczynski later that year to map out their future.[13] On October 2, 1990, Kaczynski's father shot and killed himself in his home.[46]

Bombings

Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski mailed or hand-delivered a series of increasingly sophisticated bombs that cumulatively killed three people and injured 23 others. Sixteen bombs were attributed to Kaczynski. While the bombing devices varied widely through the years, many contained the initials "FC", which Kaczynski later said stood for "Freedom Club",

fingerprints; fingerprints found on some of the devices did not match those found on letters attributed to Kaczynski.[48][a]

Bombings carried out by Kaczynski[49][50]
Date State Location Detonation Victim(s) Occupation of victim(s) Injuries
May 25, 1978 Illinois Northwestern University Yes Terry Marker University police officer Minor cuts and burns
May 9, 1979 Yes John Harris Graduate student Minor cuts and burns
November 15, 1979 American Airlines Flight 444 from Chicago to Washington, D.C. (explosion occurred midflight) Yes Twelve passengers Multiple Non-lethal smoke inhalation
June 10, 1980 Lake Forest Yes Percy Wood President of United Airlines Severe cuts and burns over most of body and face
October 8, 1981 Utah University of Utah Bomb defused
May 5, 1982 Tennessee Vanderbilt University Yes Janet Smith University secretary Severe burns to hands; shrapnel wounds to body
July 2, 1982 California University of California, Berkeley Yes Diogenes Angelakos Engineering professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds to hand and face
May 15, 1985 Yes John Hauser Graduate student Loss of four fingers and severed artery in right arm; partial loss of vision in left eye
June 13, 1985 Washington
The Boeing Company in Auburn
Bomb defused
November 15, 1985 Michigan University of Michigan Yes James V. McConnell Psychology professor Temporary hearing loss
Yes Nicklaus Suino Research assistant Burns and shrapnel wounds
December 11, 1985 California Sacramento Yes Hugh Scrutton Computer store owner Death
February 20, 1987 Utah Salt Lake City Yes Gary Wright Computer store owner Severe nerve damage to left arm
June 22, 1993 California Tiburon Yes Charles Epstein Geneticist Severe damage to both eardrums with partial hearing loss, loss of three fingers
June 24, 1993 Connecticut Yale University Yes David Gelernter Computer science professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds, damage to right eye, loss of use of right hand
December 10, 1994 New Jersey North Caldwell Yes Thomas J. Mosser Advertising executive at
Burson-Marsteller
Death
April 24, 1995 California Sacramento Yes Gilbert Brent Murray Timber industry lobbyist Death

Initial bombings

Kaczynski's first

University of Illinois at Chicago. The package was "returned" to Crist, who was suspicious because he had not sent it, so he contacted campus police. Officer Terry Marker opened the package, which exploded and caused minor injuries.[51] Kaczynski had returned to Chicago for the May 1978 bombing and stayed there for a time to work with his father and brother at a foam rubber factory. In August 1978, his brother fired him for writing insulting limericks about a female supervisor Ted had courted briefly.[52][53] The supervisor later recalled Kaczynski as intelligent and quiet but remembered little of their acquaintanceship and firmly denied they had had any romantic relationship.[54] Kaczynski's second bomb was sent nearly one year after the first one, again to Northwestern University. The bomb, concealed inside a cigar box and left on a table, caused minor injuries to graduate student John Harris when he opened it.[51]

Driver's license photo of Kaczynski from 1978, around the time the first bombs were mailed

Airline bombing and clues

In 1979, a bomb was placed in the

cargo hold of American Airlines Flight 444, a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. A faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding, but it released smoke, which caused the pilots to carry out an emergency landing. Authorities said it had enough power to "obliterate the plane" had it exploded.[51] "Kaczynski had used a barometer-triggered device, and it had succeeded only in setting some mailbags on fire and forcing an emergency landing; in a letter written years later, the Unabomber expressed relief that the airline bomb had failed, since its target had been too indiscriminate."[55] Kaczynski sent his next bomb to the president of United Airlines, Percy Wood. Wood received cuts and burns over most of his body.[56]

Kaczynski left false clues in most bombs, which he intentionally made hard to find to make them appear more legitimate. Clues included metal plates stamped with the initials "FC" hidden somewhere (usually in the pipe end cap) in bombs, a note left in a bomb that did not detonate reading "Wu—It works! I told you it would—RV," and the Eugene O'Neill one-dollar stamps often used as postage on his boxes.[48][57][58] He sent one bomb embedded in a copy of Sloan Wilson's novel Ice Brothers.[51] The FBI theorized that Kaczynski's crimes involved a theme of nature, trees and wood. He often included bits of a tree branch and bark in his bombs; his selected targets included Percy Wood and Leroy Wood. The crime writer Robert Graysmith noted his "obsession with wood" was "a large factor" in the bombings.[59]

Later bombings

A bomb with wires in a wooden box
An FBI reproduction of one of Kaczynski's bombs, once on display at the now defunct Newseum in Washington, D.C.

In 1981, a package bearing the return address of a

bomb squad.[60][51] In May of the following year, a bomb was sent to Patrick C. Fischer, a professor of computer science at Vanderbilt University. The package exploded when Fischer's secretary, Janet Smith, opened it, and Smith received injuries to her face and arms.[51][61]

Kaczynski's next two bombs targeted people at the University of California, Berkeley. The first, in July 1982, caused serious injuries to engineering professor

bomb squad the following month.[62] In November 1985, professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino were both severely injured after Suino opened a mail bomb addressed to McConnell.[62]

In late 1985, a nail-and-splinter-loaded bomb in the parking lot of a computer store in Sacramento, California, killed 38-year-old owner of the store, Hugh Scrutton. On February 20, 1987, a bomb disguised as a piece of lumber injured Gary Wright in the parking lot of a computer store in Salt Lake City, Utah; nerves in Wright's left arm were severed, and at least 200 pieces of shrapnel entered his body. Kaczynski was spotted while planting the Salt Lake City bomb. This led to a widely distributed sketch of the suspect as a hooded man with a mustache and aviator sunglasses.[64][65]

In 1993, after a six-year break, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to the home of Charles Epstein from the University of California, San Francisco. Epstein lost several fingers upon opening the package. In the same weekend, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to David Gelernter, a computer science professor at Yale University. Gelernter lost sight in one eye, hearing in one ear, and a portion of his right hand.[66]

In 1994,

Phillip Sharp at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology received a threatening letter shortly afterwards.[66]

Manifesto

Photograph of a handwritten draft of Industrial Society and Its Future
The handwritten draft of Industrial Society and Its Future

In 1995, Kaczynski mailed several letters

Penthouse volunteered to publish it. Kaczynski replied Penthouse was less "respectable" than The New York Times and The Washington Post, and said that, "to increase our chances of getting our stuff published in some 'respectable' periodical", he would "reserve the right to plant one (and only one) bomb intended to kill, after our manuscript has been published" if Penthouse published the document instead of The Times or The Post.[73] The Washington Post published the essay on September 19, 1995.[74][75]

Kaczynski used a typewriter to write his manuscript, capitalizing entire words for emphasis, in lieu of italics. He always referred to himself as either "we" or "FC" ("Freedom Club"), though there is no evidence that he worked with others. Donald Wayne Foster analyzed the writing at the request of Kaczynski's defense team in 1996 and noted that it contained irregular spelling and hyphenation, along with other linguistic idiosyncrasies. This led him to conclude that Kaczynski was its author.[76]

Summary

Industrial Society and Its Future begins with Kaczynski's assertion: "The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race."[77][78] He wrote that technology has had a destabilizing effect on society, has made life unfulfilling, and has caused widespread psychological suffering.[79] Kaczynski argued that most people spend their time engaged in ultimately unfulfilling pursuits because of technological advances; he called these "surrogate activities", wherein people strive toward artificial goals, including scientific work, consumption of entertainment, political activism, and following sports teams.[79] He predicted that further technological advances would lead to extensive and ultimately oppressive forms of human control, including genetic engineering, and that human beings would be adjusted to meet the needs of social systems rather than vice versa.[79] Kaczynski stated that technological progress can be stopped, in contrast to the viewpoint of people who he said understand technology's negative effects yet passively accept technology as inevitable.[80] He called for a revolution to force the collapse of the worldwide technological system,[81] and held a life close to nature, in particular primitivist lifestyles, as an ultimate ideal.[79] Kaczynski's critiques of civilization bore some similarities to anarcho-primitivism, but he rejected and criticized anarcho-primitivist views.[82][83][84]

Kaczynski argued that the erosion of human freedom is a natural product of an industrial society because, in his words, "the system has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function", and that reform of the system is impossible.[85] He said that the system has not yet fully achieved control over all human behavior and is in the midst of a struggle to gain that control. Kaczynski predicted that the system would break down if it cannot achieve significant control, and that it is likely this issue would be decided within the next 40 to 100 years.[85] He stated that the task of those who oppose industrial society is to promote stress within and upon the society and to propagate an anti-technology ideology, one that offers the counter-ideal of nature. Kaczynski added that a revolution would be possible only when industrial society is sufficiently unstable.[85]

A significant portion of the document is dedicated to discussing political leftism as a manifestation of a set of related psychological types, with Kaczynski attributing the prevalence and intensity of leftism in society as both a negative symptom of psychological pressures induced by technological conditions as well as an obstacle to the formation of an effective anti-tech revolution.

animal rights activists and the like".[87] He believed that over-socialization and feelings of inferiority are primary drivers of leftism,[79] and derided it as "one of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world".[87] Kaczynski added that the type of movement he envisioned must be anti-leftist and refrain from collaboration with leftists as, in his view, "leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology".[77]

Although Kaczynski and his manifesto has been embraced by ecofascists,

conservatives, describing them as "fools who whine about the decay of traditional values, yet... enthusiastically support technological progress and economic growth"—things he argues have led to this decay.[87]

Contemporary reception

New York Times op-ed, wrote: "If it is the work of a madman, then the writings of many political philosophers—Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine, Karl Marx—are scarcely more sane."[92] He added: "The Unabomber does not like socialization, technology, leftist political causes or conservative attitudes. Apart from his call for an (unspecified) revolution, his paper resembles something that a very good graduate student might have written."[93]

Alston Chase, a fellow alumnus at Harvard University, wrote in 2000 for The Atlantic that "it is true that many believed Kaczynski was insane because they needed to believe it. But the truly disturbing aspect of Kaczynski and his ideas is not that they are so foreign but that they are so familiar." He argued: "We need to see Kaczynski as exceptional—madman or genius—because the alternative is so much more frightening."[94]

Other works

Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How, that does not include the manifesto, but delves deeply into an analysis of why technological society cannot be reformed and the dynamics of revolutionary movements.[97][98][99]

According to a 2021 study, Kaczynski's manifesto "is a synthesis of ideas from three well-known academics: French philosopher Jacques Ellul, British zoologist Desmond Morris, and American psychologist Martin Seligman".[100]

Investigation

FBI poster offering a $1 million reward for information leading to the Unabomber's capture
FBI poster offering a $1 million reward for information leading to the Unabomber's capture

Because of the material used to make the mail bombs, U.S. postal inspectors, who initially had responsibility for the case, labeled the suspect the "Junkyard Bomber".[101] FBI Inspector Terry D. Turchie was appointed to run the UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) investigation.[102] In 1979, an FBI-led task force that included 125 agents from the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service was formed.[102] The task force grew to more than 150 full-time personnel, but minute analysis of recovered components of the bombs and the investigation into the lives of the victims proved of little use in identifying the suspect, who built the bombs primarily from scrap materials available almost anywhere. Investigators later learned that the victims were chosen indiscriminately from library research.[103]

In 1980, chief agent

toll-free telephone hotline to take calls related to the investigation, with a $1 million reward for anyone who could provide information leading to the Unabomber's capture.[105]

Before the publication of Industrial Society and Its Future, Kaczynski's brother, David, was encouraged by his wife to follow up on suspicions that Ted was the Unabomber.[106] David was dismissive at first, but he took the likelihood more seriously after reading the manifesto a week after it was published in September 1995. He searched through old family papers and found letters dating to the 1970s that Ted had sent to newspapers to protest the abuses of technology using phrasing similar to that in the manifesto.[107]

Before the manifesto's publication, the FBI held many press conferences asking the public to help identify the Unabomber. They were convinced that the bomber was from the Chicago area where he began his bombings, had worked in or had some connection to Salt Lake City, and by the 1990s had some association with the San Francisco Bay Area. This geographical information and the wording in excerpts from the manifesto that were released before the entire text of the manifesto was published persuaded David's wife to urge him to read it.[108][109]

Rough black-and-white sketch of a man's face obscured by a hooded sweatshirt and sunglasses
This 1987 suspect sketch of the Unabomber followed the Salt Lake City bombing that injured Gary Wright. It was superseded by a more iconic sketch by Jeanne Boylan in 1994, but it was the first to show him in his hooded sweatshirt and sunglasses.

After publication

After the manifesto was published, the FBI received thousands of tips.

Waco, since they feared a violent outcome from any attempt by the FBI to contact Kaczynski.[111][112]

In early 1996, an investigator working with Bisceglie contacted former FBI hostage negotiator and criminal profiler Clinton R. Van Zandt. Bisceglie asked him to compare the manifesto to typewritten copies of handwritten letters David had received from his brother. Van Zandt's initial analysis determined that there was better than a 60 percent chance that the same person had written the manifesto, which had been in public circulation for half a year. Van Zandt's second analytical team determined a higher likelihood. He recommended Bisceglie's client contact the FBI immediately.[111]

In February 1996, Bisceglie gave a copy of the 1971 essay written by Kaczynski to Molly Flynn at the FBI.[102] She forwarded the essay to the San Francisco-based task force. FBI profiler James R. Fitzgerald[113][114] recognized similarities in the writings using linguistic analysis and determined that the author of the essays and the manifesto was almost certainly the same person. Combined with facts gleaned from the bombings and Kaczynski's life, the analysis provided the basis for an affidavit signed by Terry Turchie, the head of the entire investigation, in support of the application for a search warrant.[102]

Kaczynski's brother, David, had tried to remain anonymous, but he was soon identified. Within a few days an FBI agent team was dispatched to interview David and his wife with their attorney in Washington, D.C. At this and subsequent meetings, David provided letters written by his brother in their original envelopes, allowing the FBI task force to use the postmark dates to add more detail to their timeline of Ted's activities.[115]

David had once admired and emulated his older brother, but had since left the survivalist lifestyle behind.[116] He had received assurances from the FBI that he would remain anonymous and that his brother would not learn who had turned him in, but his identity was leaked to CBS News in early April 1996. CBS anchorman Dan Rather called FBI director Louis Freeh, who requested 24 hours before CBS broke the story on the evening news. The FBI scrambled to finish the search warrant and have it issued by a federal judge in Montana; afterwards, the FBI conducted an internal leak investigation, but the source of the leak was never identified.[116]

FBI officials were not unanimous in identifying Ted as the author of the manifesto. The search warrant noted that several experts believed the manifesto had been written by another individual.[48]

Arrest

Photograph of a handcuffed Kaczynski being led from a cabin by a man
Kaczynski's arrest

FBI agents arrested an unkempt Kaczynski at his cabin on April 3, 1996. A search revealed a cache of bomb components, 40,000 hand-written journal pages that included bomb-making experiments, descriptions of the Unabomber crimes and one live bomb. They also found what appeared to be the original typed manuscript of Industrial Society and Its Future.[117][118] By this point, the Unabomber had been the target of the most expensive investigation in FBI history at the time.[119][120] A 2000 report by the United States Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement stated that the task force had spent over $50 million throughout the course of the investigation.[121]

After his capture, theories emerged naming Kaczynski as the Zodiac Killer, who murdered five people in Northern California from 1968 to 1969. Among the links that raised suspicion was that Kaczynski lived in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1967 to 1969 (the same period that most of the Zodiac's confirmed killings occurred in California), that both individuals were highly intelligent with an interest in bombs and codes, and that both wrote letters to newspapers demanding the publication of their works with the threat of continued violence if the demand was not met. Additionally, Kaczynski's whereabouts could not be verified for all of the killings. Since the gun and knife murders committed by the Zodiac Killer differed from Kaczynski's bombings, authorities did not pursue him as a suspect. Robert Graysmith, author of the 1986 book Zodiac, said the similarities are "fascinating" but purely coincidental.[122]

At one point in 1993, investigators sought an individual whose first name was "Nathan" because the name was imprinted on the envelope of a letter sent to the media.[57]

Guilty plea

1996 mugshot of Ted Kaczynski
U.S. Marshals Service mugshot of Kaczynski, 1996

A federal

psychotic but had a schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder.[130] In his 2010 book Technological Slavery, Kaczynski said that two prison psychologists who visited him frequently for four years told him they saw no indication that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and the diagnosis was "ridiculous" and a "political diagnosis".[131] Some contemporary authors suggested that multiple people, most notably Kaczynski's brother and mother, purposely spread the image of Kaczynski as mentally ill with the aim to save him from execution.[132]

On January 21, 1998, Kaczynski was declared competent to stand trial by federal prison psychiatrist Johnson, "despite the psychiatric diagnoses",

In 2006, Burrell ordered that items from Kaczynski's cabin be sold at a "reasonably advertised Internet auction". Items considered to be bomb-making materials, such as diagrams and "recipes" for bombs, were excluded. The net proceeds went toward the $15 million in restitution Burrell had awarded Kaczynski's victims.[136] Kaczynski's correspondence and other personal papers were also auctioned.[137][138][139] Burrell ordered the removal, before sale, of references in those documents to Kaczynski's victims; Kaczynski unsuccessfully challenged those redactions as a violation of his freedom of speech.[140][141][142] The auction ran for two weeks in 2011, and raised over $232,000.[143]

Incarceration and death

Photograph of Kaczynski in prison
Kaczynski in prison (1999)

Almost immediately after being convicted, Kaczynski began serving his eight life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.[140][144] Early in his imprisonment, Kaczynski befriended Ramzi Yousef and Timothy McVeigh, the perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, respectively; they discussed religion and politics and formed a friendship which lasted until McVeigh's execution in 2001.[145] Kaczynski stated about Timothy McVeigh "On a personal level I like McVeigh and I imagine that most people would like him", but also stated "assuming that the Oklahoma City bombing was intended as a protest against the U.S. government in general and against the government’s actions at Waco in particular, I will say that I think the bombing was a bad action because it was unnecessarily inhumane."[146]

In October 2005, Kaczynski offered to donate two rare books to the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University's campus in Evanston, Illinois, the location of his first two attacks. The library rejected the offer on the grounds that it already had copies of the works.[147] The Labadie Collection, part of the University of Michigan's Special Collections Library, houses Kaczynski's correspondence with over 400 people since his arrest, including replies, legal documents, publications, and clippings.[148][149] His writings are among the most popular selections in the University of Michigan's special collections.[95] The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049.[148][150] In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962; he listed his occupation as "prisoner" and his eight life sentences as "awards".[151]

In 2011, Kaczynski was a person of interest in the Chicago Tylenol murders. Kaczynski was willing to provide a DNA sample to the FBI, but later withheld it as a bargaining chip for his legal efforts against the FBI's private auction of his confiscated property.[152] The U.S. government seized Kaczynski's cabin, which they put on display at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., until late 2019, when it was transferred to a nearby FBI museum.[153][154]

On December 14, 2021, the 79-year-old Kaczynski was transferred to the Federal Medical Center, Butner, North Carolina.[155][6]

At 12:23 a.m. on June 10, 2023, Kaczynski was found in his cell unresponsive. He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead. The Federal Bureau of Prisons did not specify a cause, but three people familiar with the situation said he died by suicide.[156] He was also in the late stages of cancer.[5][6]

Legacy

Kaczynski has been portrayed in and inspired multiple artistic works in the realm of popular culture.

Manhunt: Unabomber, the 2017 season of the television series Manhunt,[161] and the 2021 film Ted K.[162] He was portrayed by Sharlto Copley and Paul Bettany
in Ted K and Manhunt respectively.

The moniker "Unabomber" was also applied to the

In his book

Over twenty years after Kaczynski's imprisonment, his views had inspired an

neo-Nazi groups idolize him, Kaczynski described fascism in his manifesto as a "kook ideology" and Nazism as "evil".[172]

Merrick Garland, who would later serve as United States Attorney General, has cited the Unabomber case as among the most important cases he worked on.[175]

Published works

Mathematical

Philosophical

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As stated in the "Additional Findings" section of the FBI affidavit, where a balanced listing of other uncorrelated evidence and contrary determinations also appeared, "203. Latent fingerprints attributable to devices mailed and/or placed by the UNABOM subject were compared to those found on the letters attributed to Theodore Kaczynski. According to the FBI Laboratory no forensic correlation exists between those samples."[48]

References

  1. ^ Mahan & Griset (2008), p. 132.
  2. ^ Haberfeld & von Hassell (2009), p. 40.
  3. ^ Gautney (2010), p. 199.
  4. ^ a b "Excerpts From Letter by 'Terrorist Group', FC, Which Says It Sent Bombs". The New York Times. April 26, 1995. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Thrush, Glenn (June 11, 2023). "Kaczynski Died by Suicide, Prompting Questions of Prison Security". The New York Times. p. A20. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Sisak, Michael R.; Balsamo, Mike; Offenhartz, Jake (June 11, 2023). "'Unabomber' Ted Kaczynski died by suicide in prison medical center, AP sources say". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  7. ^ "The Unabomber's family photo album". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k McFadden, Robert D. (May 26, 1996). "Prisoner of Rage – A special report.; From a Child of Promise to the Unabom Suspect". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017.
  9. ^ Chase (2004), p. 161.
  10. ^ "The Kaczynski brothers and neighbors". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  11. ^ Chase (2004), pp. 107–108.
  12. ^ "Kaczynski: Too smart, too shy to fit in". USA Today. Associated Press. November 13, 1996. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c d Achenbach, Joel; Kovaleski, Serge F. (April 7, 1996). "The Profile of a Loner". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017.
  14. ^ a b Martin, Andrew; Becker, Robert (April 16, 1996). "Egghead Kaczynski Was Loner in High School". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017.
  15. ^ Hickey (2003), p. 268.
  16. ^ Song, David (May 21, 2012). "Theodore J. Kaczynski". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
  17. ^ Knothe, Alli; Andersen, Travis (May 23, 2012). "Unabomber lists self as 'prisoner' in Harvard directory". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017.
  18. ^ "Unabomber in Harvard reunion note". BBC. May 24, 2012. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017.
  19. ^ a b c d Stampfl, Karl (March 16, 2006). "He came Ted Kaczynski, he left The Unabomber". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017.
  20. ^
    The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 285, no. 6. Archived
    from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  21. ^ Moreno, Jonathan D (May 25, 2012). "Harvard's Experiment on the Unabomber, Class of '62". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  22. ^ Haas, Michaela (February 25, 2016). "My Brother, the Unabomber". Medium. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  23. ^ Gitlin, Todd (March 2, 2003). "A Dangerous Mind". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018.
  24. ^ Mather, Robert D. (April 26, 2020). "U.S. Government Mind Control Experiments: Hypnosis, LSD, and the Unabomber". Psychology Today. Retrieved June 10, 2023. Project MKULTRA was the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) mind control program that used LSD and hypnosis techniques to brainwash individuals. Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, was a participant in one of Henry Murray's experiments at Harvard where Murray's team bullied, harassed, and psychologically broke down participants. Henry Murray had previously worked for the CIA's predecessor and may have been funded by the clandestine MKULTRA program ... Murray was a professor at Harvard University and had worked for the Office of Strategic Services (the predecessor to the CIA) during World War II. He wrote 'Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler,' which was the psychological analysis of Hitler that was used by the military. During this time, he also helped develop tests to screen soldiers, conducted tests on brainwashing, and determined how well soldiers could withstand interrogations ... The CIA's MKULTRA program consisted of 162 secret CIA-backed projects at 80 institutions with 185 researchers (Eschner, 2017). Most of the records of the program were destroyed on the orders of CIA Director Richard Helms in 1973 ... Theodore Kaczynski ... was one of the 22 participants in Murray's study, subjected to several years of interrogations designed to psychologically break the young man.
  25. Dana Press
    (2006).
  26. ^ "MKUltra: Inside the CIA's Cold War mind control experiments". The Week. July 21, 2017. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017.
  27. ^ Chase (2003), pp. 18–19.
  28. ^ Jad Abumrad (June 28, 2010). "Oops" (Podcast). WNYC Studios. Event occurs at 12:31. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  29. ^ Sperber (2010), p. 41.
  30. ^ a b Ostrom, Carol M. (April 6, 1996). "Unabomber Suspect Is Charged – Montana Townsfolk Showed Tolerance For 'The Hermit'". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008.
  31. ^ Stampfl, Karl (March 16, 2006). "He came Ted Kaczynski, he left The Unabomber". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  32. S2CID 142388669
    .
  33. ^ Wiehl (2020), pp. 78–79.
  34. ^ Booth, William (September 12, 1998). "Gender Confusion, Sex Change Idea Fueled Kaczynski's Rage, Report Says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  35. ^ a b c Crenson, Matt (July 21, 1996). "Kaczynski's Dissertation Would Leave Your Head Spinning". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016.
  36. ISSN 0013-0389
    . Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  37. from the original on August 19, 2017.
  38. ^ Graysmith (1998), pp. 11–12.
  39. ^ Felde, Marie (April 10, 1996). "04.10.96 – Unabomber Suspect Left Little Trace" (Plain text). UC Berkeley. The Regents of the University of California. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022 – via Office of Public Affairs at UC Berkeley.
  40. ^ Lee, Henry K. (April 5, 1996). "Kaczynski's Shyness Recalled by UC Berkeley Colleagues". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
  41. ^ "125 Montana Newsmakers: Ted Kaczynski". Great Falls Tribune. Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  42. ^ Kifner, John (April 5, 1996). "On the suspect's trail: Life in montana; gardening, bicycling and reading exotically". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015.
  43. ^ Brooke, James (March 14, 1999). "New portrait of Unabomber: Environmental saboteur around Montana village for 20 years". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017.
  44. ^ Chase (2003), p. 332
  45. ^ Kingsnorth, Paul. "Dark Ecology". Orion Magazine. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  46. ^ Kaczynski (2016), p. 50.
  47. ^ a b John H. Richardson (December 11, 2018). "Children of Ted Two decades after his last deadly act of ecoterrorism, the Unabomber has become an unlikely prophet to a new generation of acolytes". New York. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  48. ^ a b c d "Affidavit of Assistant Special Agent in Charge". Court TV. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  49. ^ "The Unabomber's Targets: An Interactive Map". CNN. 1997. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008.
  50. ^ Lardner, George; Adams, Lorraine (April 14, 1996). "To Unabomb Victims, a Deeper Mystery". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g "The Unabomber: A Chronology (1978–1982)". Court TV. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  52. ^ "Ted Kaczynski's Family on 60 Minutes". CBS News. September 15, 1996. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  53. ^ "Kaczynski was fired '78 after allegedly harassing co-worker". USA Today. Associated Press. November 13, 1996. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  54. ^ Johnson, Dirk (April 19, 1996). "Woman Denies Romance With Unabomber Suspect". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015.
  55. ISSN 0028-792X
    . Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  56. ^ Marx, Gary; Martin, Andrew (April 5, 1996). "Survivors See Little Sense Behind the Terror". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  57. ^ a b Blumenthal, Ralph; Kleinfield, N. R. (December 18, 1994). "Death in the Mail – Tracking a Killer: A special report.; Investigators Have Many Clues and Theories, but Still No Suspect in 15 Bombings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017.
  58. ^ "The end of anon: literary sleuthing from Shakespeare to Unabomber". The Guardian. August 16, 2001. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  59. ^ Graysmith (1998), pp. 286, 289.
  60. ^ Dougall, Courtney; Jackson Thomson, Lisa Ann (Fall 1998). "English Grad Student Plays Detective in Unabomber Case". Y magazine. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  61. ^ "Patrick Fischer dies at 75; target of Unabomber". Los Angeles Times. September 3, 2011. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  62. ^ a b c "The Unabomber: A Chronology (1985–1987)". Court TV. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  63. ^ Claiborne, William (April 11, 1996). "Kaczynski Beard May Confuse Witness". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  64. ^ Locke, Michelle (April 7, 1996). "Not Knowing Where to Look, Unabomber Hunters Looked Everywhere". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  65. ^ Yates, Nona (January 23, 1998). "Recap of the Unabomber Case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  66. ^ a b "The Unabomber: A Chronology (1988–1995)". Court TV. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  67. ^ "U.S. v. Kaczynski Trial Transcripts". Court TV. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  68. ^ Ted Kaczynski. "The Communiques of Freedom Club – Letter to Warren Hoge of the New York Times (1995)". the anarchist library.
  69. ^ Kaczynski, Theodore. "Industrial Society and Its Future" (PDF). editions-hache.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  70. ^ Chase (2004), p. 84.
  71. ^ Boxall, Bettina; Connell, Rich; Ferrell, David (June 30, 1995). "Unabomber Sends New Warnings". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011.
  72. ^ "A Delicate Dance". Newsweek. April 21, 1996. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017.
  73. ^ Elson, John (July 10, 1995). "Murderer's Manifesto". Time. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013.
  74. ^ Kurtz, Howard (September 19, 1995). "Unabomber Manuscript is Published: Public Safety Reasons Cited in Joint Decision by Post, N.Y. Times". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  75. ^ Graham, Donald E.; Sulzberger, Arthur O. (September 19, 1995). "Statement by Papers' Publishers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  76. ^ Crain, Caleb (1998). "The Bard's fingerprints". Lingua Franca: 29–39. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016.
  77. ^ a b "Excerpts from Unabomber document". United Press International. September 19, 1995. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017.
  78. ^ Kaczynski, "Industrial Society and Its Future" (1995), paragraph 1.
  79. ^ a b c d e Adams, Brooke (April 11, 1996). "From His Tiny Cabin to the Lack Of Electricity And Water, Kaczynski's Simple Lifestyle in Montana Mountains Coincided Well With His Anti-Technology Views". Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017.
  80. ^ Katz, Jon (April 17, 1998). "The Unabomber's Legacy, Part I". Wired. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017.
  81. ^ Kaczynski, "Industrial Society and Its Future" (1995), paragraph 4.
  82. from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2021. Kaczynski himself negated primitivist thought, claiming that all primitive communities fed on some kind of animal food, none of them was vegan, there was no gender equality in most of them ... there was rivalry, which often assumed violent forms, some communities protected nature, but others devastated it through excessive hunting or careless use of fire.
  83. .
  84. from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  85. ^ a b c d Sale, Kirkpatrick (September 25, 1995). "Is There Method in His Madness?". The Nation. p. 306.
  86. ^ Kaczynski, "Industrial Society and Its Future" (1995), paragraphs 6, 10–32, 213–230.
  87. ^ a b c Didion, Joan (April 23, 1998). "Varieties of Madness". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017.
  88. ^ Wilson 2019.
  89. ^ a b c Hanrahan 2018.
  90. ^ a b "Ecofascism: An Aberrant Branch of Leftism". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  91. ^ Skauge-Monsen, Vilde (June 1, 2022). "Save the bees, not refugees": Far-right environmentalism meets the Internet (A comparative content analysis of Nazi Germany's environmentalism and four self-proclaimed ecofascist channels on Telegram) (PDF) (Master's). University of Oslo, Department of media and communication. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2022.
  92. ^ Finnegan, William (May 20, 2011). "The Unabomber Returns". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  93. ^ Wilson, James Q. (January 15, 1998). "Opinion: In Search of Madness". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  94. ^ Chase, Alston (June 1, 2000). "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  95. ^ from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  96. ^ "Technological Slavery, Volume One (2022)Theodore John Kaczynski". Fitch & Madison. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  97. ^ Li, Ivy. "A neo-Luddite manifesto?". The Tech. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  98. ^ "MBR: Reviewer's Bookwatch, June 2018". www.midwestbookreview.com. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  99. ^ "Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How (2020)Theodore John Kaczynski". Fitch & Madison. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  100. ^
    ISSN 1356-9317
    .
  101. ^ Graysmith (1998), p. 74.
  102. ^ a b c d Taylor, Michael (May 5, 1998). "New Details Of Stakeout in Montana". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018.
  103. ^ "Unabomber". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  104. ^ Franks, Lucinda (July 22, 1996). "Don't Shoot". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008.
  105. ^ Labaton, Stephen (October 7, 1993). "Clue and $1 million Reward in Case of the Serial Bomber". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
  106. ^ Kaczynski, David (September 9, 2007). "Programme 9: 9th September 2007". RTÉ Radio 1. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  107. ^ Johnston, David (April 5, 1996). "On the Suspect's Trail: the Investigation; Long and Twisting Trail Led To Unabom Suspect's Arrest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017.
  108. ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (April 7, 1996). "Tapestry of Links in the Unabom Inquiry". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017.
  109. ^ a b Claiborne, William (August 21, 1998). "FBI Gives Reward to Unabomber's Brother". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  110. ^ Kovaleski, Serge F.; Thomas, Pierre (April 9, 1996). "Brother Hired Own Investigator". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  111. ^ a b Belluck, Pam (April 10, 1996). "In Unabom Case, Pain for Suspect's Family". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017.
  112. ^ Kovaleski, Serge F. (July 15, 2001). "His Brother's Keeper". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  113. ^ Davis, Pat (January–February 2017). "Historian Spotlight – James Fitzgerald". The FBI National Academy Associates Inc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018.
  114. National Public Radio, Inc. Archived from the original
    on September 10, 2018.
  115. ^ Johnston, David (May 5, 1998). "17-Year Search, an Emotional Discovery and Terror Ends". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
  116. ^ a b Dubner, Stephen J. (October 18, 1999). "I Don't Want To Live Long. I Would Rather Get The Death Penalty Than Spend The Rest of My Life in Prison". Time. Archived from the original on December 4, 2002. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  117. ^ "Unabomber suspect is caught, ending eight-year man-hunt". CNN. 1996. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.
  118. ^ "Video: Unabomber captured in 1996 after 17 years on the run". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  119. ^ Howlett, Debbie (November 13, 1996). "FBI Profile: Suspect is educated and isolated". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2017. The 17-year search for the bomber has been the longest and costliest investigation in FBI history.
  120. ^ "The Unabomb Trial". CNN. 1997. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006.
  121. from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  122. ^ Fagan, Kevin; Wallace, Bill (May 14, 1996). "Kaczynski, Zodiac Killer – the Same Guy?". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.
  123. ^ Gladstone, Mark (June 19, 1996). "Kaczynski Indicted in 4 Unabomber Attacks". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  124. ^ Glaberson, William (January 8, 1998). "Kaczynski Tries Unsuccessfully to Dismiss His Lawyers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013.
  125. ^ "Kaczynski Demands to Represent Himself". Wired. Reuters. January 8, 1998. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017.
  126. ^ Glaberson, William (January 8, 1998). "Kaczynski Can't Drop Lawyers Or Block a Mental Illness Defense". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013.
  127. ^ "Suspected Unabomber in suicide attempt". BBC News. January 9, 1998. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017.
  128. ^ Suzanne, Marmion (September 12, 1998). "Unabomber's Psychiatric Profile Reveals Gender Identity Struggle". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  129. ^ Magid, Adam K. (2009) "The Unabomber Revisited: Reexamining the Use of Mental Disorder Diagnoses as Evidence of the Mental Condition of Criminal Defendants," Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 84: Iss. 5, Article 1. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol84/iss5/1
  130. ^ Diamond, Stephen A. (April 8, 2008). "Terrorism, Resentment and the Unabomber". Psychology Today.
  131. ^ Kaczynski (2010), p. 42.
  132. The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 285, no. 6. Archived
    from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2022. "Michael Mello, a professor at Vermont Law School, is the author of He and William Finnegan, a writer for The New Yorker, have suggested that Kaczynski's brother, David, his mother, Wanda, and their lawyer, Tony Bisceglie, along with Kaczynski's defense attorneys, persuaded many in the media to portray Kaczynski as a paranoid schizophrenic. To a degree this is true. Anxious to save Kaczynski from execution [...]"
  133. ^ Possley, Maurice (January 21, 1998). "Doctor Says Kaczynski Is Competent For Trial". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017.
  134. ^ Weinstein, Henry (February 13, 2001). "Retrial Rejected for Unabomber". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  135. ^ "The Unabomber: A Chronology (The Trial)". Court TV. Archived from the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  136. ^ Taylor, Michael (August 12, 2006). "Unabomber's journal, other items to be put up for auction online". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008.
  137. JSTOR 25653005. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021 – via JSTOR
    .
  138. ^ Perrone, Jane (July 27, 2005). "Crime Pays". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017.
  139. ^ Hong-Gong, Lin II; Lee, Wendy (July 26, 2005). "Unabomber 'Murderabilian' for Sale". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016.
  140. ^ a b Kovaleski, Serge F. (January 22, 2007). "Unabomber Wages Legal Battle to Halt the Sale of Papers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009.
  141. ^ Trescott, Jacqueline (August 13, 2008). "Unabomber Objects to Newseum's Exhibit". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2008.
  142. ^ Egelko, Bob (January 9, 2009). "Unabomber's items can be auctioned". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009.
  143. ^ Kravets, David (June 2, 2011). "Photo Gallery: Weird Government 'Unabomber' Auction Winds Down". Wired. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012.
  144. ^ "Theodore John Kaczynski Register Number: 04475-046". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  145. ^ Bailey, Holly (January 29, 2016). "The Unabomber's not-so-lonely prison life". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017.
  146. ^ "Ted Kaczynski's Comments on Timothy McVeigh". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  147. ^ Pond, Lauren (October 31, 2005). "NU rejects Unabomber's offer of rare African books". The Daily Northwestern. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008.
  148. ^ a b Herrada, Julie (2003–2004). "Letters to the Unabomber: A Case Study and Some Reflections" (PDF). Archival Issues. 28 (1). Madison, Wisconsin: Midwest Archives Conference: 35–46. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  149. Yahoo News. Archived
    from the original on January 25, 2016. It has been almost 20 years since Ted Kaczynski's trail of terror came to an end. Now a huge trove of his personal writings has come to light, revealing the workings of his mind—and the life he leads behind bars.
  150. ^ "Labadie Manuscripts". Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  151. ^ Knothe, Alli (May 23, 2012). "Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber, lists himself in Harvard 1962 alumni report; says 'awards' include eight life sentences". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020.
  152. ^ Ryan, Jason. "FBI Probes Unabomber Connection to Tylenol Murders". ABC News. Walt Disney Television. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  153. ^ "Newseum – Unabomber". Newseum. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  154. ^ Manning, Tyler (April 4, 2021). "Unabomber's cabin remains on display in DC". Independent Record. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  155. ^ Zapotosky, Matt (December 23, 2021). "Ted Kaczynski, the 79-year-old Unabomber, transferred to prison medical facility". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  156. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/10/us/ted-kaczynski-dead.html
  157. ^ Gabriel, Trip (April 21, 1996). "Popular Culture Sets Sights on Unabomber". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  158. ^ Canton, Maj. "Unabomber: The True Story". Radio Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  159. ^ "P.O. Box Unabomber". 36 Monkeys. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  160. ^ Benning, James (October 1, 2012), Stemple Pass (Documentary), James Benning, retrieved October 22, 2023
  161. ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 5, 2017). "'Manhunt: Unabomber' Trailer: FBI Profiler Hunts An Unusual Serial Killer". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  162. ^ "Ted K". NZIFF. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  163. ^ "Italian 'Unabomber' strikes again". BBC News. April 26, 2003. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  164. ^ Winokur, Scott (September 17, 1996). "The 'Unabomber for President' campaign". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  165. ^ Diamond, Jason (August 17, 2017). "Flashback: Unabomber Publishes His 'Manifesto'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  166. ^ Joy, Bill (April 1, 2000). "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us". Wired. Archived from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  167. ^ Young, Jeffrey R. (May 20, 2012). "The Unabomber's Pen Pal". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  168. ^ Haven, Cynthia (February 1, 2010). "Unabomber's writings raise uneasy ethical questions for Stanford scholar". Stanford University. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  169. ^ Hall, John (April 16, 2012). "Anders Breivik admits massacre but pleads not guilty claiming it was self defence". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022.
  170. ^ Hough, Andrew (July 24, 2011). "Norway shooting: Anders Behring Breivik plagiarised 'Unabomber'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
  171. ^ Van Gerven Oei, Vincent W. J. (2011). "Anders Breivik: On Copying the Obscure". Continent. 1 (3): 213–223. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  172. ^ a b Hanrahan, Jake (August 1, 2018). "Inside the Unabomber's odd and furious online revival". Wired UK. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  173. S2CID 265181918
    .
  174. ^ Wilson, Jason (March 19, 2019). "Eco-fascism is undergoing a revival in the fetid culture of the extreme right". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  175. from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.

Book sources

External links