Unconsciousness

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Unconsciousness
An unconscious male human lying in a recovery position
Specialty	Psychiatry Neurology Cardiology Pulmonology

Unconsciousness is a state in which a living individual exhibits a complete, or near-complete, inability to maintain an awareness of self and environment or to respond to any human or environmental stimulus.^[1] Unconsciousness may occur as the result of traumatic brain injury, brain hypoxia (inadequate oxygen, possibly due to a brain infarction or cardiac arrest), severe intoxication with drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol and other hypnotic or sedative drugs), severe fatigue, pain, anaesthesia, and other causes.

Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the

• Traumatic brain injury
• Ischemic stroke
• Intracerebral hemorrhage
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Seizure, all types of seizures
• Brain tumor
• Brain abscess
• Increased intracranial pressure
• Encephalitis
• Meningitis
• Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Respiratory arrest
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Heart failure
  • Arrhythmia
  • Myocarditis
  • Pericarditis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Heart enlargement
  • Lung cancer
  • Pneumonia
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Respiratory failure
  • Other types of heart and lung diseases
  • Drowning
  • Choking
  • Electrocution
• Poison
• Kidney failure
• Liver failure
• Sepsis, in severe cases
• excessive blood loss
• Shock

Law and medicine

epileptic seizures, neurological dysfunctions and sleepwalking

may be considered acceptable excusing conditions because the loss of control is not foreseeable, but falling asleep (especially while driving or during any other safety-critical activity) may not, because natural sleep rarely overcomes an ordinary person without warning.

In many countries, it is presumed that someone who is less than fully conscious cannot give consent to anything. This can be relevant in cases of sexual assault, euthanasia, or patients giving informed consent with regard to starting or stopping a medical treatment.

See also

• Coma
• Do not resuscitate
• Greyout
• Hypnosis
• Living will
• Shallow water blackout
• Sleep
• Somnophilia
• Syncope (fainting)
• Trance
• Traumatic brain injury
• Twilight sleep

References

1. ^ "MeSH Browser". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 March 2018.

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