Under the North Star trilogy

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Under the North Star

WSOY
Published	1959 (Vol I) 1960 (Vol II) 1962 (Vol III)
Published in English	2001–2003
No. of books	3

Under the North Star (

.

Based on the work, two film adaptations directed by Edvin Laine have been made: the 1968 film Here, Beneath the North Star (based on the first and second volumes of trilogy) and its 1970 sequel Akseli and Elina (based on the third and final volume).

The novel shares one main character, Akseli Koskela, and covers some of the same events as another novel: The Unknown Soldier by the author.

Plot summary

Vol I: Under the North Star

"In the beginning there were the swamp, the

.

Vol II: The Uprising

In the second part the Finnish Civil War breaks out. The book describes the atrocities committed on both sides, as well as the tensions which lead up to them. The war hits Koskela harshly, for the family loses two sons.

Vol III: Reconciliation

In the third part the community is dominated by the whites, the victors of the Civil War. In Koskela, however, matters improve as crofters are liberated and Koskela becomes an independent farm. Things turn for the worse at the outbreak of the

. Again Koskela pays a heavy price, losing three sons. The last chapters of the book concentrate on the reconciliatory atmosphere created by the joint hardships endured during the war.

Main characters

• Akseli Koskela, platoon leader in the Red Guard, later a farmer
• Elina Koskela, Akseli's wife
• Jussi Koskela, Akseli's father, tenant of the vicarage
• Alma Koskela, Akseli's mother and Jussi's wife
• Aleksi Koskela, Akseli's brother, Jussi and Alma's second son
• August Koskela, Akseli and Aleksi's brother, Jussi and Alma's third son. (Aku for short)
• Adolf Halme, village tailor
• Lauri Salpakari, the local vicar and landlord of the Koskela Family
• Ellen Salpakari, Vicar Salpakari's wife, a conservative politician
• Otto Kivivuori, tenant farmer, Elina's father
• Anna Kivivuori, Otto's wife, Elina's mother
• Janne Kivivuori, Otto and Anna's eldest son, mason, socialist politician
• Oskari Kivivuori, Otto and Anna's youngest son, member of the Red Guard (Osku for short)
• Anttoo Laurila, tenant farmer
• Uuno Laurila, Anttoo's son, member of the Red Guard
• Elma Laurila, Anttoo's daughter, Akusti's fiancée
• Kalle Töyry, master of the Töyry House, landlord of the Laurila Family
• Artturi Yllö, judge and wealthy landowner
• Antero Mellola, very fat saw-mill owner
• Preeti Leppänen, tenant farmer
• Aune Leppänen, Preeti's daughter
• The Baron, owner of the Manor, landlord of the Leppänen Family
• The Baroness, The Baron's wife
• The Wolf-Kustaa, hunter and tramp

Impact

The book is considered a classic in Finland with print runs into hundreds of thousands. Even most of those who have not read the book are familiar with the iconic opening words "Alussa olivat suo, kuokka — ja Jussi" ("In the beginning there were the bog, the hoe — and Jussi"). It is a reference to two verses from the Bible, the opening sentence of the creation account, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,” and the opening sentence of the Gospel of John, “In the beginning was the Word”.^[1]

The second book in the trilogy, The Uprising, generated considerable controversy over its portrayal of the

Translations

Under the North Star has been translated into English by Richard Impola:

• Vol. 1 Under the North Star pub. 2001,
  ISBN 0-9685881-6-6
• Vol. 2 Under the North Star 2: The Uprising pub. 2002,
  ISBN 0-9685881-7-4
• Vol. 3 Under the North Star 3: Reconciliation pub. 2003,
  ISBN 0-9685881-8-2

Unfortunately these translated publications contain many

See also

• Väinö Linna
• Finnish Civil War
• History of Finland
• The Unknown Soldier (novel)
• The Unknown Soldier (1955 film)
• Edvin Laine
• Here, Beneath the North Star
• Akseli and Elina

Footnotes

External links

• The Finnish Civil War as Depicted in Väinö Linna's Under the North Star
• Biography of Väinö Linna on: 100 Faces from Finland – a Biographical Kaleidoscope (retrieved: January 2013)
• Books translated into English by Finnish American Translators Association (FATA)