Unified English Braille
Unified English Braille Code (UEBC, formerly UBC, now usually simply UEB) is an English language Braille code standard, developed to permit representing the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the English-speaking world today, in uniform fashion.
Background
Standard
Goals
Unified English Braille is intended to develop one set of rules, the same everywhere in the world, which could be applied across various types of English-language material. The notable exception to this unification is
According to the original[2] 1991 specification[3] for UEB, the goals were:
- 1. simplify and unify the system of braille used for encoding English, reducing community-fragmentation
- 2. reduce the overall number of official coding systems, which currently include:
- a. literary code (since 1933, English Braille Grade 2 has been the main component)
- i. BANAflavor used in North America, et cetera
- ii. BAUKflavor used in United Kingdom, etc.
- i.
- b. Textbook Formats and Techniques code
- c. math-notation and science-notation codes
- i. Nemeth Code(since 1952, in North America and several other countries)
- ii. modern variants of Taylor Code, a subset of literary code (since 18xx, standard elsewhere, alternative in North America)
- iii. Extended Nemeth Code With Chemistry Module
- iv. Extended Nemeth Code With Ancient NumerationModule
- v. Mathematical DiagramsModule (not actually associated with any particular coding-system)
- i.
- d. Computer Braille Code (since the 1980s,[when?] for special characters)
- i. the basic CBC
- ii. CBC With Flowchart Module
- e. instrumentals—this one explicitly not to be unified nor eliminated)
- f. [added later[phonetictranscriptions—this one did not yet exist in 1991)
- a. literary code (since 1933, English Braille Grade 2 has been the main component)
- 3. if possible, unify the literary-code used across English-speaking countries
- 4. where it is not possible to reduce the number of coding systems, reduce conflicts
- a. most especially, rule-conflicts (which make the codes incompatible at a "software" level—in human brains and computer algorithms)
- b. symbol conflicts, for example, the characters "$", "%", "]", and "[" are all represented differently in the various code systems
- c. sometimes the official coding-systems themselves are not explicitly in conflict, but ambiguity in their rules can lead to accidental conflicts
- 5. the overall goal of steps 1 to 4 above is to make acquisition of reading, writing, and teaching skill in the use of braille quicker, easier, and more efficient
- 6. this in turn will help reverse the trend of steadily eroding usage of Braille itself (which is being replaced by electronics and/or illiteracy)
- 7. besides those practical goals, it is also desired that braille—as a writing system—have the properties required for long-term success:
- a. universal, with no special code-system for particular subject-matter, no special-purpose "modules", and no serious disagreements about how to encode English
- b. coherent, with no internal conflicts, and thus no need for authoritative fiat to "resolve" such conflicts by picking winners and losers
- c. ease of use, with dramatically less need for braille-coding-specific lessons, certifications, workshops, literature, etc.
- d. uniform yet extensible, with symbol-assignment giving an unvarying identity-relationship, and new symbols possible without conflicts or overhauls
- 8. philosophically, an additional goal is to upgrade the braille system to be practical for employment in a workplace, not just for reading recreational and religious texts
- a. computer-friendly (braille-production on modern file formats—see also Braille e-bookwhich did not really exist back in 1990)
- b. tech-writing-friendly (straightforward handling of medical/programming/engineering/similar)
- c. precise bidirectional representation (both #8a and #8b can be largely satisfied by a precision writing system…but the existing braille systems as of 1990 were not fully precise, replacing symbols with words, converting unit-systems, altering punctuation, and so on)
- a. computer-friendly (braille-production on modern
- 9. upgrades to existing braille-codes are required, and then these modified codes can be merged into a unified code (preferably singular plus the music-code)
Some goals were specially and explicitly called out as key objectives, not all of which are mentioned above:
- objective#A = precise bidirectional representation of printed-text (see #8c)
- objective#B = maximizing the usefulness of braille's limited formatting mechanisms in systematic fashion (so that readers can quickly and easily locate the information they are seeking)
- objective#C = unifying the rule-systems and symbol-assignments for all subject-matters except musical notation, to eliminate 'unlearning' (#9 / #2 / #3)
- objective#D = context-independent encoding (symbols must be transcribable in straightforward fashion—without regard to their English meaning)
- objective#E = markup or mode-switching ability (to clearly distinguish between information from the printed version, versus transcriber commentary)
- objective#F = easy-to-memorize symbol-assignments (to make learning the coding system easier—and also facilitate reading of relatively rare symbols) (see #7c / #5 / #1)
- objective#G = extensiblecoding-system (with the possibility of introducing new symbols in a non-conflicting and systematic manner) (see #7d)
- objective#H = algorithmic representation and deterministic rule-set (texts are amenable to automatic computerized translation from braille to print—and vice versa) (see #8a)
- objective#I = backward compatibility with English Braille Grade 2 (someone reading regular words and sentences will hardly notice any modifications)
- objective#J = reverse the steadily declining trend of braille-usage (as a statistical percentage of the blind-community), as soon as possible (see #6)
Goals that were specifically not part of the UEB upgrade process were the ability to handle languages outside the
History and adoption
Work on UEB formally began in 1991,[4] and preliminary draft standard was published in March 1995 (as UBC),[5] then upgraded several times thereafter. Unified English Braille (UEB) was originally known as Unified Braille Code (UBC), with the English-specific nature being implied, but later[when?] the word "English" was formally incorporated into its name—Unified English Braille Code (UEBC)—and still more recently[when?] it has come to be called Unified English Braille (UEB).[6] On April 2, 2004, the International Council on English Braille (ICEB) gave the go-ahead for the unification of various English braille codes. This decision was reached following 13 years of analysis, research, and debate. ICEB said that Unified English Braille was sufficiently complete for recognition as an international standard for English braille, which the seven ICEB member-countries could consider for adoption as their national code.[7][8] South Africa adopted the UEB almost immediately (in May 2004[9]). During the following year, the standard was adopted by Nigeria (February 5, 2005[10]), Australia (May 14, 2005[11]), and New Zealand (November 2005[12]). On April 24, 2010, the Canadian Braille Authority (CBA) voted to adopt UEB, making Canada the fifth nation to adopt UEB officially.[13] On October 21, 2011, the UK Association for Accessible Formats voted to adopt UEB as the preferred[clarification needed] code in the UK.[14] On November 2, 2012, the Braille Authority of North America (BANA) became the sixth of the seven member-countries of the ICEB to officially adopt the UEB.[15]
Mathematical notation
The major criticism against UEB is that it fails to handle mathematics or computer science as compactly as codes designed to be optimal for those disciplines. Besides requiring more space to represent and more time to read and write, the verbosity of UEB can make learning mathematics more difficult.[16] Nemeth Braille, officially used in the United States since 1952,[17] and as of 2002 the de facto standard[18] for teaching and doing mathematics in braille in the US, was specifically invented[17] to correct the cumbersomeness of doing mathematics in braille. However, although the Nemeth encoding standard was officially adopted by the JUTC of the US and the UK in the 1950s, in practice only the USA switched their mathematical braille to the Nemeth system, whereas the UK continued to use the traditional Henry Martyn Taylor coding (not to be confused with Hudson Taylor, who was involved with the use of Moon type for the blind in China during the 1800s) for their braille mathematics. Programmers in the United States who write their programming codefiles in braille—as opposed to in ASCII text with use of a screenreader for example—tend to use Nemeth-syntax numerals, whereas programmers in the UK use yet another system (not Taylor-numerals and not literary-numerals).[19]
The key difference
Another proposed braille-notation for encoding math is GS8/GS6, which was specifically invented
Attempts to give the numerals their own distinct position in braille are not new: the original 1829 specification by Louis Braille gave the numerals their own distinct symbols, with the modern digraph-based literary-braille approach mentioned as an optional fallback. However, after trying the system out in the classroom, the dashes used in the numerals—as well as several other rows of special characters—were found to be too difficult to distinguish from dot-pairs, and thus the typical digraph-based numerals became the official standard in 1837.
Implementation
This section needs to be updated.(June 2022) |
As of 2013, with the majority of English-speaking ICEB member-countries having officially adopted UEB, there remain barriers
- A unified literary code across most English-speaking countries (see separate section of this article on the adoption of UEB)
- Number of coding-subsystems reduced from five major and one minor (banaLiterary/baukLiteraryAndTaylor/textbook/nemeth/cbc + music/etc.) down to two major and two minor (uebLiterary/nemeth using formal codeswitching[28] + music/ipa),[23] plus the generality of the basic uebLiterary was increased to fully cover parentheses, math-symbols, emails, and websites.[30]
- Reasonable level of backward compatibility with the American style of English Braille (more time is required before the exact level of transitional pain can be pinpointed, but studies in Australia and the UK indicate[27] that braille users in the United States will also likely cope quite easily)
- Making braille more computer-friendly, especially in terms of translation and backtranslation of the encoding system[30]
- Fully extensible encoding system, where new symbols can be added without causing conflicts or requiring coding-overhauls[22] Not all the symbol-duplications were eliminated (there are still at least two representations of the $ symbol for instance[31][improper synthesis?]). Since there are still two major coding-systems for math-notation and other technical or scientific writing (Nemeth as an option in the United States versus the Taylor-style math-notation recently added[30] to uebLiterary that will likely be used in other countries), some rule conflicts remain, and braille users will be required to "unlearn" certain rules when switching. In the long run, whether these accomplishments will translate into broader goals, of reducing community fragmentation among English-speaking braille users, boosting the acquisition speed of reading/writing/teaching skill in the use of braille, and thereby preserving braille's status as a useful writing-system for the blind, as of 2013 remains to be seen.
See also
- American Braille
- Gardner Salinas braille
- Nemeth Braille
References
- ^ "Untitled Document". BrailleAuthority.org.
- ^ Cranmer; Nemeth). "A Uniform Braille Code". ICEB.org.
- ^ a b c Archived 2012-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Unified Braille Code". Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
- ^ "A Single Braille Code for All English-Speaking Peoples of the World". International Council on English Braille. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- ^ "Green Light for Unified English Braille". International Council on English Braille. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Unified English Braille (UEB)". Australian Braille Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "UEB in South Africa". Australian Braille Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "The National Braille Council of Nigeria votes to accept the Unified English Braille Code (UEB) for future implementation in Nigeria". Australian Braille Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Resolution regarding Unified English Braille passed by the Australian Braille Authority May 2005". Australian Braille Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "About The Trust". The Braille Authority of New Zealand Aotearoa Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "News". Canadian Braille Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "UK Association for Accessible Formats adopts UEB as the braille code for the UK". UK Association for Accessible Formats. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "BANA Adopts UEB". Braille Authority of North America. November 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ^ "unifiedbrailleforall.com – unifiedbrailleforall Resources and Information".
- ^ a b "The History of the Nemeth Code: An Interview with Dr. Abraham Nemeth".
- ^ "The World of Blind Mathematicians" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ^ "Brief Overview of Current Braille Codes". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
- ^ "Unified English Braille".
- ^ "NUBS Documents".
- ^ a b "unifiedbrailleforall.com".
- ^ "CNN – Blind physicist creates better Braille – Nov 9, 1995".
- ^ "GS Numbers". Archived from the original on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
- Gardner–Salinas Braille#Digits
- ^ "chezdom.net » Braille Mathematical Notations". 22 July 2008.
- ^ a b c "BANA file".
- ^ Contrast page 12 definition versus page 13 example and compare with page 236 which follows the second style
External links
- The Rules of Unified English Braille (2013)
- Comments on Mathematical Aspects of the UEBC by Dr. Abraham Nemeth, inventor of the Nemeth Braille Code
- International Council on English Braille (ICEB)
- National Braille Press has a free booklet about the UEBC (in braille or electronic braille only)
- Some Thoughts on the UEBC
- History of standardization of braille-encodings, 1860 through 1950