United Auto Workers
International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America | |
Revenue (2020) | $288 million[2] |
---|---|
Endowment (2020) | $1.027 billion |
Website | uaw |
The United Auto Workers (UAW), fully named International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, is an
UAW members in the 21st century work in industries including autos and auto parts, health care, casino gambling, and higher education. The union is headquartered in Detroit, Michigan. As of February 24, 2022, the UAW has more than 391,000 active members and more than 580,000 retired members in over 600 local unions, and holds 1,150 contracts with some 1,600 employers.[1] It holds assets amounting just over $1 billion.[2]
History
1930s
The UAW was founded in May 1935 in Detroit, Michigan, under the auspices of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).[3] The AFL had focused on organizing craft unions and avoiding large factories. But a caucus of industrial unions led by John L. Lewis formed the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL at its 1935 convention, creating the original CIO. Within one year, the AFL suspended the unions in the CIO, and these formed the rival Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), including the UAW.
The UAW rapidly found success in organizing with the sit-down
The UAW's next target was the Ford Motor Company, which had long resisted unionization.[5] Henry Ford and his security manager Harry Bennett used brute force to keep the union out of Ford, and his Ford Service Department was set up as an internal security, intimidation, and espionage unit within the company. It was not reluctant to use violence against union organizers and sympathizers (see Battle of the Overpass).
The UAW had a hard time recruiting Black workers at Ford Motor Company (FMC), partly because older community members felt loyalty to Henry Ford, who had hired and paid them well at a time when other auto companies would not. [6] Furthermore, many feared that Black workers were being asked to risk their jobs but would be "pushed aside and ignored" once the union had secured their votes.[7]
After years of often-violent opposition from Ford, on May 21, 1941, FMC employees including most Black workers voted decisively to join the UAW-CIO.[8]
On June 20, 1941 Ford agreed to a collective bargaining agreement with the UAW,[9] an agreement that included a non-discrimination clause drafted by Shelton Tappes, a Black foundryman in the River Rouge plant who had served as one of the UAW negotiating team:[7]
The provisions of this contract shall apply to all employees covered by this agreement, without discrimination on account of race, color, national origin, sex, or creed.
Communists provided many of the organizers and led some key union locals, especially Local 600 which represented the largest Ford plants. The Communist faction had some key positions in the union, including the directorship of the Washington office, the research department, and the legal office.[10] Walter Reuther at times cooperated closely with the Communists, but he and his allies formed strategically an anticommunist current within the UAW.[11]
The UAW discovered that it had to be able to uphold its side of a bargain if it was to be a successful bargaining agency with a corporation, which meant that wildcat strikes and disruptive behavior by union members had to be stopped by the union itself. According to one writer, many UAW members were extreme individualists who did not like being bossed around by company foremen or by union agents.[12] Leaders of the UAW realized that they had to control the shop floor, as Reuther explained in 1939: "We must demonstrate that we are a disciplined, responsible organization; we not only have power, but that we have power under control.".[13]
World War II
World War II dramatically changed the nature of the UAW's organizing. The UAW's executive board voted to make a "no strike" pledge to ensure that the war effort would not be hindered by strikes. A vehement minority opposed the decision, but the pledge was later reaffirmed by the membership.[14] As war production ramped up and auto factories converted to tank building, the UAW organized new locals in these factories and airplane manufacturers across the country and hit a peak membership of over a million members in 1944.[4] That same year, Lillian Hatcher was appointed the first Black female international representative of the UAW.[15]
Postwar
The UAW struck GM for 113 days, beginning in November 1945, demanding a greater voice in management. GM would pay higher wages but refused to consider power sharing; the union finally settled with an eighteen-and-a-half-cent wage increase but little more. The UAW went along with GM in return for an ever-increasing packages of wage and benefit hikes through collective bargaining, with no help from the government.[citation needed]
New leadership
Reuther tried to negotiate lower automobile prices for the consumer with each contract, with limited success.[13] An agreement on profit sharing with American Motors led nowhere, because profits were small at this minor player. The UAW expanded its scope to include workers in other major industries such as the aerospace and agricultural-implement industries.
The UAW disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO on July 1, 1968, after Reuther and AFL–CIO President
In 1948, the UAW founded the radio station
Politics and dissent
The UAW leadership supported the programs of the
According to Williams (2005) the UAW used the rhetoric of civic or liberal nationalism to fight for the rights of Black workers and other workers of color between the 1930s and 1970s. At the same time, it used this rhetoric to simultaneously rebuff the demands and limit the organizing efforts of Black workers seeking to overcome institutional racial hierarchies in the workplace, housing, and the UAW. The UAW leadership denounced these demands and efforts as antidemocratic and anti-American. Three examples, William argues, show how the UAW's use of working class nationalism functioned as a counter subversive tradition within American liberalism: the UAW campaign at the Ford plant in Dearborn, Michigan, in the late 1930s, the 1942 conflict in Detroit over the black occupancy of the Sojourner Truth housing project, and the responses of the UAW under the conservative leadership of Reuther to the demands of Black workers for representation in UAW leadership between the mid-1940s and the 1960s.[23] See also League of Revolutionary Black Workers and Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement for the history of Black workers who questioned the corrupt leadership of the UAW in the 1960s and the 1970s.
1970s
The UAW was the most instrumental outside financial and operational supporter of the first Earth Day in 1970.[24][25][26] According to Denis Hayes, Earth Day's first national coordinator, "Without the UAW, the first Earth Day would have likely flopped!"[24]
With the 1973
The UAW saw a loss of membership after the 1970s. Membership topped 1.5 million in 1979, falling to 540,000 in 2006. With the
21st century
UAW has been credited for aiding in the auto industry rebound in the 21st century and blamed for seeking generous benefit packages in the past which in part led to the
The
One of the benefits negotiated by the United Auto Workers was the former jobs bank program, under which laid-off members once received 95 percent of their take-home pay and benefits. More than 12,000 UAW members were paid this benefit in 2005.[31] In December 2008, the UAW agreed to suspend the program as a concession to help U.S. automakers during the auto industry crisis.[32]
UAW leadership granted concessions to its unions in order to win labor peace, a benefit not calculated by the UAW's many critics.
The UAW has tried to expand membership by organizing the employees outside of the Big Three. In 2010, Bob King hired Richard Bensinger to organize Japanese, Korean, and German transplant factories in the United States.[37][38]
In a representational election following a majority of the workers signing cards asking for UAW representation, in February 2014 workers at Volkswagen's
The union engages in Michigan state politics. President King was a vocal opponent of the right-to-work legislation that passed over the objection of organized labor in December 2012.[44] The UAW also remains a major player in the state Democratic Party.[45]
In March 2020, the Detroit United Auto Workers union announced that after discussion with the leaders of General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, the carmakers would partially shut down factories on a "rotating" basis to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.[46]
Though primarily known for autoworkers, academic staff comprised one quarter of UAW membership in 2022,[47] and the 2022 University of California academic workers' strike achieved higher pay for that UAW affiliate.[47]
A strike against all big three automakers began on September 15, 2023, for the first time in UAW history.[48] After nearly a month and a half of strikes, UAW was able to reach an agreement with all three carmakers after securing record concessions from them.[49] After the success of the strike, in November 2023, the UAW announced that it was launching a simultaneous campaign to unionize workers at other automakers with plants in the United States: BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Lucid, Mazda, Mercedes, Nissan, Rivian, Subaru, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo.[50]
In April 2024, after two failed attempts, almost three quarters of workers at the Volkswagen (VW) Chattanooga, Tennessee plant voted to join the UAW,[51][52][53] the union's first victory in the South outside Detroit's Big Three.[54]
Corruption and reform in the UAW
A corruption probe by the
Technical, Office, and Professional (TOP) workers
District 65, a former affiliate of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union that included as a predecessor the United Office and Professional Workers of America, merged into the UAW in 1989.[62]
In 2008, the 6,500 postdoctoral scholars (postdocs) at the ten campuses of the University of California, who, combined, account for 10% of the postdocs in the US, voted to affiliate with the UAW, creating the largest union for postdoctoral scholars in the country: UAW Local 5810.[63]
The expansion of UAW to academic circles, postdoctoral researchers in particular, was significant in that the move helped secure advances in pay that made unionized academic researchers among the best compensated in the country in addition to gaining unprecedented rights and protections.[64]
Leadership
Presidents
- 1935–1936: Francis J. Dillon
- 1936–1938: Homer Martin
- 1938–1946: R. J. Thomas
- 1946-1970: Walter Reuther
- 1970–1977: Leonard F. Woodcock
- 1977–1983: Douglas Fraser
- 1983–1995: Owen Bieber
- 1995–2002: Stephen Yokich
- 2002–2010: Ron Gettelfinger
- 2010–2014: Bob King
- 2014–June 2018: Dennis Williams
- June 2018 – November 2, 2019: Gary Jones (Paid leave of absence starting November 2, 2019, resigned November 21, 2019)
- November 3, 2019 – June 30, 2021: Rory Gamble[65][66]
- July 1, 2021 – March 25, 2023: Ray Curry
- March 26, 2023 – Present: Shawn Fain[67]
Secretary-Treasurers
- 1935: Ed Hall
- 1936: George Addes
- 1947: Emil Mazey
- 1980: Ray Majerus
- 1988: Bill Casstevens
- 1995: Roy Wyse
- 2002: Elizabeth Bunn
- 2010: Dennis Williams
- 2014: Gary Casteel
- 2018: Ray Curry
- 2021: Frank Stuglin
- 2022: Margaret Mock
See also
- Autoworker Caravan
- Final Offer – documentary showing the 1984 UAW/CAW contract negotiations
- Leon E. Bates
- List of United Auto Workers local unions
- 2007 Freightliner wildcat strike
- 2007 General Motors strike
- 2019 General Motors strike
- Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–37)
- Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–1950)
- Women in labor unions
References
- ^ a b "About". United Auto Workers. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
- ^ a b "United Auto Workers executives received massive payout in 2020 as COVID-19 ravaged auto plants". World Socialist Web Site. April 2, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
- ^ Irving Bernstein, Turbulent years: A history of the American worker, 1933-1941 (1970) pp 374-379.
- ^ a b "UAW locals map - Mapping American Social Movements". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
- ^ Bernstein, Turbulent Years (1970) pp 499–571
- JSTOR 3097199. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
In 1937, over 84,096 workers worked at the massive River Rouge plant. Almost half of all black auto workers were employed there-9,825 workers or 12 percent of the Rouge work force....black autoworkers had scant opportunities for work with other employers. Whereas, the FMC established an interracial workforce that had functioned in accord since the early 1920s, other companies largely excluded blacks. General Motors employed some 2,500 blacks (out of 100,000 employees) and Chrysler employed 2,000 blacks (out of 50,000
- ^ ISBN 9780807837450.
'The provisions of this contract shall apply to all employees covered by this agreement, without discrimination on account of race, color, national origin, sex, or creed.' Clause No. 78, the antidiscrimination clause, was the handiwork of Shelton Tappes, a member of the negotiation team.
- ^ "Ford UAW contract". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
The UAW was ultimately able to secure better contractual terms with Ford than had been possible with other employers. Wages were increased as promised, with increased pay for night shift workers and time-and-a-half provided for overtime pay. An estimated 4,000 workers who had been dismissed for union activity were rehired with back pay. Notably, all members of the Service Department were now required to wear uniforms on the job. The union was also provided with a closed shop and a checkoff. Ford also agreed to affix the union label to its cars. The contract was considered a model and the most liberal of its day. Ford ordered Bennett to sign the contract, which he did on 20 June 1941.
- ^ Nevins, Allan and Hill, Frank Ernest Ford: Decline and Rebirth 1933–1962 (1963), p. 140–141, 164–167, 233–242
- ^ ISBN 9780801430640.
- ISSN 0700-3862Fulltext: in History Cooperative
- ^ Nelson Lichtenstein, "Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937–1955," Journal of American History (1980) 67#2 pp 335–353, in JSTOR Archived January 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 978-0-252-06626-9
- ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
- ^ "Collection: UAW Women's Department: Lillian Hatcher Records | ArchivesSpace@Wayne". archives.wayne.edu. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
- ^ Cutler, Jonathan Labor's Time: Shorter Hours, the UAW, and the Struggle for American Unionism. (2004)
- ^ Brinkley, Alan Last of his kind" Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, December 17, 1995
- ^ Janson, Donald. "U.A.W. and Teamsters Form Alliance." New York Times. July 24, 1968
- ^ Stetson, Damon. "2 Biggest Unions Set Up Alliance." New York Times. May 27, 1969.
- ^ "Mr. Clean and the Outcast." Time. June 6, 1969. Archived December 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Barnard, John. American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935–1970. (2004)
- ^ Stetson, Damon. "New Labor Group Offers Program." New York Times. May 28, 1969.
- ISSN 0898-588X
- ^ a b "Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day". Grist. April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ "Meet 'Mr. Earth Day,' the Man Who Helped Organize the Annual Observance". Time. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ "The Rumpus Interview with Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. April 2, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross "A Bridge Loan? U.S. Should Guide G.M. in a Chapter 11" Archived April 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, November 18, 2008]
- ^ Leonhardt, David (December 10, 2008). "$73 an Hour: Adding It Up". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ General Motors Corporation 2007 Annual Report Archived February 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, p. 62.
- ^ Brenner, Mark and Slaughter, Jane "Cutting Wages Won't Solve Detroit 3's Crisis", Detroit News, December 4, 2008
- ^ Hoffman, Bryce G. "Jobs Bank Programs—12,000 Paid Not to Work." Detroit News. October 17, 2005.
- ^ Barkholz, David "UAW Agrees to Suspend Jobs Bank, Gettelfinger Says" Archived May 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Automotive News, December 3, 2008]
- ^ Ivison, John "Automotive Bailout Must Not Be Free Ride", National Post, March 2, 2009] Archived April 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Gas prices put Detroit Three in crisis mode". NBC News. June 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
- ^ Vlasic, Bill and Bunkley, Nick "Hazardous Conditions for the Auto Industry" Archived January 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, October 1, 2008]
- ^ Van Praet, Nicolas "CAW Girds For War" Archived February 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Financial Post, June 4, 2008]
- ^ Ingrassia, Paul, "The United Auto Workers Test Drive a New Model", Wall Street Journal, February 7, 2011. Archived December 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Snavely, Brent and Thompson, Chrissie "UAW pickets Hyundai dealerships in support of fired Korean worker" Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Detroit Free Press, November 30, 2011
- ^ Neal E. Boudette (February 15, 2014). "VW Workers in Chattanooga Reject Auto Workers Union". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
- ^ Atkins, Joe (July 17, 2014). "UAW Local 42 in Chattanooga latest example of creative organizing in the South". Facing South. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ "VW welcomes UAW, other unions in Tenn". Detroit Free Press. November 12, 2014. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
- ^ Lydia DePillis (November 19, 2014). "The strange case of the anti-union union at Volkswagen's plant in Tennessee". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
- ^ "UAW certified to represent VW workers in Tennessee". Detroit Free Press. December 8, 2014. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
- ^ Guyette, Kurt, "King Speaks" Archived February 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, metrotimes, January 30, 2013
- ^ Gray, Kathleen, "UAW spearheading search for challenger to Michigan Democratic Party chairman Mark Brewer" Archived February 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Detroit Free Press, February 5, 2013
- ^ "Ford, GM, Fiat Chrysler, and United Auto Workers union agree to partial shutdown of US plants as coronavirus spreads, despite many in Europe shutting down completely". Business Insider. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ a b "California Strike by 48,000 Academic Workers Flexes UAW's Muscle". MSN. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ Krisher, Tom; Williams, Corey; Householder, Mike (September 14, 2023). "About 13,000 workers go on strike seeking better wages and benefits from Detroit's three automakers". Associated Press. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
- ^ "GM reaches tentative deal with UAW, ending strikes at Detroit automakers after six weeks". CNBC. October 30, 2023.
- ^ Shepardson, David (November 29, 2023). "UAW launches bid to organize Tesla and 'entire non-union auto sector' in US". Reuters. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
- ^ "Volkswagen workers in Tennessee vote to join UAW in historic win for union". NBC News. April 20, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ Garsten, Ed. "UAW Wins Historic Vote To Organize Tennessee Volkswagen Plant Workers". Forbes. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ "The Labor Movement Just Made A Historic Breakthrough In The South". HuffPost. April 20, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ Wayland, Michael (June 3, 2020). "Ex-UAW president pleads guilty to racketeering and embezzlement as part of ongoing probe into union corruption". CNBC. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Domonoske, Camila (June 3, 2020). "Former UAW President Gary Jones Pleads Guilty To Embezzlement, Racketeering". NPR. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ "UAW Reaches Settlement with Feds in Multiyear Corruption Probe". Wall Street Journal. December 14, 2020.
- ^ "The United States Reaches a Settlement with the United Auto Workers Union to Reform the Union and End Corruption and Fraud". www.justice.gov. December 14, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "UAW Reaches Settlement Deal, Bringing Corruption Probe Closer To Completion". The National Law Review. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "Auto Workers Win Direct Democracy in Referendum". Labor Notes. December 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
- ^ Hasemyer, David. "UC Labor Union Significant for Postdoctoral Research Archived June 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The San Diego Union-Tribune, July 6, 2009.
- ^ Benderly, Beryl Lieff "Taken for Granted: The New California Postdoc Contract" Archived July 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Science, September 3, 2010
- ^ "Statement from the UAW on Leave of Absence of UAW President Gary Jones - UAW Vice President Rory Gamble to Serve as Interim President | UAW". Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
- ^ Booker, Brakkton (December 5, 2019). "UAW Names Rory Gamble As President, The First African American To Lead Union". NPR. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "Fain declares victory in UAW presidential election; Curry sets swearing-in for Sunday". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
Further reading
- Andrew, William D. "Factionalism and anti‐communism: Ford local 600" Labor History 20.2 (1979): 227–255.
- Associated Press. "Drop in U.A.W. Rolls Reflects Automakers' Problems" Associated Press. March 28, 2008. online
- Babson, Steve. "Class, Craft, and Culture: Tool and Die Makers and the Organization of the UAW." Michigan Historical Review (1988): 33–55. online
- Babson, Steve. Building the union: skilled workers and Anglo-Gaelic immigrants in the rise of the UAW (Rutgers University Press, 1991) on the Irish tool and die makers who led the UAW at Ford plant
- Barnard, John. American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935–1970. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8143-2947-4.
- Barnard, John. Walter Reuther and the rise of the auto workers (1983) online
- Bernstein, Barton J. "Walter Reuther and the General Motors Strike of 1945-1946" Michigan History (1965) 49#3 pp 260–277.
- Borden, Timothy G. " 'Toledo is a good town for working people': Richard T. Gosser and the UAW's fight for pensions." Michigan Historical Review 26.1 (2000): 44–67.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-8538-1 online
- Bromsen, Amy. "'They all sort of disappeared': The Early Cohort of UAW Women Leaders," Michigan Historical Review (2011) 37#1 pp 5–39.
- Buffa, Dudley W. Union power and American democracy: the UAW and the Democratic Party, 1972-83 (1984) online
- Cutler, Jonathan. "Labor's time: shorter hours, the UAW, and the struggle for American unionism." Class: The Anthology (2017): 125–139. online
- Fink, Gary M. ed. Labor unions (Greenwood, 1977) pp. 23–26. online
- Friedlander, Peter. The Emergence of a UAW Local, 1936-1939 : A Study in Class and Culture (1976) online
- Gabin, Nancy. " 'They Have Placed a Penalty on Womanhood': The Protest Actions of Women Auto Workers in Detroit-Area UAW Locals, 1945-1947." Feminist Studies 8.2 (1982): 373–398. online
- Gindin, Sam. The Canadian auto workers: The birth and transformation of a union (James Lorimer & Company, 1995); a part of UAW until 1985
- Goode, Bill. Infighting in the UAW: The 1946 Election and the Ascendancy of Walter Reuther (Greenwood, 1994) online also see online review;
- Halpern, Martin. UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (SUNY Press, 1988) online
- Jackson, John H. Progress the U.A.W. and the Automobile: Industry the Past 70 Years (2003), for secondary schools.
- Katz, Harry C. "The US automobile collective bargaining system in transition." British journal of industrial relations 22.2 (1984): 205–217.
- Kornhauser, Arthur; Sheppard, Harold L.; and Mayer, Albert J. When Labor Votes: A Study of Auto Workers. (1956)
- Lewis-Colman, David M. Race against Liberalism: Black Workers and the UAW in Detroit (2008) excerpt and text search
- Lichtenstein, Nelson. Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-252-06626-9 scholarly biography; online
- Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937–1955," Journal of American History 67 (1980): 335–353, in JSTOR
- Lichtenstein, Nelson and Meyer, Stephen, eds. On the Line: Essays in the History of Auto Work. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1988. OCLC 17509747
- Lichtenstein, Nelson (1985), "UAW bargaining strategy and shop-floor conflict", Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 24 (3): 360–381,
- Meier, August, and Elliott M. Rudwick. Black Detroit and the rise of the UAW (1979) online
- Mettler, Matthew M. "A Workers' Cold War in the Quad Cities: The Fate of Labor Militancy in the Farm Equipment Industry, 1949–1955." Annals of Iowa 68.4 (2009) online; UAW successfully raids an expelled Communist union.
- Morritt, Brett Theodore. "Systems of Male Privilege: The Industrial Relations Policies of the Ford Motor Company in the 1940s." Enterprise & Society (2021): 1-28.
- Sherk, J. "UAW Workers Actually Cost the Big Three Automakers $70 an Hour." December 8, 2008. The Heritage Foundation. online
- Silvia, Stephen J. "The United Auto Workers' Attempts to Unionize Volkswagen Chattanooga." ILR Review 71.3 (2018): 600-624.
- Smith, Mike. " 'Let's Make Detroit a Union Town': The History of Labor and the Working Class in the Motor City." Michigan Historical Review (2001): 157-173. online
- * Steigerwald, David. "Walter Reuther, the UAW, and the dilemmas of automation," Labor History (2010) 51#3 pp 429–453.
- Sugrue, Thomas J. ""Forget about Your Inalienable Right to Work": Deindustrialization and Its Discontents at Ford, 1950–1953." International Labor and Working-Class History 48 (1995): 112-130.
- Tillman, Ray M. "Reform Movement in the Teamsters and United Auto Workers." In The Transformation of U.S. Unions: Voices, Visions, and Strategies from the Grassroots. ed by Michael S. Cummings and Ray Tillman. (1999) ISBN 978-1-55587-813-9.
- Weekley, Thomas L. United we stand : the unprecedented story of the GM-UAW quality partnership (1996) online
- Wells, Donald M. "Origins of Canada's Wagner Model of Industrial Relations: The United Auto Workers in Canada and the Suppression of 'Rank and File' Unionism, 1936-1953." Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie (1995): 193–225. online
- Williams, Charles. "Americanism and anti-communism: the UAW and repressive liberalism before the red scare," Labor History (2012) 53#4 pp 495–515
- Williams, Charles. "Reconsidering CIO Political Culture: Briggs Local 212 and the Sources of Militancy in the Early UAW," Labor: Studies in Working Class History of the Americas (2010) 7#4 pp 17–43; focus on Local 212 president Emil Mazey
- Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935–1955.. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8078-2182-4
Primary sources
- Christman, Henry M. ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers. (1961 ) Paperback ed. Kessinger Publishing Company, 2007.
- Plug, Warner W., and Leonard Woodcock. The UAW in pictures (1971)
- Reuther, Victor. The Brothers Reuther and The Story of the UAW: A Memoir (1976)
External links
- Official website
- "History of the Canadian Auto Workers." Canadian Auto Workers
- "The Great Flint Sitdown Strike." Walter Reuther Library, Wayne State University
- Newly Elected UAW President Bob King on Reversing the Erosion of Workers' Rights - video report by Democracy Now! (2010)
- Finally Got the News, a documentary that reveals the activities of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers inside and outside the auto factories of Detroit