United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |
---|---|
Location of the United Kingdom (dark green) in Europe (dark grey) | |
Capital and largest city | London 51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.500°N 0.117°W |
Official language and national language | |
Regional and minority languages Black | |
Demonym(s) |
|
Constituent countries | |
Government | Unitary[e] parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Charles III |
Rishi Sunak | |
Legislature | Formation |
1535 and 1542 | |
24 March 1603 | |
22 July 1706 | |
1 May 1707 | |
1 January 1801 | |
5 December 1922 | |
Population | |
• 2022 estimate | ![]() |
• 2011 census | 63,182,178[12] (22nd) |
• Density | 270.7/km2 (701.1/sq mi) (50th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2020) | ![]() medium |
HDI (2021) | ![]() very high · 18th |
Currency | Pound sterling[f] (GBP) |
Time zone | UTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time, WET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (British Summer Time, WEST) |
[g] | |
Date format |
|
Driving side | left[h] |
Calling code | +44[i] |
ISO 3166 code | GB |
Internet TLD | .uk[j] |
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,
The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. The
The UK became the first
The United Kingdom is a
The UK has the world's
Etymology and terminology
In 43 AD, Britannia referred to the Roman province that encompassed modern England and Wales. Great Britain encompassed the whole island, taking in the land north of the River Forth known to the Romans as Caledonia in modern Scotland (i.e. "greater" Britain).[36] In the Middle Ages, the name "Britain" was also applied to a small part of France now known as Brittany. As a result, Great Britain (likely from the French "Grande Bretagne") came into use to refer specifically to the island, with Brittany often referred to as "Little Britain".[37] However, that name had no official significance until 1707, when the island's kingdoms of England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain.[38]
The Acts of Union 1707 declared that the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland were "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".[o][39] The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former Kingdom of Great Britain, although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain".[40] The Acts of Union 1800 united the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland and the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922, which left Northern Ireland as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom, the name was changed in 1927 to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".[41]
Although the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as
The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination.[46] It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole.[47] The word England is occasionally used incorrectly to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole, a mistake principally made by people from outside the UK.[48]
The
The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality.[55] People of the United Kingdom use several different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British, English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish, or Irish;[56] or as having a combination of different national identities.[57] The official designation for a citizen of the United Kingdom is "British citizen".[53]
History
Prior to the Treaty of Union
Settlement by
The

In 1066, the
The English monarchs, through inheritance of substantial territories in France and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the Hundred Years' War, while the Kings of Scots were in an alliance with the French during this period.[66]
In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a
In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms
Although the
Though previous attempts at uniting the two kingdoms within Great Britain in 1606, 1667, and 1689 had proved unsuccessful, the attempt initiated in 1705 led to the Treaty of Union of 1706 being agreed and ratified by both parliaments.
Kingdom of Great Britain

On 1 May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed, the result of the Acts of Union 1707.[76]
In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under
Britain played a leading part in the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
In 1801 the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[82]

After the defeat of France at the end of the
World wars and partition of Ireland

Britain was one of the principal
By the mid-1920s, most of the British population could listen to
Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system."
In 1940, the
Postwar 20th century

The UK was one of the
In the immediate post-war years, the

The UK was the third country to develop
In the decades-long process of European integration, the UK was a founding member of the Western European Union, established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities (EC). In a 1975 referendum 67% voted to stay in it.[119] When the EC became the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states.
From the late 1960s, Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence (sometimes affecting other parts of the UK) conventionally known as

Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s, the Conservative government of the 1980s led by Margaret Thatcher initiated a radical policy of monetarism, deregulation, particularly of the financial sector (for example, the Big Bang in 1986) and labour markets, the sale of state-owned companies (privatisation), and the withdrawal of subsidies to others.[121]
In 1982, Argentina invaded the British territories of South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, leading to the 10-week Falklands War in which Argentine forces were defeated. The inhabitants of the islands are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty, expressed in a 2013 referendum. From 1984, the UK economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues.[122]
Around the end of the 20th century, there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of devolved administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[123] The statutory incorporation followed acceptance of the European Convention on Human Rights. The UK remained a Great Power with global diplomatic and military influence and a leading role in the United Nations and NATO.[124]
21st century
The UK broadly supported the United States' approach to the "war on terror" in the early 21st century.[125] British troops fought in the War in Afghanistan, but controversy surrounded Britain's military deployment in Iraq, which saw the largest protest in British history demonstrating in opposition to the government led by Tony Blair.[126]
The
In 2016, 51.9 per cent of voters in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union.[132] The UK left the EU in 2020.[133] On 1 May 2021 the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement came into force.[134]
The
On 8 September 2022,
Geography
The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 243,610 square kilometres (94,060 sq mi).[142][143][144] The country occupies the major part of the British Isles[145] archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the southeast coast coming within 22 miles (35 km) of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the English Channel.[146]
The
The United Kingdom lies between latitudes 49° and 61° N, and longitudes 9° W and 2° E. Northern Ireland shares a 224-mile (360 km) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.[146] The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles (17,820 km) long.[149] It is connected to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel, which at 31 miles (50 km) (24 miles (38 km) underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world.[150]
The UK contains four terrestrial ecoregions:
Climate

Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round.
The prevailing wind is from the southwest and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean,[146] although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind. Since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions, the eastern parts are the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters, especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Summers are warmest in the southeast of England and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.[155]
The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours, which is just under 30% of the maximum possible.[156] The hours of sunshine vary from 1200 to about 1580 hours per year, and since 1996 the UK has been and still is receiving above the 1981 to 2010 average hours of sunshine.[157]
As of 2022, the United Kingdom is ranked 2nd out of 180 countries in the
Topography
England accounts for 53 per cent of the UK, covering 50,350 square miles (130,395 km2).[160] Most of the country consists of lowland terrain,[161] with upland and mountainous terrain northwest of the Tees–Exe line which roughly divides the UK into lowland and upland areas. Lowland areas include Cornwall, the New Forest, the South Downs and the Norfolk Broads. Upland areas include the Lake District, the Pennines, the Yorkshire Dales, Exmoor, and Dartmoor. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn, and the Humber. England's highest mountain is Scafell Pike, at 978 metres (3,209 ft) in the Lake District; its largest island is the Isle of Wight.
Northern Ireland, separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and North Channel, has an area of 5,470 square miles (14,160 km2) and is mostly hilly. It includes Lough Neagh which, at 150 square miles (388 km2), is the largest lake in the British Isles by area,[167] Lough Erne which has over 150 islands and the Giant's Causeway which is a World Heritage Site. The highest peak in Northern Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Mountains at 852 metres (2,795 ft).[161]
Politics
The UK is a

For
The
Nearly all prime ministers have served concurrently asAdministrative divisions
The geographical division of the United Kingdom into counties or shires began in England and Scotland in the early Middle Ages, and was completed throughout Great Britain and Ireland by the early Modern Period.[194] Modern local government by elected councils, partly based on the ancient counties, was established by separate Acts of Parliament: in England and Wales in 1888, Scotland in 1889 and Ireland in 1898, meaning there is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the UK.[195] Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function.[196]
Local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. The upper-tier subdivisions of England are the nine regions, now used primarily for statistical purposes.[197] One of the regions, Greater London, has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a 1998 referendum.[198]
Local government in Scotland is divided into 32 council areas with a wide variation in size and population. The cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee are separate council areas, as is the Highland Council, which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 200,000 people. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.[199]
Local government in Wales consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, which are unitary authorities in their own right.[200] Elections are held every four years under the first-past-the-post system.[200]
Local government in Northern Ireland since 1973, has been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their powers are limited to services such as waste collection, dog control, and maintaining parks and cemeteries.[201] In 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system.[202]
Devolved governments
Country | Population | Total area | Capital | Parliament | First Minister |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
56,489,800 (2021) | 130,279 km2 (50,301 sq mi) | London | none | none |
![]() |
5,436,600 (2022) | 77,933 km2 (30,090.1 sq mi) | Edinburgh | Scottish Parliament | Humza Yousaf |
![]() |
3,267,501 (2022) | 20,779 km2 (8,022.82 sq mi) | Cardiff | Senedd | Mark Drakeford |
Northern Ireland | 1,903,100 (2021) | 14,130 km2 (5,455.62 sq mi) | Belfast | Northern Ireland Assembly | vacant |
Scotland
Since 1999, Scotland has had a devolved national
Wales
Since 1999, Wales has a devolved national
Northern Ireland
Since 1998, Northern Ireland has a devolved government, the
Constitutional arrangement
The UK does not have a
Foreign relations

The UK is a
Dependencies
The United Kingdom, the 14 British Overseas Territories[222] and the three Crown Dependencies[223] form 'one undivided Realm'.[224][225] All parts of the realm are under the sovereignty of the British Crown, but the Territories and Dependencies are not part of the UK. This is distinct from the status of Commonwealth realms, who have separate monarchies, but share the same monarch.[225]

The 14 British Overseas Territories are remnants of the British Empire: Anguilla; Bermuda; the British Antarctic Territory; the British Indian Ocean Territory; the British Virgin Islands; the Cayman Islands; the Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; the Turks and Caicos Islands; the Pitcairn Islands; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus.[226] British claims in Antarctica have limited international recognition.[227] Collectively Britain's overseas territories encompass an approximate land area of 480,000 square nautical miles (640,000 sq mi; 1,600,000 km2),[228] with a total population of approximately 250,000.[229] The overseas territories also give the UK the world's fifth largest exclusive economic zone at 6,805,586 km2 (2,627,651 sq mi).[230]
The Crown Dependencies are possessions of
Law and criminal justice

The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the
Both English law, which applies in England and Wales, and
Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995, though since that peak there has been an overall fall of 66 per cent in recorded crime from 1995 to 2015,
Same-sex marriage has been legal in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014, and in Northern Ireland since 2020.[247] LGBT equality in the United Kingdom is considered advanced by modern standards.[248][249]
Military
According to sources which include the
Economy
The UK has a partially regulated market economy.[257] Based on market exchange rates, the UK is the sixth-largest economy in the world and the second-largest in Europe by nominal GDP.

The United Kingdom uses the
The service sector made up around 80% of the UK's GVA in 2021.[262] As of 2022, the UK is the world's second-largest exporter of services.[263] London is one of the world's largest financial centres, ranking second in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index in 2022. London also has the largest city GDP in Europe.[264] Edinburgh ranks 17th in the world, and sixth in Western Europe in the Global Financial Centres Index in 2020.[265] Tourism is very important to the British economy; London was named as Europe's most popular destination for 2022.[266][267] The creative industries accounted for 5.9% of the UK's GVA in 2019, having grown by 43.6% in real terms from 2010.[268] Creative industries contributed more than £111bn to the UK economy in 2018, growth in the sector is more than five times larger than growth across the UK economy as a whole as reported in 2018.[269] Lloyd's of London is the world's largest insurance and reinsurance market and is located in London.[270] WPP plc, the world's biggest advertising company, is also based in the UK.

The automotive industry employs around 800,000 people, with a turnover in 2022 of £67 billion, generating £27 billion of exports (10% of the UK's total export of goods). In 2022, the UK produced around 775,000 passenger vehicles and 101,600 commercial vehicles, including luxury cars such as Rolls-Royce, Bentley and Range Rover. The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing: in 2022 around 1.5 million engines were produced.[271] It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter of engines, as of 2021.[272] The UK motorsport industry employs more than 40,000 people, comprises around 4,300 companies and has an annual turnover of around £10 billion.[273] 7 of the 10 Formula One teams are based in the UK, with their technology being used in supercars and hypercars from McLaren, Aston Martin and Lotus.
The aerospace industry of the UK is the second largest national aerospace industry in the world depending upon the method of measurement and has an annual turnover of around £30 billion.[274] The UK space industry was worth £17.5bn in 2020/21 and employed 48,800 people. Since 2012, the number of space organisations has grown on average nearly 21% per year, with 1,293 organisations reported in 2021.[275][276] The UK Space Agency has stated in 2023 that it is investing £1.6 billion in space related projects.[277]
The agriculture industry is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing about 60 per cent of food needs with less than 1.6 per cent of the labour force (535,000 workers).[278] Around two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops. The UK retains a significant, though much reduced fishing industry. It is also rich in a variety of natural resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica and an abundance of arable land.[279]
The United Kingdom has among the highest levels of
Science and technology

England and Scotland were leading centres of the
The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) is responsible for helping to encourage, develop and manage the UK's scientific, research, and technological outputs. Scientific research and development remains important in British universities, with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.[289] In 2022 the UK retained its number one spot for technology in Europe reaching a combined market value of $1 trillion. Cambridge was named the number one university in the world for producing successful technology founders.[290]
The UK was ranked fourth in the
Transport

A radial road network totals 29,145 miles (46,904 km) of main roads, 2,173 miles (3,497 km) of motorways and 213,750 miles (344,000 km) of paved roads.[146] The M25, encircling London, is the largest and busiest bypass in the world.[294] In 2022, there were a total of 40.8 million licensed vehicles in Great Britain.[295]
The UK has an extensive railway network of 10,072 miles (16,209 km). In Great Britain, the British Rail network was privatised between 1994 and 1997, followed by a rapid rise in passenger numbers. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.[296] High Speed 2 (HS2) is a new high speed railway under construction linking up London, the Midlands, the North and Scotland, serving over 25 stations, including eight of Britain's 10 largest cities and connecting around 30 million people, capable of speeds of up to 225 mph.[297][298] Crossrail, which was renamed the Elizabeth line in 2016, in honour of Queen Elizabeth II, opened in 2022. It was Europe's largest construction project at the time and will bring in an estimated £42 billion to the UK economy.[299][300]

Great British Railways is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee rail transport in Great Britain. In 2014, there were 5.2 billion bus journeys in the UK, 2.4 billion of which were in London.[301] The red double-decker bus has entered popular culture as an internationally recognised icon of England.[302] The London bus network is extensive, with over 6,800 scheduled services every weekday carrying about six million passengers on over 700 different routes making it one of the most extensive bus systems in the world and the largest in Europe.[303]
In the year from October 2009 to September 2010,
Energy

In 2021, the UK was the world's 14th-largest consumer of energy and the 22nd-largest producer.[307] The UK is home to many large energy companies, including two of the six major oil and gas companies – BP and Shell.[308]
The total of all renewable electricity sources provided 43% of the electricity generated in the UK in 2020.[309] The UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is the country's fastest-growing supply; in 2022, 26.8% of the UK's total electricity was generated by wind power.[310] The UK has the largest offshore wind farm in the world, which is located off the coast of Yorkshire.[311]
In 2023, the UK had 9 nuclear reactors normally generating about 15 per cent of the UK's electricity.
In 2021, the UK produced 935 thousand
In 2021, the UK was the 21st-largest producer of
Water supply and sanitation
Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal. It is estimated that 96 per cent of households are connected to the sewer network.
In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. In Scotland, water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company, Scottish Water. In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity, Northern Ireland Water.[321]
Demographics
In the
England's population in 2011 was 53 million, representing some 84 per cent of the UK total.[325] It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with 420 people per square kilometre in mid-2015,[323] with a particular concentration in London and the south-east.[326] The 2011 census put Scotland's population at 5.3 million,[327] Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million.[325]
In 2017 the average total fertility rate (TFR) across the UK was 1.74 children born per woman.[328] While a rising birth rate is contributing to population growth, it remains considerably below the baby boom peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964,[329] or the high of 6.02 children born per woman in 1815,[330] below the replacement rate of 2.1, but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63.[331] In 2011, 47.3 per cent of births in the UK were to unmarried women.[332] The Office for National Statistics reported in 2015 that out of the UK population aged 16 and over, 1.7 per cent identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (2.0 per cent of males and 1.5 per cent of females); 4.5 per cent of respondents responded with "other", "I don't know", or did not respond.[333] The number of transgender people in the UK was estimated to be between 65,000 and 300,000 by research between 2001 and 2008.[334]
Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Greater London |
9,787,426 | London | 11 | Bristol | 617,280 | Bristol | ||
2 | Greater Manchester |
2,553,379 | Manchester | 12 | Edinburgh | 512,150 | Edinburgh | ||
3 | West Midlands |
2,440,986 | Birmingham | 13 | Leicester |
508,916 | Leicester | ||
4 | West Yorkshire |
1,777,934 | Leeds | 14 | Belfast | 483,418 | Belfast | ||
5 | Greater Glasgow | 985,290 | Glasgow | 15 | Brighton & Hove | 474,485 | Brighton | ||
6 | Liverpool |
864,122 | Liverpool | 16 | South East Dorset | 466,266 | Bournemouth | ||
7 | South Hampshire | 855,569 | Southampton | 17 | Cardiff |
390,214 | Cardiff | ||
8 | Tyneside | 774,891 | Newcastle upon Tyne | 18 | Teesside | 376,633 | Middlesbrough | ||
9 | Nottingham | 729,977 | Nottingham | 19 | Stoke-on-Trent |
372,775 | Stoke-on-Trent | ||
10 | Sheffield |
685,368 | Sheffield | 20 | Coventry |
359,262 | Coventry |
Ethnicity
Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be
Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4 per cent of London's population and 37.4 per cent of Leicester's was estimated to be non-white in 2005[update],[343] whereas less than 5 per cent of the populations of North East England, Wales and the South West were from ethnic minorities, according to the 2001 census.[344] In 2016[update], 31.4 per cent of primary and 27.9 per cent of secondary pupils at state schools in England were members of an ethnic minority.[345]
Languages
The

Three indigenous
Religion
Religion in the United Kingdom (2018 research)[361]
Forms of
In the 2001 census, 71.6 per cent of all respondents indicated that they were Christians, with the next largest faiths being Islam (2.8 per cent), Hinduism (1.0 per cent), Sikhism (0.6 per cent), Judaism (0.5 per cent), Buddhism (0.3 per cent) and all other religions (0.3 per cent).[368] Of the respondents, 15 per cent stated that they had no religion and a further 7 per cent did not state a religious preference.[369] A Tearfund survey in 2007 showed that only one in ten Britons actually attend church weekly.[370] Between the 2001 and 2011 census, there was a 12 per cent decrease in the number of people who identified as Christian, while the percentage of those reporting no religious affiliation doubled. This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories, with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 per cent.[371] The Muslim population has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2011, making it the second-largest religious group in the UK.[372]
The Church of England is the established church in England.[373] It retains a representation in the UK Parliament, and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor.[374] In Scotland, the Church of Scotland is recognised as the national church. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession.[375][2][376] The Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and, because the Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland, there is no established church in Northern Ireland.[377] Although there are no UK-wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations, it has been estimated that 62 per cent of Christians are Anglican, 13.5 per cent Catholic, 6 per cent Presbyterian, and 3.4 per cent Methodist, with small numbers of other Protestant denominations such as Plymouth Brethren, and Orthodox churches.[378]
Migration


Immigration is now contributing to a rising UK population,[379] with arrivals and UK-born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001. According to official statistics released in 2015, 27 per cent of UK live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK.[380] The ONS reported that net migration rose from 2009 to 2010 by 21 per cent to 239,000.[381]
In 2013, approximately 208,000 foreign nationals were naturalised as British citizens, the highest number since 1962. This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014. Between 2009 and 2013, the average number of British citizenships granted annually was 195,800. The most common previous nationalities of those naturalised in 2014 were Indian, Pakistani, Filipino, Nigerian, Bangladeshi, Nepali, Chinese, South African, Polish and Somali.[382] The total number of grants of settlement, which confer permanent residence in the UK but not citizenship,[383] was approximately 154,700 in 2013, higher than the previous two years.[382]
Emigration was an important feature of British society in the 19th century. Between 1815 and 1930, around 11.4 million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3 million from Ireland. Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century, some 300 million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe.[384] Today, at least 5.5 million UK-born people live abroad,[385][386] mainly in Australia, Spain, the United States and Canada.[385][387]
Education

Education in the United Kingdom is a
In 2018, the Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in reading, literacy, mathematics, and science. The average British student scored 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493.[391]
Healthcare

The modern-system of universal publicly funded in the United Kingdom has its origins in the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1949 which still exists to this day and is the primary healthcare provider in the United Kingdom. The widespread popularity of the NHS has led to it being described as a "national religion".[392][393] Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and each country has its own system of universal publicly funded healthcare, although private healthcare is also available. Public healthcare is provided to all UK permanent residents and is mostly free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. The World Health Organization, in 2000, ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world.[394]
Since 1979, expenditure on healthcare has been increased significantly.
Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK-wide basis such as the
Culture
The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by many factors including: the nation's island status;
Literature

British literature includes literature associated with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Most British literature is in English. In 2005, some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the largest publisher of books in the world.[402]
The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time.[403] The 20th-century English crime writer Agatha Christie is the best-selling novelist of all time.[404] Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, Mary Shelley, Jane Austen, Doris Lessing and Zadie Smith.[405]
Scotland's contributions include Arthur Conan Doyle (the creator of Sherlock Holmes), Sir Walter Scott, J. M. Barrie, Robert Louis Stevenson and the poet Robert Burns. More recently Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance, with grimmer works from Ian Rankin and Iain Banks. Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, was UNESCO's first worldwide City of Literature.[406]
Welsh literature includes Britain's oldest known poem,
Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include Oscar Wilde,[412] Bram Stoker[413] and George Bernard Shaw.[414] There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including Joseph Conrad,[415] T. S. Eliot,[416] Kazuo Ishiguro,[417] Sir Salman Rushdie[418] and Ezra Pound.[419]
Philosophy
The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of '
Music
Various styles of music have become popular in the UK, including the indigenous
According to

The Beatles have international sales of over 1 billion units and are the biggest-selling and most influential band in the history of popular music.[435][436][437][438] Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include the Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees, and Elton John, all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200 million or more.[439] The Brit Awards are the BPI's annual music awards, and some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include the Who, David Bowie, Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, the Police, and Fleetwood Mac (who are a British-American band).[440] More recent UK music acts that have had international success include George Michael, Oasis, Spice Girls, Radiohead, Coldplay, Arctic Monkeys, Robbie Williams, Amy Winehouse, Susan Boyle, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Lewis Capaldi, One Direction and Harry Styles.[441]
A number of UK cities are known for their music. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number 1 hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide..
Visual art


Major British artists include: the
The
Cinema
The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema. The British directors
In 2009, British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7 per cent globally and 17 per cent in the United Kingdom.[450] UK box-office takings totalled £944 million in 2009, with around 173 million admissions.[450] The annual British Academy Film Awards are hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.[451]
Cuisine

British cuisine developed from various influences reflective of its land, settlements, arrivals of new settlers and immigrants, trade and colonialism. The
A 2019 YouGov poll rated classic British food, the following had more than 80% of people like them who had tried them: Sunday roast, Yorkshire pudding, Fish and chips, Crumpets, and Full English breakfast.[454] Sweet foods are common within British cuisine, and there is a long list of British desserts.
Media

The BBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.[456][457][458] It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the television licence.[459] The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.[460] It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.[461]
Other major players in the UK media include ITV, which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network,[462] and Sky.[463] Newspapers produced in the United Kingdom include the Daily Mail, The Guardian, The Telegraph, The Times, and the Financial Times.[464] Magazines and journals published in the United Kingdom that have achieved worldwide circulation include The Spectator, The Economist, New Statesman, and Radio Times.
London dominates the media sector in the UK: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although
In 2010, 82.5 per cent of the UK population were Internet users, the highest proportion among the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year.
Sport

A 2003 poll found that football is the most popular sport in the UK.
In 2003, rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK.
The United Kingdom hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1908, 1948 and 2012, with London acting as the host city on all three occasions. Birmingham hosted the 2022 Commonwealth Games, the seventh time a constitute country in the United Kingdom hosted the Commonwealth Games (England, Scotland and Wales have each hosted the Commonwealth Games at least once).[481]
Symbols

The
Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom, originating from Roman Britain.[485] Beside The Lion and the Unicorn and the dragon of heraldry, the bulldog is an iconic animal and commonly represented with the Union Flag.[486] A now rare personification is a character originating in the 18th century, John Bull.[487]
England, Wales, and Scotland each have a number of their own national symbols, including their national flags. Northern Ireland also has a number of symbols, many of which are shared with Republic of Ireland.
See also
- Outline of the United Kingdom
- Index of United Kingdom-related articles
- International rankings of the United Kingdom
- Historiography of the United Kingdom
- Historiography of the British Empire
- United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Notes
- Commonwealth realms. The words King, he, him, his, used at present, are replaced by Queen, she, her when the monarch is female.
- ^ Scots, Ulster Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish Gaelic and Irish are classed as regional or minority languages under the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[2] These include defined obligations to promote those languages.[3] See also Languages of the United Kingdom. Welsh has limited de jure official status in Wales, as well as in the provision of national government services provided for Wales.
- ^ "This category could include Polish responses from the country specific question for Scotland which would have been outputted to 'Other White' and then included under 'White' for UK. 'White Africans' may also have been recorded under 'Other White' and then included under 'White' for UK."
- ^ 83.6% are White British/Irish.
- ^ Although the United Kingdom has traditionally been seen as a unitary state, an alternative description of the UK as a "union state", put forward by, among others, Vernon Bogdanor,[4] has become increasingly influential since the adoption of devolution in the 1990s.[5] A union state is considered to differ from a unitary state in that while it maintains a central authority it also recognises the authority of historic rights and infrastructures of its component parts.[6]
- ^ Some of the devolved countries, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies, or use another nation's currency. See List of British currencies for more information.
- ^ Also observed by the Crown Dependencies, and in the two British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (though in the latter, without daylight saving time). For further information, see Time in the United Kingdom#British territories.
- ^ Except two overseas territories: Gibraltar and the British Indian Ocean Territory
- ^ Excludes most overseas territories
- ^ The .gb domain is also reserved for the UK, but has been little used.
- ^ Usage is mixed. The Guardian and Telegraph use Britain as a synonym for the United Kingdom. Some prefer to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain. The British Cabinet Office's Government Digital Service style guide for use on gov.uk recommends: "Use UK and United Kingdom in preference to Britain and British (UK business, UK foreign policy, ambassador and high commissioner). But British embassy, not UK embassy."
- ^ The phrase "countries within a country" is sometimes used to describe the United Kingdom.
- ^ The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty resolved the Irish War of Independence. When it took effect one year later, it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1927 the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 changed the name of the UK to reflect this.
- ^ The United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments, traditions, and conventions.[29]
- Acts of Unionwhich reads: the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall...be united into one Kingdom, by the Name of "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".
- Public Law Maurice Sunkin opined the Crown symbolically occupies "…what in other places would be a core element of a written constitution."[172] As a result of this state of constitutional affairs, the monarch is formally referred to as "the Sovereign" in legislation.[173]
- dissolution or prorogation of Parliament, withhold royal assent to primary legislation, and prevent illegal use of the British Armed Forces, among other reserve powers.[180]
- ^ Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a 'British empiricist' due to the territory of what is now known as the Republic of Ireland being in the UK at the time.
- ^ In 2012, the President of the IOC, Jacques Rogge, stated, "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".[471][472]
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The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.
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That phase of joint working was significantly damaged by the UK Internal Market Act, pushed through by the Johnson government in December 2020...the Act diminishes the authority of the devolved institutions, and was vehemently opposed by them.
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the Internal Market Bill—a Bill that contains provisions which, if enacted, would significantly constrain, both legally and as a matter of practicality, the exercise by the devolved legislatures of their legislative competence; provisions that would be significantly more restrictive of the powers of the Scottish Parliament than either EU law or Articles 4 and 6 of the Acts of the Union...The UK Parliament passed the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and the Internal Market Act 2020 notwithstanding that, in each case, all three of the devolved legislatures had withheld consent.
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Taken as a whole, the Internal Market Act imposes greater restrictions upon the competences of the devolved institutions than the provisions of the EU Single Market which it replaced, in spite of pledges to use common frameworks to address these issues. Lord Hope
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Notwithstanding substantial differences among the schemes, an important common factor is that the UK Parliament has not renounced legislative sovereignty in relation to the three nations concerned. For example, the Scottish Parliament is empowered to enact primary legislation on all matters, save those in relation to which competence is explicitly denied ... but this power to legislate on what may be termed "devolved matters" is concurrent with the Westminster Parliament's general power to legislate for Scotland on any matter at all, including devolved matters ... In theory, therefore, Westminster may legislate on Scottish devolved matters whenever it chooses...
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The British parliament has the power to abolish the Scottish parliament and the Welsh assembly by a simple majority vote in both houses, but since both were sanctioned by referenda, it would be politically difficult to abolish them without the sanction of a further vote by the people. In this way, several of the constitutional measures introduced by the Blair government appear to be entrenched and not subject to a simple exercise of parliamentary sovereignty at Westminster.
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External links
- United Kingdom from BBC News
- United Kingdom. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- United Kingdom from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 6 April 2009)
- United Kingdom at Curlie
- United Kingdom. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Wikimedia Atlas of United Kingdom
Geographic data related to United Kingdom at OpenStreetMap
- Key Development Forecasts for the United Kingdom from International Futures
Government
- Official website of HM Government
- Official website of the British Monarchy
- Official website of the British Prime Minister's Office