United States Army Coast Artillery Corps

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U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps
Active1901–1950
Country United States of America
Branch United States Army
Garrison/HQFort Monroe
PatronSaint Barbara
ColorsScarlet
Mascot(s)Oozlefinch
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Chiefs of Coast Artillery

The U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps (CAC) was an

railway artillery during World War I
.

History

Practice loading of a 10-inch gun on a disappearing carriage at Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, NY, a typical Endicott period installation.
Typical Endicott period battery with components labeled.

As early as 1882 the need for heavy fixed artillery for seacoast defense was noted in Chester A. Arthur's Second Annual Message to Congress where he noted:

"I call your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary and the board that authority be given to construct two more cruisers of smaller dimensions and one fleet dispatch vessel, and that appropriations be made for high-power rifled cannon for the torpedo service and for other harbor defenses."[1][2]

In 1885 the

Coast Defense Commands in 1913 and Harbor Defense Commands in 1925. With the 1913 renaming, Artillery Districts became regional commands, each including several coast defense commands.[3][4]

An extensive fire control system was developed and provided for the forts of each Artillery District.[5]

1901 reorganization

Army leaders realized that heavy fixed artillery required different training programs and tactics than mobile field artillery. Prior to 1901 each of the seven Regular Army artillery regiments contained both heavy and light artillery batteries. In February 1901 the Artillery Corps was divided into two types: field artillery and coast artillery. The previous seven artillery regiments were dissolved, and 30 numbered companies of field artillery (commonly called batteries) and 126 numbered companies of coast artillery (CA) were authorized. 82 existing heavy artillery batteries were designated as coast artillery companies, and 44 new CA companies were created by splitting existing units and filling their ranks with recruits. The company-based organization was for flexibility, as each harbor defense command was differently equipped and a task-based organization was needed. The Coast Artillery would alternate between small unit and regimental organization several times over its history. The head of the Artillery Corps became the Chief of Artillery in the rank of brigadier general with jurisdiction over both types of artillery.[3][6]

Controlled mine fields

USAMP Major Samuel Ringgold, built in 1904, which planted practice groups of mines in the Columbia River during the 1920s. (National Archives and Records Administration)

c. 1901 the Coast Artillery took responsibility for the installation and operation of the

Warrant Officer Corps in 1918 to provide officers and engineers for the ships designated as mine planters.[7] The mine component was considered to be among the principal armament of coastal defense works.[8]

Taft Board and the creation of the Coast Artillery Corps

In 1905, after the experiences of the

dreadnought battleship type, a new 14-inch (356 mm) gun was introduced in a few locations, including Los Angeles, the Philippines, Hawaii, and Panama. The Japanese were acquiring capital ships with guns of this caliber, beginning with Kongō
in 1913. The Taft program fortifications differed slightly in battery construction and had fewer numbers of guns at a given location than those of the Endicott program. By the beginning of World War I, the United States had a coastal defense system that was equal to any other nation.

The rapidity of technological advances and changing techniques increasingly separated coastal defenses (heavy) from field artillery (light). Officers were rarely qualified to command both, requiring specialization. As a result, in 1907, Congress split the Field Artillery and Coast Artillery into separate branches, creating a separate Coast Artillery Corps (CAC), and authorizing an increase in the Coast Artillery Corps to 170 numbered companies. National Guard coast artillery units were also formed by the states to attempt to bring the CAC up to strength in wartime. Confusingly, many of these units were designated Coast Artillery Corps of their respective state National Guards.[3] In 1907 the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Monroe became the Coast Artillery School, which operated until 1946, and in 1908, the Chief of Artillery became the Chief of Coast Artillery in the rank of major general.

World War I

155mm GPF gun
of Battery F, 55th Coast Artillery, France 1918

As with the rest of the US Armed Forces, the Coast Artillery was undermanned and poorly equipped except for coastal artillery weapons when war broke out in Europe in 1914. The War Department formed a Board of Review that recommended an increase in strength, which resulted in 105 new CA companies in 1916–17, although these were initially undermanned. After the American entry into World War I, the Coast Artillery as a whole was ordered brought up to strength, and 71 new companies were organized by July 1917.[9]

In response to the rapid improvements in

dreadnought battleships, approximately 14 two-gun batteries of 12-inch guns
on a new M1917 long-range barbette carriage began construction in 1917, but none were completed until 1920.

The Coast Artillery was designated to provide the personnel for all US-manned heavy artillery (155 mm gun and larger), almost all

8-inch howitzer M1917, based on the British BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI.[13]

Ninety-five 6-inch guns were withdrawn from coast defenses, with an additional 46 weapons supplied by the Navy and 30 ex-Navy weapons from arms dealer Francis Bannerman.[14] Seventy-two of the Army 6-inch guns (possibly with a few additional Navy weapons) and 26 5-inch guns also removed from coast defenses were mounted on M1917 field carriages and equipped four artillery regiments in France, but none of these completed training before the Armistice.[15] After the war, some of the 6-inch guns were returned to coast defenses, but the 5-inch guns were withdrawn from coast defense service. Most of the 6-inch guns were stored and were eventually deployed in World War II.[9][11][10]

8-inch M1888 railway gun with ammunition wagon.
12-inch mortar on M1918 railway carriage.

No US railway guns existed when the US entered World War I in early 1917. Due to low production and shipping priorities, the Army's railway gun contribution on the Western Front consisted of four CA regiments operating French-made weapons. These were organized as the 30th Separate Artillery Brigade (Railway), also designated as the Railway Artillery Reserve (RAR), which usually operated mingled with French units in an Allied RAR.[16][17] The 40th Artillery Brigade of three regiments was also a railway artillery brigade of the RAR; however, it did not complete training before the Armistice.[11]

The

7-inch ex-Navy guns
and six 12-inch guns being built for Chile were also available.

None of the army weapons were shipped to France except three 8-inch guns and some 10-inch barrels (to be mounted in France), as few of any type were completed before the Armistice. Forty-seven 8-inch railway guns were ordered, with 18 completed by the Armistice and the remainder completed later. Eight 10-inch railway mounts of 54 ordered were completed by this time, and twelve 12-inch railway mounts were completed by 1 April 1919. Three railway mountings for the Chilean 12-inch guns were ready for shipment by the Armistice; the remaining three barrels were retained as spares. Ninety-one 12-inch railway mortars were ordered, with 45 complete by 7 April 1919 and all major components of the remainder also complete. It is unclear how many additional railway guns and mortars were completed, but all 47 8-inch weapons and probably the 91 12-inch mortars were.[18] The 7-inch and 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars used a common carriage, with outriggers and a rotating mount allowing all-around fire. This allowed the weapons to be used in coast defense against moving targets.

The 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were retained on railway mountings after the war, while most of the 10-inch and 12-inch guns were returned to the coastal forts.[19] The 7-inch railway guns most likely became fixed coast artillery, although some were eventually transferred to Brazil as railway guns in 1941.[20]

The official birthday of the Army Warrant Officer Corps is 9 July 1918, when an Act of Congress established the Army

mine planter vessels. Implementation of the Act by the Army was published in War Department Bulletin 43, dated 22 July 1918.[7]

Interwar period

155mm gun M1918 on Panama Mount
Coast Artillery Corps anti-aircraft sound locator and searchlight 1932

After World War I all but ten of the wartime regiments were disbanded. The four regiments of the 30th Railway Artillery Brigade initially remained, along with six tractor-drawn regiments equipped with the

CONUS), one battalion in the Philippines, and a regiment in Hawaii.[3]

The railway artillery mission became a permanent role of the CA, but railway guns were not widely deployed. All 47 8-inch railway guns were deployed, but only 16 of the 91 12-inch railway mortars were deployed at any one time.

Fort Story
, Virginia, United States 1942

Due to the continued improvement of

16"/50 caliber Mark 2 guns (including some Mark 3 guns), the last taken from weapons produced for South Dakota-class battleships and Lexington-class battlecruisers cancelled by the Washington Naval Treaty. Twenty of about 70 of these weapons were initially given to the Army, but funding precluded deployment of more than ten until 1940. The remaining 50 or so weapons were retained by the Navy for use on future battleships; but in 1940 a near-fiasco in the design of the Iowa-class battleships precluded their use on that class, and the guns were released to the Army.[24]

A postwar weapon deployed in more reasonable quantities was the 12-inch gun M1895 on the long-range barbette carriage M1917. These were the same guns found in Endicott period installations, but on a high-angle carriage that increased their range from 18,400 yd (16,800 m) on a disappearing carriage at 15° elevation to 29,300 yd (26,800 m) at 35° elevation.[25][26] Thirty guns were deployed in 16 batteries, including two one-gun batteries in the Philippines, all completed by 1924.[27] These were the last guns added to the Philippine defenses until 1940, as the Washington Naval Treaty prohibited additional fortifications in the Pacific.[28]

In 1922 fifteen companies of Philippine Scouts coast artillery were established. These units were composed primarily of Filipino enlisted men and US officers, and garrisoned many of the coast defenses in the Philippines until the surrender of US forces there in 1942.

Also in 1922, the Journal of the United States Artillery was renamed the Coast Artillery Journal.[29]

In 1923–1924, the Coast Artillery adopted a regimental system forcewide, which included the Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve components (see "Units" section below).[30] This lasted until the anti-aircraft regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943-44 and the harbor defense regiments were similarly broken up by late 1944.[31] On 9 June 1925 the Coast Defense Commands were redesignated as Harbor Defense Commands via a War Department order.[32]

By the end of the 1920s, eight Harbor Defense Commands in less-threatened areas were completely disarmed. These included the defenses of the Kennebec River (Maine), Baltimore (Maryland), Potomac River (Maryland and Virginia), Cape Fear River (North Carolina), Savannah (Georgia), Tampa Bay (Florida), Mobile (Alabama), and the Mississippi River (Louisiana). The mine capability may have been retained in reserve at these defenses. Some of these installations were rearmed with "Panama mounts" for towed artillery early in World War II.[33]

The new 16-inch and 12-inch batteries of the 1920s were all in open mounts, unprotected against air attack except for camouflage. Like the Endicott and Taft period emplacements, they were positioned to be hidden from observation from the sea, but were open to the air. This somewhat inexplicable situation was remedied by casemating most of the newer batteries early in World War II.

World War II

The outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939 and the

Fall of France in June 1940 greatly accelerated US defense planning and funding. About this time a severe lack of design coordination resulted in the Iowa-class battleships being unable to use the Mark 2 and Mark 3 16-inch guns, and a new gun design was required for them.[24] With war on the horizon, the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns, and on 27 July 1940 the Army's Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of 27 (eventually 38) 16-inch two-gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline, to be casemated against air attack. However, as the war's progress greatly reduced the threat from enemy surface vessels, only 21 of these were completed, and not all of them were armed.[34]

The 16-inch guns were only the top end of the World War II program, which eventually replaced almost all previous coast defense weapons with newer (or remounted) weapons. Generally, each harbor defense command was to have two or three 16-inch or 12-inch long-range batteries, plus

90 mm Anti Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) guns.[35] Activation of the National Guard and expansion of regular harbor defense regiments to wartime strength resulted in 45,000 troops assigned to this function by fall 1941. Including field artillery units deployed in coast defense, harbor defense forces peaked at 70,000 troops from spring 1942 until mid-1943. In 1943–44, with most of the new defenses completed, the numerous older weapons of the Endicott and Taft periods were scrapped, with their crews largely reassigned to field artillery units.[36]

"B" Battery, 57th Coast Artillery Regiment, at Ackermann's Hill (or Turtle Hill), in the British Army's Warwick Camp, in Bermuda during the Second World War
Bermuda
Main article: Bermuda Base Command

Prior to the December, 1941, entry of the United States into the Second World War, the

Kindley Field air base which was to be used jointly by the US Army and the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy
), as well as enabling British forces to be redeployed overseas as there was a tacit agreement the American forces would defend the entire British colony, and not just the US bases.

Coastal artillery was a critical requirement at the start of the war. Although Bermuda had been heavily fortified over the previous centuries, and hundreds of artillery pieces had been emplaced, most were hopelessly obsolete. Of the newer guns, only two batteries, each of two

155mm GPF artillery guns on wheeled carriages, which were placed on "Panama mounts" by October 1941. All US Army defenses outside the leased baselands were withdrawn from Bermuda on the end of hostilities.[37]

After Pearl Harbor

The

14-inch turret guns of Fort Drum and the 12-inch mortars of Battery Way and Battery Geary were probably the most effective coast defense weapons in the Battle of Corregidor
, but all but two of the mortars were knocked out before the Japanese landed on the island. The US and Filipino forces surrendered on 6 May 1942, after destroying their weapons.

The Coast Artillery faced two priorities during the war: mobilization and modernization. The National Guard was mobilized in 1940 and the Reserve units were mobilized in 1942. Most of the reserve regiments not designated as anti-aircraft in 1925 appear to have been disbanded by World War II.

90 mm gun M1. Except for the early-war fighting in the Philippines, the anti-aircraft branch was the Coast Artillery's only contribution on the front lines of World War II; almost all mobile heavy artillery overseas was operated by the Field Artillery
.

Two times a post-1895 military base in the continental United States came under attack were the

206th Coast Artillery Regiment lost seven during the battle in which the Japanese planes inflicted moderate damage to the base. For the latter, battery Russell was attacked with a deck gun from the Japanese submarine I-25
, but the fort's commander did not return fire, since his fire control equipment indicated the submarine was out of range, and for fear of revealing the battery's position. Other than some severed telephone cables, no significant damage to either side occurred.

In late 1942, the

continental United States would be staffed primarily with "limited service" troops, who generally were not permitted to serve on the front lines due to age or disability. Since Coast Artillery units were allowed to exceed authorized personnel strength while making the transition, understrength batteries were brought up to their authorized manning levels for the duration of the war. Reassigned former Coast Artillery troops usually went to field artillery or anti-aircraft units.[40]

View of 90 mm anti-aircraft gun emplacement, Okinawa, 1945.

The regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943–44, in line with an Army-wide policy for all units except infantry, and a number of former Coast Artillery units were converted into heavy field artillery units.

Air Defense Artillery carries the Coast Artillery's lineage, including many regiment numbers and the Oozlefinch
mascot.

Chiefs of Coast Artillery

The Office of the Chief of Coast Artillery was established in the rank of major general 1 July 1908 until it was abolished 9 March 1942, with functions transferred to the Commanding General, Army Ground Forces, effective 9 March 1942, by Circular 59, War Department, 2 March 1942.

Image Rank Name Begin Date End Date Notes
Major General
 Arthur Murray
Arthur Murray
 1908-07-011 July 1908 1911-03-1414 March 1911 [43]
Major General
 Erasmus M. WeaverErasmus M. Weaver Jr. 1908-07-0115 March 1911 1918-5-02828 May 1918 [43]
Major General
 Frank W. Coe Frank W. Coe 1918-05-2429 May 1918 1926 03 1919 March 1926 [43]
Major General
 Andrew Hero Jr. Andrew Hero Jr. 1926-03-2020 March 1926 1930-03-2121 March 1930 [43]
Major General
 John W. Gulick John W. Gulick 1930-05-2222 March 1930 1934-03-2121 March 1934 [43]
Major General
 William F. Hase
William F. Hase
 1934-05-2626 March 1934 1935-01-2020 January 1935 [43]
Major General
 Harry L. SteeleHarry L. Steele 1935-01-2121 January 1935 1936-03-3131 March 1936 [43]
Major General
 Archibald H. Sunderland Archibald H. Sunderland 1936-04-011 April 1936 1940-03-3131 March 1940 [43]
Major General
 Joseph A. GreenJoseph A. Green 1940-04-011 April 1940 1942-03-099 March 1942 [43]

Units

Coast Artillery School device

In 1901, the regimental organization of the US Army artillery was abolished. More companies were added, and given numerical designations.

  • 126 companies of heavy (coast) artillery
  • 30 companies of light (field) artillery

In 1907 the Coast Artillery Corps was established and the Field Artillery was re-regimented

See also: Category:Field artillery regiments of the United States Army
See also: Category:Coast artillery regiments of the United States Army

The Corps constantly reorganized the numbered companies until 1924, but during World War I created 61 regiments and 16 brigade headquarters with many of the numbered companies as

antiaircraft branch was born, with thirteen AA battalions (also called sectors) and six AA machine gun battalions.[44]
This mission was formally assigned to the Coast Artillery Corps in 1920.

In 1924 the Coast Artillery Corps returned to the regimental system, and the numbered companies were returned to letter designations. In order to promote

esprit-de-corps, the first seven regiments inherited the lineage of the original seven regiments of artillery. The Regular Army had 17 harbor defense regiments (one of Philippine Scouts), four tractor-drawn regiments (one of Philippine Scouts), three railway regiments, and six anti-aircraft regiments. The National Guard had 10 harbor defense regiments, two tractor-drawn regiments, and nine anti-aircraft regiments. In the Organized Reserve, there was 14 harbor defense regiments, four railway regiments, three tractor-drawn regiments, and 42 anti-aircraft regiments in 8 AA brigades. However, many of the Reserve units had only small numbers of, or widely dispersed, personnel assigned, which hampered effective training. Many were demobilized before being initiated (activated) in the 1920s and 1930s or after U.S. entry into World War II, or served in that war under different designations.[30][45][46][47][48]

Regular Army

National Guard

Interwar and World War II reorganization

  • 1926: Battery G (NC) of the 200th CA Regiment (AA), AL, FL, LA, MS, and NC National Guard, which was the only active element of the regiment, was redesignated Battery F, 252nd CA Battalion (HD), on 1 December 1926.
  • 1927: the 200th CA Regiment (AA) was demobilized (disbanded) on 5 September 1927.
  • 1929: the 252nd CA Battalion (HD) reorganized as the 252nd CA Regiment (TD) in the NC National Guard, the 260th CA Regiment (HD) reorganized as the 260th CA (AA) in the DC National Guard, and the 265th CA Battalion (HD) reorganized as the 265th CA Regiment (HD) in the FL National Guard.[47]
  • 1930: the 251st CA (HD) reorganized as the 251st Coast Artillery Regiment (AA) in the CA National Guard, and the 263rd CA Battalion (HD) reorganized as the 263rd CA Regiment (HD) in the SC National Guard. The 59th Coast Artillery (TD) was reorganized as HD in the Philippines, and the 53rd CA (RY) was demobilized.[46][47]
  • 1931: the 41st CA Regiment (RY) was inactivated in Hawaii.[46]
  • 1932: the 2nd CA Regiment (HD) was transferred to Fort Monroe in the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay and the 12th CA Regiment (HD) was inactivated.[46]
  • 1933: the 264th CA Regiment (HD) reorganized as the 214th CA Regiment (AA) in the GA National Guard.[30]
  • 1935: the 248th CA Battalion (HD) was expanded to the 248th CA Regiment (HD) in the WA National Guard.[47]
  • 1940: the 207th CA Regiment (AA) of the NM National Guard, converted from the 111th Cavalry Regiment on 26 April 1940, was redesignated the 200th CA Regiment (AA) on 1 July 1940.[30][47][49]

Mobilization in 1939-41 created more regiments. Almost all of the National Guard units above were mobilized during this period.[30]

  • (7) Harbor Defense regiments
  • (2) Tractor Drawn regiments (155mm)
    • 54th Coast Artillery
      (Colored) (redesignated from inactive 44th CA (TD))
    • 253rd Coast Artillery (Puerto Rico National Guard)
  • (27) Anti-aircraft regiments
  • On 20 July 1940 the
    261st Coast Artillery (HD) Battalion was notionally expanded to a regiment, with a 2nd battalion constituted in the New Jersey National Guard (the 1st battalion was Delaware National Guard). However, the 2nd battalion, activated in 1940, was redesignated as the 122nd CA (AA) Battalion in January 1941.[50] The 1st battalion was redesignated as the 261st CA (HD) Battalion (Separate) shortly before activation in January 1941.[47]

Accelerated mobilization following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the American entry into World War II created the following regiments:[30]

In World War II more expansion and reorganization occurred. The

Japanese invasion of the Philippines resulted in the surrender of US forces there on 9 April and 6 May 1942, including the 59th CA (HD), 60th CA (AA), 200th CA (AA), 515th CA (AA), 91st CA (HD) (PS), and 92nd CA (TD) (PS). The anti-aircraft regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943-44 and the harbor defense regiments were similarly broken up in late 1944, as part of an Army-wide reorganization that left only the Infantry branch as regiments. The "coast artillery" nomenclature was dropped from the antiaircraft units' designations at this time. As a result of this reorganization (in most cases), 46 anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) brigades, 155 AAA groups, and 13 coast artillery groups were activated, probably controlling task-organized groups of battalions.[51] Over 900 battalions were created with the following designations:[31]

  • Coast Artillery Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Searchlight Battalion
  • Barrage Balloon
    Battalion.

On 1 April 1945 the majority of the remaining coast artillery battalions (other than antiaircraft) were inactivated, with most personnel either transferred to their parent harbor defense commands or used to activate or fill out field artillery units.

Coast Artillery School

Distinctive unit insignia

  • Description- A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 inch (2.54 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess wavy Gules and Azure in chief on an oval escutcheon of the first (Gules) in front of the cannon saltirewise Or an Artillery projectile paleways within a bordure of the last (Or) in base a submarine mine of the like (Or).
  • Background- The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 October 1929.
  • Device
  • Blazon
  • Shield- Per fess wavy Gules and Azure in chief on an oval escutcheon of the first (Gules) in front of the cannon saltirewise Or an Artillery projectile paleways within a bordure of the last (Or) in base a submarine mine of the like (Or).
  • Supporters- Two cannons paleways Or.
  • Motto: "Defendimus" (We Defend).
  • Symbolism
  • Shield

The design was used by the Coast Artillery School for many years but was never recorded by the War Department. It is a shield of red and blue parted horizontally by a wavy line; on the upper red portion of the shield is the insignia of the Coast Artillery, and on the lower blue portion a submarine mine in gold. A scroll bearing the words "Coast Artillery School" may be added to the device.

  • Supporters- Two cannons, muzzles up, are used as supporters.
  • Background- The device was approved on 8 November 1924.

See also

References

  1. ^ Chester A. Arthur, Second Annual Message to Congress
  2. ^ "Torpedo" in this case refers to naval mines.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Coast Artillery Organization – A Brief Overview, Bolling W. Smith & William C. Gaines
  4. ^ Fort and Battery list at the Coast Defense Study Group website
  5. ^ FM 4-15, Coast Artillery Field Manual - Seacoast Artillery Fire Control and Position Finding, U.S. War Department, 1940, Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
  6. ^ Berhow, pp. 423-426
  7. ^ a b Army Warrant Officer History
  8. ^ "Fort Miles, Principal Armament - Mine Field". Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  9. ^ a b "The Coast Artillery in WWI at Coast Defense Study Group" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d Rinaldi, pp. 150-168
  11. ^ a b c d History of the Coast Artillery Corps in World War I at Rootsweb.com
  12. ^ Rinaldi, pp. 159-160
  13. ^ 58th Artillery (CAC) at Rootsweb.com
  14. ^ Crowell, Benedict (1919). America's Munitions 1917-1918. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 73–75.
  15. ^ Williford, pp. 92-99
  16. ^ Order designating the 30th Brigade as the Railway Arty Reserve, 3 April 1918
  17. ^ "Allied RAR organization, 6 September 1918" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  18. ^ US Army Railway Guns in World War I
  19. ^ Miller, H. W., LTC, USA Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II, 1921, Vol. I, pp. 131-155
  20. ^ Williford, pp. 100-101
  21. ^ Berhow, pp. 190-191
  22. ^ Miller, Vol. II, p. 109
  23. ^ Ordnance, pp. 147-149
  24. ^ a b Friedman Battleships, pp. 311–313
  25. ^ Battery Hall, Fort Saulsbury, Delaware at FortWiki.com
  26. ^ Berhow 2015, p. 61
  27. ^ Berhow 2015, pp. 227–228
  28. ^ Berhow 2015, p. 222
  29. ^ "Coast Artillery Journal archive at sill-www.army.mil". Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Berhow, pp. 473-477
  31. ^ a b Stanton, pp. 454-476
  32. ^ Berhow, p. 432
  33. ^ Berhow, pp. 201-231
  34. ^ Berhow, pp. 176-177
  35. ^ Berhow, pp. 80-81, 227-231, 256-258
  36. ^ Conn, p. 52
  37. ISBN 978-0-921560-11-1
    .
  38. ^ Account of the 8" railway guns in the Philippines, 1940-42
  39. ^ Stanton, pp. 434-476
  40. ^ Conn, pp. 105-106
  41. ^ Stanton, pp. 425-510
  42. ^ Conn, pp. 47-54
  43. ^
    ISBN 9780788436499
    .
  44. ^ Rinaldi, pp. 123, 166-168
  45. ^ Coast Artillery Regiments at CDSG
  46. ^ a b c d e CAC regiments 1-196 at the CDSG
  47. ^ a b c d e f National Guard CAC regiments 197-265 at the CDSG
  48. ^ Organized Reserve and Army of the United States Coast Artillery Regiments at CDSG
  49. ^ Clay, Steven E. (2010). US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, vol. 2 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1102.
  50. ^ Stanton, p. 487
  51. ^ Stanton, pp. 426-453

External links

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