United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

Coordinates: 26°30′N 128°0′E / 26.500°N 128.000°E / 26.500; 128.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
琉球列島米国民政府
Ryūkyū-rettō Beikoku Minseifu
1950–1972
Red, white and blue flag with 50 stars of the United States of America
Top: Official flag (1960–1972)
Bottom: Unofficial flag (from 1954)
Coat of arms of Ryukyu Islands
Coat of arms
Anthem: 
GovernmentMilitary occupation
U.S. President 
• 1950–1953 (first)
Harry S. Truman
• 1969–1972 (last)
Richard Nixon
Governor 
• 1950–1951 (first)
Douglas MacArthur
• 1955–1957 (last)
Lyman Lemnitzer
High Commissioner 
• 1957–1958 (first)
James Edward Moore
• 1968–1972 (last)
James Benjamin Lampert
Historical eraCold War
22 June 1945
• Civil Administration
15 December 1950
15 May 1972
CurrencyB yen (July 1948 – Sep 1958)
U.S. dollar (1958–1972)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
USMGR
Japan
Okinawa Prefecture
Meiji1879–1912Taishō1912–1926Pre-World War II1926–1945
Militarism
Battle of Okinawa1945
U. S. administration1945–1972
Military Government1945–1950
Civil Administration1950–1972
Government1952–1972
Tokara Reversion1952
Amami Reversion1953
Koza riot1970
Okinawa Reversion Agreement1971
Okinawa Reversion1972
Okinawa Prefecture1972–present
Kagoshima Prefecture1953–present

The United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands abbr. USCAR (琉球列島米国民政府, Japanese: Ryūkyū-rettō Beikoku Minseifu, Okinawan: Rūcū ʔAmirika Minhyōjōju) was the civil administration government in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (centered on Okinawa Island), replacing the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands (itself created at the conclusion of World War II) in 1950, and functioned until the islands were returned to Japan in 1972.[2] It surveiled the native Ryukyuan Government, and could overrule all the decisions made by the native government.

History

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration describes USCAR's history thus:[3]

Following signing of the Instrument of Surrender, 2 September 1945, Ryukyu Islands were administered by Department of the Navy, 21 September 1945 – 30 June 1946, with Commanding Officer, Naval Operating Base, Okinawa functioning as chief military government officer under authority of Commander-in-Chief U.S. Pacific Fleet. Transfer of administration from Department of the Navy to War Department authorized by Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) approval, 1 April 1946, of JCS 819/11, 5 March 1946, with added proviso of JCS 819/12, 22 March 1946. Pursuant to implementing instructions of General Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific (GHQ AFPAC), Okinawa Base Command redesignated Ryukyus Command, effective 1 July 1946, by General Order 162, Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific, and made responsible for administration under a Deputy Commander for Military Government. Ryukyu Islands administered successively by Ryukyus Command, 1 July – 30 November 1946; Philippines-Ryukyus Command, 1 December 1946 – 31 July 1948; and Ryukyuan Command, 1 August 1948 – 15 December 1950. USCAR established, effective 15 December 1950, by a directive of Headquarters Far East Command (HQ FEC, formerly GHQ AFPAC), AG 091.1 (5 December 1950) RCA, December 5, 1950, implementing a JCS memorandum, SM 2474-50, 11 October 1950, directing Commander-in-Chief Far East, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, to organize a civil administration for the Ryukyu Islands in accordance with JCS 1231/14, 4 October 1950. USCAR continued to function under Department of the Army (formerly War Department), 1950–71. Amami Island Group of Ryukyu Islands was returned to Japan by the Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Amami Islands, signed 24 December 1953, and made effective 25 December 1953. USCAR abolished following entrance into force, 15 May 1972, of the Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands, signed 17 June 1971, by which the remaining island groups of the Ryukyu Islands, including the Okinawa Island Group, were returned to Japan.

After the Battle of Okinawa in World War II, the United States Navy initially administered the Okinawa group while the other three groups came under Army control. On 18 July 1945, the Navy transferred control to U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific (AFPAC), but on 21 September assumed control again, organizing the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands.[4] Finally on 1 July 1946, the Army took control again, organising the Ryukyu Command from the previous Okinawa Base Command. On 1 January 1947, AFPAC was reorganised as Far East Command and a unified Ryukyu Command, including a military government apparatus, was placed under General Headquarters, Far East Command (GHQ FECOM), in Tokyo.

When the

Ryukyuan Government and could overrule all the decisions made by the Ryukyuan Government.[6]

The official currency was the

Cars drove on the right in contrast to the main islands of Japan. The island switched to driving on the left in 1978
to bring it in line with Japan.

Peace treaty specifications

The Seal of United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

Two important articles of the post-war peace treaty of 28 April 1952, are the following:[8]

Article 3: Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of

Marcus Island
. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.

Article 4b: Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3.

After a formal agreement reached on 17 June 1971, control of Okinawa was given back to Japan on 15 May 1972,[9] and USCAR was abolished. This completed the disposition of this Japanese property by USMG.

Government system

The post of Governor (民政長官, Minsei Chōkan) was created in 1950 and replaced in 1957 by the High Commissioner of the Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島高等弁務官, Ryūkyū-rettō Kōtō-benmukan) until 1972.[citation needed]

Governors and High Commissioners

Flag

Civil ensign of Ryukyu

The Criminal Code of Ryukyu restricted the flying of any national flags except the flag of the United States.[10] The protesters against the Ryukyu government flew the Hinomaru, the flag of Japan. Civil ships of Ryukyu flew an ensign derived from the International maritime signal flag for "D" instead of Japanese or American ensigns. The ensign changed to "Hinomaru below a triangular flag labeled "Ryukyus" and "琉球" (Japanese for "Ryukyu") in 1967.[11][12]

See also

Media related to United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands at Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. ^ Following the return of Okinawa Islands to Japan in 1972, English remained as a foreign language for administrative purposes
  2. ^ Sayuri Daimon (2002-05-14). "Handover of Okinawa to Japan was prickly issue". Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
  3. ^ "Records of U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II". National Archives. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 1995. Retrieved 2016-09-09. 260.12 Records of the U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) 1945–72
  4. ^ Eiji Takemae, The Allied Occupation of Japan, p.123
  5. ^ "The U.S. Returns Okinawa to Japan, 1971". Arlington, Virginia: Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  6. ^ Association of the Indigenous Peoples in the Ryukyus; Shimin Gaikou Centre (2014-06-02). "Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities - The Issue of Ryukyu and Okinawa" (PDF). IMADR. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  7. . Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  8. ^ Treaty of San Francisco  – via Wikisource.
  9. ^ "Agreement between the United States of America and Japan Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and Daito Islands". United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, Volume 23, Part 1. 23. US Department of State: 449. 1973. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  10. ^ "琉球刑法並びに訴訟手続法典(一九五五年) Criminal code of Ryukyu 1955" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  11. ^ "沖繩船舶旗問題(昭和42年 わが外交の近況) Okinawa Ships issue (Our diplomacy 1967)" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  12. ^ "那覇 泊港?那覇港? 全琉船舶に新船舶旗掲揚 1967年7月1日 All Ryukyuan ships hold new civil ensign at Tomari port or Naha port in Naha, July 1, 1967" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2009-08-01. Retrieved 2007-12-08.

26°30′N 128°0′E / 26.500°N 128.000°E / 26.500; 128.000