United States Space Command

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

United States Space Command
Seal of the United States Space Command
Active23 September 1985 – 1 October 2002 (16 years, 10 months)[1]
(First incarnation)

29 August 2019 – present (4 years, 6 months)
(Second incarnation)


Country United States
Type
CMSgt Jacob C. Simmons, USSF[5]
Insignia
Flag

The United States Space Command (USSPACECOM or SPACECOM) is a

Department of Defense.[6]

Space Command was originally created in September 1985 to provide joint command and control for all military forces in outer space and coordinate with the other combatant commands. SPACECOM was disestablished in 2002, and its responsibilities and forces were merged into United States Strategic Command.[7] It was reestablished on 29 August 2019, with a reemphasized focus on space as a warfighting domain.

The

U.S. Armed Forces
.

Mission

U.S. Space Command, working with allies and partners, plans, executes, and integrates military spacepower into multi-domain global operations in order to deter aggression, defend national interests, and when necessary, defeat threats.[8]

U.S. Space Command has four "space truths" that provide the foundation for its vision and operations:[9]

  • Space is a vital interest that is integral to the American way of life and national security.
  • Space superiority enables the Joint Force to rapidly transition from competition to conflict and prevail in a global, all-domain fight.
  • Space warfighters generate the combat power to win in space.
  • Space provides the warfighter a combat advantage from the ultimate high ground to the last tactical mile.

History

Early military space defense

Program 437 PGM-17 Thor anti-satellite missiles

Early military space activities were predominantly focused on research and development, rather than operations, and split across the Air Force, Army, and Navy. In 1959, Admiral Arleigh Burke proposed the creation of the Defense Astronautical Agency to control all military space programs. This proposal was supported by the Army and Navy, but opposed by the Air Force.[10]

Arguing that space defense was an extension of air defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff ultimately agreed with the Air Force, putting operational control of space defense forces under the unified

North American Air Defense Command in 1960. In 1975, Continental Air Defense Command was inactivated and replaced with Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM), a specified command led by the Air Force. In 1981, North American Air Defense Command changed its name to North American Aerospace Defense Command to better reflect its role in both air and space defense.[10]

Strategic Defense Initiative and the first U.S. Space Command

First U.S. Space Command service components
Name Headquarters Dates
Army service components
Army Space Planning Group[11]
1985–1986
Army Space Agency
Colorado Springs, Colorado 1986–1988
Army Space Command
1988–August 1992
Army Space and Strategic Defense Command
Redstone Arsenal, Alabama August 1992–1 October 1998
Army Space and Missile Defense Command
Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 1 October 1997 – 1 October 2002
Naval service components
Naval Space Command Dahlgren, Virginia 1 October 1985 – July 2002
Naval Network Warfare Command Norfolk, Virginia July 2002 – 1 October 2002
Air Force service components
Air Force Space Command
Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado 23 September 1985 – 23 March 1992
Fourteenth Air Force
Vandenberg Air Force Base
, California
23 March 1992 – 1 October 2002
Strategic Defense Initiative Brilliant Pebbles were intended to intercept a ballistic missile in space

The Reagan Administration's

Air Force Space Command, proposed movement towards a unified space command. The Air Force supported a unified command, which would be dominated by the aerospace service, however, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were satisfied with the current arrangement. However, the White House supported the Air Force's position that a unified command should be created, and on 20 November 1984, President Ronald Reagan approved its establishment. U.S. Space Command's missions would include integrating tactical warning and space operations, including control of space, direction of space support activities, and planning for ballistic missile defense. U.S. Space Command would also replace Aerospace Defense Command as the supporting U.S. command to North American Aerospace Defense Command, sharing the same commander.[12]

On 23 September 1985, U.S. Space Command was activated as a functional combatant command at

Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Springs and Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated on 19 December 1986. In February 1988, U.S. Space Command was assigned the ballistic missile defense mission in preparation for assuming operational command of the Strategic Defense Initiative. However, the end of the Cold War significantly reduced the investment in SDI.[12]

In 1991, the Joint Chiefs of Staff debated establishing U.S. Strategic Command assume responsibility for nuclear deterrence, missile defense, and space. U.S. Space Command would have been made a sub-unified command under the U.S. Strategic Command. However, the decisive role played by U.S. Space Command in the

Persian Gulf War prevented its absorption into U.S. Strategic Command, providing tactical missile warning, GPS, and other space data to forces in theater.[12]

directed energy weapon
from United States Space Command: A Vision for 2020

In 1997, General

Joint Staff, the State Department, and the National Security Council and did not occur. However, there was growing discussion about giving U.S. Space Command the mission for information support and renaming it to United States Space and Information Command. While U.S. Space Command was not renamed, it did assume responsibility for information, or cyberspace, operations.[12]

Following the September 11 attacks, there was a growing focus on homeland defense and counter-terrorism at the expense of space. The Defense Department was intent on establishing United States Northern Command, merging U.S. Space Command and U.S. Strategic Command in 2002. On 1 October 2002, the first U.S. Space Command was shut down.[13]

Space in U.S. Strategic Command

A SM-3 launches from the USS Lake Erie as part of Operation Burnt Frost

On 1 October 2002, as U.S. Space Command inactivated, a new

U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, stood up. Within STRATCOM, the responsibilities for space operations were initially managed by the Joint Functional Component Command for Space and Global Strike, led by the commander of the Air Force's Eighth Air Force.[14] However, in 2006, space regained its own functional component under U.S. Strategic Command, under the command of the Fourteenth Air Force commanded.[13]

Following the inactivation of U.S. Space Command in 2002, Russia and China began developing sophisticated on-orbit capabilities and an array of counter-space weapons. In particular, China conducted the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test, destroying its Fengyun spacecraft, which, according to NASA, created 2,841 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerous space junk than any other space event in history.[15][16] In 2008, U.S. Strategic Command conducted Operation Burnt Frost to destroy a non-functioning National Reconnaissance Office satellite, before its toxic hydrazine tank could reenter and cause potential harm to human safety, with a RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 launched from the USS Lake Erie.[17][18]

This construct lasted until 2017, when the commander of Air Force Space Command became the Joint Force Space Component Commander, replacing it.[13]

U.S. Space Command reestablished

Left to right: USSPACECOM Commander General John Raymond, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper, President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence in the White House Rose Garden for the 2019 reestablishment signing ceremony

The

2019 National Defense Authorization Act, which was signed into law in 2018, directed the re-establishment[19] of U.S. Space Command as a sub-unified combatant command under U.S. Strategic Command; however, in December 2018, the Trump administration directed that U.S. Space Command instead be a newly established, full unified combatant command, with full responsibilities for space.[20][21]

On March 26, 2019,

Joint Force Space Component Commander was dissolved and folded into Space Command. Following the creation of the United States Space Force in December 2019, the Department of the Air Force widened its search for a location of Space Command's permanent headquarters.[27]

The U.S. Space Command Joint Operations Center

USSPACECOM has two subordinate commands: Combined Force Space Component Command (CFSCC), and Joint Task Force Space Defense (JTF-SD).

continuum of conflict.[2][28]

In August 2020, In the meeting of the National Space Council, acting Director of National Intelligence announced ''in case of an attack on the U.S. satellites the operational control of intelligence community assets will be in the ambit of the military'', resulting in the National Reconnaissance Office being operationally subordinated to the commander of U.S. Space Command in matters of space defense.[29]

pararescue
teams practice recovery of a space capsule
Launch of a U.S. Army Ground-Based Interceptor

On 24 August 2021, two years after its establishment, U.S. Space Command announced that it had reached initial operating capability.[30] Achieving full operating capability, according to Lieutenant General John E. Shaw, deputy commander of U.S. Space Command, is dependent on the selection of the combatant command's permanent headquarters.[31]

U.S. Space Command is planning to reorganize its subordinate commands, possibly reactivating the

Joint Force Space Component Command (JFSCC), the precursor organization of the combatant command. JFSSC is planned to be the combatant command's "primary warfighting command," formed by combining CFSCC and JTF–SD. Space Force Lieutenant General Stephen Whiting, commander of SpOC, is planned to lead the new organization.[32]

In 2023, U.S. Space Command regained its responsibility for missile defense from U.S. Strategic Command and will be taking over the Joint Functional Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense.[33]

Headquarters

In January 2021, it was announced that

DoD IG was initiated to ensure the process that selected Huntsville as the preferred location was impartial and factually sound. Current Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin came out with his public support and backed the Department of the Air Force's decision process which resulted in the selection of Redstone Arsenal.[36] In May 2022, the review found that the selection of Redstone Arsenal as the permanent site was reasonable and justified.[37][38] In July 2023, the move to Huntsville was cancelled. Gen. James Dickinson, Commander of the Space Command, argued that moving the headquarters to Alabama from its current location in Colorado Springs would hurt military readiness. Republicans have accused the Biden administration of acting out of spite due to a partisan standoff over the Pentagon's abortion access policies at the time.[39]

Organization

Name Function Headquarters
Service components[40]

United States Space Forces – Space
Combined Joint Force Space Component Commander (CJFSCC)
Plans, integrates, conducts, and assesses global space operations in order to deliver combat relevant space effects, in, from, and to space Vandenberg Space Force Base, California
Army Space and Missile Defense Command
Develop and provide Army space, missile defense, and high altitude forces Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
Marine Corps Forces Space Command
Provides space operational support to the Fleet Marine Force Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado
Navy Space Command Responsible for Navy information network operations, offensive and defensive cyberspace operations, space operations and signals intelligence Fort Meade, Maryland
Air Forces Space
Ensures the aerospace control and air defense of the continental United States, U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida
Functional components[40]
Joint Functional Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense Synchronizes global missile defense planning Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado
Combined Space Operations Center (subordinated to SPACEFOR–SPACE) Execute operational command and control of space forces to achieve theater and global objectives.[41] Vandenberg Space Force Base, California
Joint Navigation Warfare Center (subordinate to SPACEFOR–SPACE) Enable positioning, navigation and timing superiority[42] Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico
Joint Overhead Persistent Infrared Center (subordinate to SPACEFOR–SPACE) Conduct integrated mission management to optimize the overhead persistent infrared enterprise[43] Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado
Missile Warning Center (subordinate to SPACEFOR–SPACE) Delivers global strategic and theater missile warning and nuclear detonation detection[44] Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station, Colorado
National Space Defense Center (subordinate to SPACEFOR–SPACE) Coordinates military, intelligence, civil, and commercial space for unified space defense operations[45] Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado
Joint Force Headquarters Cyber - Air Force
Cyber support from
U.S. Cyber Command[46]
Joint Base San Antonio, Texas

Previous, now-deactivated functional components included the Combined Force Space Component Command at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, and the Joint Task Force–Space Defense at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado. Both were disestablished with the creation of U.S. Space Forces – Space to take on SpOC's Space Force responsibilities.[47]

Relationship with the United States Space Force

United States Space Command is the

Air Force Space Command, and U.S. Space Command (and between 2002 and 2019, United States Strategic Command).[49]

Emblem and symbols

U.S. Space Command seal (2019)

Shield: The bald eagle, a traditional symbol of American strength and vigilance, carries an olive branch in his right talon, symbolizing the worldwide goal of peaceful operations in space. In his left talon is a cluster of thirteen arrows with the silver delta as arrowheads, indicative of the strength and power necessary to protect our citizens and allies. The delta symbol is historically associated with space and represents change and innovation, and the cluster of deltoids thrusting upward into space signifies our ever growing aspirations in space beyond earth’s orbit. The blue globe with silver land masses, as viewed from space, signifies the origin and control point for all space assets and represents the global operations of the command in mission areas such as surveillance, navigation, communications and missile warning. The silver and white Polaris signifies our constant presence and vigilance in space now and in the future. Encompassing the globe are two white elliptical orbits representing the unity of U.S. Space Command with our joint and combined partners, and which intersect over the United States, the terrestrial heart of the command. An arc of four silver stars above the eagle symbolizes the four-star combatant commander of U.S. Space Command. The black background represents the infinity of space.

Seal: The coat of arms as blazoned in full color on a black disk, bearing the night sky, enclosed by a silver border, and inscribed “UNITED STATES” above and “SPACE COMMAND” below, all silver.

Army element shoulder sleeve and distinctive unit insignia

Shoulder sleeve insignia

Black and gold together symbolize the United States Army. Black signifies the vast infinity of space and gold denotes high standards for excellence. The demi-globe represents the earth as seen from space and symbolizes the global operations of the command. The crossed orbital rings denote the unity of United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) with joint and combined partners. The rings intersect over the United States, identifying the terrestrial heart of the command. The gold pheon represents the combat power of Army Space. Four stars represent the four-star combatant commander of USSPACECOM. The Polaris star signifies constant presence and vigilance in space now and into the future.[50]

Distinctive unit insignia

Black and gold together symbolize the United States Army. Black signifies the vast infinity of space and gold denotes high standards for excellence. The demi-globe represents the earth as seen from space and symbolizes the global operations of the command. The crossed orbital rings denote the unity of United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) with joint and combined partners. The gold pheon represents the combat power of Army Space. Four stars represent the four-star combatant commander of USSPACECOM. The Polaris star signifies constant presence and vigilance in space now and into the future. The motto translates to, “MUD TO SPACE.”[51]

Locations

Locations in the contiguous United States.

U.S. Space Command locations.
U.S. Space Command locations
Name Location State Major USSPACECOM unit emblem Major USSPACECOM unit Other USSPACECOM units
Buckley Space Force Base  Aurora Colorado
Joint Overhead Persistent Infrared Center
Kirtland Air Force Base  Albuquerque New Mexico
Joint Navigation Warfare Center
Fort Meade Fort Meade Maryland
Navy Space Command
Peterson Space Force Base
Colorado Springs
Colorado
United States Space Command
Marine Corps Forces Space Command
Redstone Arsenal
Huntsville
Alabama
Army Space and Missile Defense Command
Schriever Space Force Base
Colorado Springs
Colorado
National Space Defense Center
Tyndall Air Force Base Panama City Florida
Air Forces Space
Vandenberg Space Force Base
Lompoc
California
United States Space Forces – Space Combined Space Operations Center
Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station Cheyenne Mountain Colorado
Missile Warning Center

List of commanders

Note: The numeric order of the commanders were reset due to the second establishment being considered a different command than the first.

No. Commander Term Service branch
Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length
Commander–in–Chief, United States Space Command
1
Robert T. Herres
General
Robert T. Herres
23 September 1985[52]6 February 19871 year, 136 days
U.S. Air Force
2
John L. Piotrowski
General
John L. Piotrowski
6 February 198730 March 1990[53][54]3 years, 84 days
U.S. Air Force
3
Donald J. Kutyna
1 April 199030 June 19922 years, 60 days
U.S. Air Force
4
Chuck Horner
General
Chuck Horner
30 June 199213 September 19942 years, 75 days
U.S. Air Force
5
Joseph W. Ashy
General
Joseph W. Ashy
13 September 199426 August 19961 year, 348 days
U.S. Air Force
6
Howell M. Estes III
General
Howell M. Estes III
26 August 199614 August 19981 year, 353 days
U.S. Air Force
7
Richard B. Myers
14 August 199822 February 20001 year, 192 days
U.S. Air Force
8
Ralph Eberhart
General
Ralph Eberhart
22 February 20001 October 20022 years, 221 days
U.S. Air Force
Commander, United States Space Command
1
John W. Raymond
General
John W. Raymond
29 August 201920 August 2020357 days
U.S. Space Force
2
James H. Dickinson
General
James H. Dickinson
20 August 202010 January 20243 years, 143 days
U.S. Army
3
Stephen Whiting
General
Stephen Whiting
10 January 2024Incumbent75 days
U.S. Space Force

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Air Force Magazine". Air Force Association. 21 December 2006 – via Google Books.
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  3. ^ U.S. Air Force Academy, Band (27 August 2009). "Space Command March". Spotify. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Approved JMUAs - 2020 09 30" (PDF). prhome.defense.gov.
  5. ^ "CHIEF MASTER SERGEANT JACOB C. SIMMONS". United States Space Command. 7 August 2023.
  6. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". United States Space Command.
  7. .
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  9. ^ Strout, Nathan (2 February 2021). "We hold these Space Truths to be self-evident". C4ISRNet. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  10. ^ .
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  13. ^ a b c Shugart, Gary (1 October 2018). "Re-establishing U.S. Space Command". purview.dodlive.mil. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
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  21. National Archives
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  51. ^ "Distinctive Unit Insignia".
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Sources